# Real-Time Chunking (RTC)

Real-Time Chunking (RTC) is an inference-time method that allows large, flow-matching based robotic policies, such as [Pi0](./pi0), [Pi0.5](./pi05), and [SmolVLA](./smolvla), to produce smooth, continuous, and reactive motion despite having high inference latency.

These policies generate chunks of future actions (e.g., 50 steps at a time) instead of single actions.
Because the models are large, producing each chunk takes longer than the time it takes the robot to execute it.
Naively executing chunks leads to problems such as pauses, jerky transitions, or sudden changes in strategy whenever the next chunk arrives late or disagrees with the previously executed actions.

RTC solves this by asynchronously generating the next chunk while the robot continues executing the current one, and by guiding the new chunk so it aligns smoothly with the portion of the previous chunk that has already been executed.

## How RTC Works (simplified)

RTC lets the robot think ahead while it’s still moving. When the robot is carrying out one chunk of actions, RTC starts creating the next chunk early.
But since the robot has already moved a bit by the time the new chunk is ready, RTC has to make sure the new chunk still lines up smoothly with what the robot is currently doing.

To do this, RTC treats the beginning of the new chunk like an inpainting or “fill-in-the-gaps” problem:
it gently adjusts the first part of the new chunk so it blends naturally with the robot’s ongoing motion. The result is no pauses, no sudden jumps.

In technical terms, RTC adds a guidance term to the flow-matching denoising process that forces the overlapping timesteps of the new chunk to stay close to the executed portion of the previous chunk, typically using a soft transition mask.

## Quick Start

### Installation

RTC is built into LeRobot. Just install the policy dependencies you need:

```bash
# For Pi0 or Pi0.5
pip install -e ".[pi]"

# For SmolVLA
pip install -e ".[smolvla]"
```

### Using RTC with Pi0

You can use `lerobot-rollout --strategy.type=base --inference.type=rtc` for RTC deployment on real robots.
The snippet below provides a simplified pseudo-example of how RTC operates with Pi0 in your pipeline:

```python
from lerobot.policies.pi0 import PI0Policy, PI0Config
from lerobot.configs import RTCAttentionSchedule
from lerobot.policies.rtc import RTCConfig, ActionQueue

# Load Pi0 with RTC enabled
policy_cfg = PI0Config()

# Enable RTC
policy_cfg.rtc_config = RTCConfig(
    enabled=True,
    execution_horizon=10,  # How many steps to blend with previous chunk
    max_guidance_weight=10.0,  # How strongly to enforce consistency
    prefix_attention_schedule=RTCAttentionSchedule.EXP,  # Exponential blend
)

# Load the policy
policy = PI0Policy.from_pretrained("lerobot/pi0_base", policy_cfg=policy_cfg, device="cuda")

# Now use predict_action_chunk with RTC parameters
inference_delay = 4  # How many steps of inference latency, this value should be calculated based on the inference latency of the policy

# Initialize the action queue
action_queue = ActionQueue(policy_cfg.rtc_config)

# Start in a separate thread with the following function
def get_actions():
  while True:
    if should_get_actions:

      prev_actions = action_queue.get_left_over()
      obs = get_robot_observations(robot)

      # Generate actions WITH RTC
      actions = policy.predict_action_chunk(
          obs,
          inference_delay=inference_delay,
          prev_chunk_left_over=prev_actions,
      )

      action_queue.merge(
          actions, actions, inference_delay
      )

for step in range(num_steps):
    action = action_queue.get()

    # Execute the first N actions
    execute_actions(action)
```

## Key Parameters

`RTCConfig` has the following parameters to tune:

**`execution_horizon`**: How many timesteps from the previous chunk to maintain consistency with. Higher values mean smoother transitions but potentially less reactivity.

Typical values: 8-12 steps

```python
RTCConfig(execution_horizon=10)
```

**`max_guidance_weight`**: How strongly to enforce consistency with the previous chunk. This is a hyperparameter that can be tuned to balance the smoothness of the transitions and the reactivity of the policy. For 10 steps flow matching (SmolVLA, Pi0, Pi0.5), a value of 10.0 is an optimal value.

