Merge branch 'feat/accelerate-melt-gpus' of https://github.com/huggingface/lerobot into feat/accelerate-melt-gpus

docs/source/il_robots.mdx

@@ -513,13 +513,14 @@ from lerobot.cameras.opencv.configuration_opencv import OpenCVCameraConfig
 from lerobot.datasets.lerobot_dataset import LeRobotDataset
 from lerobot.datasets.utils import hw_to_dataset_features
 from lerobot.policies.act.modeling_act import ACTPolicy
+from lerobot.policies.factory import make_pre_post_processors
 from lerobot.robots.so100_follower.config_so100_follower import SO100FollowerConfig
 from lerobot.robots.so100_follower.so100_follower import SO100Follower
+from lerobot.scripts.lerobot_record import record_loop
 from lerobot.utils.control_utils import init_keyboard_listener
 from lerobot.utils.utils import log_say
 from lerobot.utils.visualization_utils import init_rerun
-from lerobot.record import record_loop
+
-from lerobot.policies.factory import make_processor
 
 NUM_EPISODES = 5
 FPS = 30
@@ -562,7 +563,7 @@ init_rerun(session_name="recording")
 # Connect the robot
 robot.connect()
 
-preprocessor, postprocessor = make_processor(
+preprocessor, postprocessor = make_pre_post_processors(
     policy_cfg=policy,
     pretrained_path=HF_MODEL_ID,
     dataset_stats=dataset.meta.stats,

docs/source/lerobot-dataset-v3.mdx

@@ -279,3 +279,36 @@ python -m lerobot.datasets.v30.convert_dataset_v21_to_v30 --repo-id=<HF_USER/DAT
 - Aggregates parquet files: `episode-0000.parquet`, `episode-0001.parquet`, … → **`file-0000.parquet`**, …
 - Aggregates mp4 files: `episode-0000.mp4`, `episode-0001.mp4`, … → **`file-0000.mp4`**, …
 - Updates `meta/episodes/*` (chunked Parquet) with per‑episode lengths, tasks, and byte/frame offsets.
+
+## Common Issues
+
+### Always call `finalize()` before pushing
+
+When creating or recording datasets, you **must** call `dataset.finalize()` to properly close parquet writers. See the [PR #1903](https://github.com/huggingface/lerobot/pull/1903) for more details.
+
+```python
+from lerobot.datasets.lerobot_dataset import LeRobotDataset
+
+# Create dataset and record episodes
+dataset = LeRobotDataset.create(...)
+
+for episode in range(num_episodes):
+    # Record frames
+    for frame in episode_data:
+        dataset.add_frame(frame)
+    dataset.save_episode()
+
+# Call finalize() when done recording and before push_to_hub()
+dataset.finalize()  # Closes parquet writers, writes metadata footers
+dataset.push_to_hub()
+```
+
+**Why is this necessary?**
+
+Dataset v3.0 uses incremental parquet writing with buffered metadata for efficiency. The `finalize()` method:
+
+- Flushes any buffered episode metadata to disk
+- Closes parquet writers to write footer metadata, otherwise the parquet files will be corrupt
+- Ensures the dataset is valid for loading
+
+Without calling `finalize()`, your parquet files will be incomplete and the dataset won't load properly.

examples/lekiwi/evaluate.py

@@ -133,4 +133,6 @@ while recorded_episodes < NUM_EPISODES and not events["stop_recording"]:
 log_say("Stop recording")
 robot.disconnect()
 listener.stop()
+
+dataset.finalize()
 dataset.push_to_hub()

examples/lekiwi/record.py

@@ -130,4 +130,6 @@ robot.disconnect()
 leader_arm.disconnect()
 keyboard.disconnect()
 listener.stop()
+
+dataset.finalize()
 dataset.push_to_hub()

examples/phone_to_so100/evaluate.py

@@ -194,4 +194,6 @@ for episode_idx in range(NUM_EPISODES):
 log_say("Stop recording")
 robot.disconnect()
 listener.stop()
+
+dataset.finalize()
 dataset.push_to_hub()

examples/phone_to_so100/record.py

@@ -200,4 +200,6 @@ log_say("Stop recording")
 robot.disconnect()
 phone.disconnect()
 listener.stop()
+
+dataset.finalize()
 dataset.push_to_hub()

examples/port_datasets/port_droid.py

@@ -362,6 +362,8 @@ def port_droid(
         lerobot_dataset.save_episode()
         logging.info("Save_episode")
 
+    lerobot_dataset.finalize()
+
     if push_to_hub:
         lerobot_dataset.push_to_hub(
             # Add openx tag, since it belongs to the openx collection of datasets

examples/so100_to_so100_EE/evaluate.py

@@ -195,4 +195,6 @@ for episode_idx in range(NUM_EPISODES):
 log_say("Stop recording")
 robot.disconnect()
 listener.stop()
+
+dataset.finalize()
 dataset.push_to_hub()

examples/so100_to_so100_EE/record.py

@@ -199,4 +199,6 @@ log_say("Stop recording")
 leader.disconnect()
 follower.disconnect()
 listener.stop()
+
+dataset.finalize()
 dataset.push_to_hub()

src/lerobot/datasets/aggregate.py

@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ from lerobot.datasets.utils import (
     DEFAULT_EPISODES_PATH,
     DEFAULT_VIDEO_FILE_SIZE_IN_MB,
     DEFAULT_VIDEO_PATH,
+    get_file_size_in_mb,
     get_parquet_file_size_in_mb,
-    get_video_size_in_mb,
     to_parquet_with_hf_images,
     update_chunk_file_indices,
     write_info,
@@ -217,6 +217,7 @@ def aggregate_datasets(
         robot_type=robot_type,
         features=features,
         root=aggr_root,
+        use_videos=len(video_keys) > 0,
         chunks_size=chunk_size,
         data_files_size_in_mb=data_files_size_in_mb,
         video_files_size_in_mb=video_files_size_in