**`prefix_attention_schedule`**: How to weight consistency across the overlap region.

- `LINEAR`: Linear decay from inference_delay to execution_horizon
- `EXP`: Exponential decay (recommended for getting started)
- `ONES`: Full weight across entire execution_horizon
- `ZEROS`: Binary (full weight up to inference_delay, then zero)

**`inference_delay`**: How many timesteps of inference latency your system has. This is passed to `predict_action_chunk()` rather than the config, since it may vary at runtime.

## Testing RTC Offline

Before running on a real robot, test RTC with dataset samples to visualize how it works:

```bash
python examples/rtc/eval_dataset.py \
    --policy.path=lerobot/pi0_libero_finetuned \
    --dataset.repo_id=HuggingFaceVLA/libero \
    --rtc.execution_horizon=10 \
    --rtc.max_guidance_weight=10.0 \
    --device=cuda
```

The script generates a visualization of the denoising process, comparing standard generation (left) with RTC (right). In the RTC plots, you can see how the first few steps (blue/purple lines) are guided to match the red ground truth trajectory (previous chunk's tail), ensuring a smooth transition between chunks.

<p align="center">
  <img
    src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/lerobot/flow_matching.png"
    alt="Denoising steps with and without RTC"
    width="100%"
  />
</p>

## Testing RTC with a Real Robot

```bash
lerobot-rollout \
    --strategy.type=base \
    --policy.path=${HF_USERNAME}/policy_repo_id \
    --inference.type=rtc \
    --inference.rtc.execution_horizon=10 \
    --inference.rtc.max_guidance_weight=10.0 \
    --robot.type=so100_follower \
    --robot.port=/dev/tty.usbmodem58FA0834591 \
    --robot.cameras="{ gripper: {type: opencv, index_or_path: 1, width: 640, height: 480, fps: 30}, front: {type: opencv, index_or_path: 0, width: 640, height: 480, fps: 30}}" \
    --task="Move green small object into the purple platform" \
    --duration=120 \
    --device=cuda
```

## How It Differs from the Async Inference in LeRobot

Both RTC and [async inference](./async) improve real-time robot control, but they solve different problems.

| Aspect        | Async Inference                                                            | RTC                                                 |
| ------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------- |
| **Problem**   | Idle frames while waiting for inference                                    | Discontinuities between action chunks               |
| **Solution**  | Decouple prediction from execution                                         | Guide new chunks to continue smoothly from previous |
| **Benefit**   | No waiting, continuous action                                              | Smooth transitions, natural motion                  |
| **Best Used** | Async inference is best used with large models with high inference latency | Flow-matching based policies                        |

**Use both together** for maximum smoothness and reactivity!

## Advanced: Debug Tracking

RTC includes built-in debug tracking to help you understand what's happening during inference:

```python
# Enable debug tracking
policy_cfg.rtc_config.debug = True
policy_cfg.rtc_config.debug_maxlen = 100

# After inference, access debug data
debug_data = policy.rtc_processor.get_debug_data()

# Visualize denoising steps, corrections, etc.
from lerobot.policies.rtc.debug_visualizer import RTCDebugVisualizer
visualizer = RTCDebugVisualizer()
# ... create plots
```

See `examples/rtc/eval_dataset.py` for a complete example of offline RTC visualization.

## References

- [Smooth-As-Butter Robot Policies](https://alexander-soare.github.io/robotics/2025/08/05/smooth-as-butter-robot-policies.html) - Excellent technical explanation with real robot results
- [Physical Intelligence - Real-Time Chunking](https://www.physicalintelligence.company/research/real_time_chunking) - Original paper and research
- [Kinetix RTC Implementation](https://github.com/Physical-Intelligence/real-time-chunking-kinetix) - Reference implementation from Physical Intelligence
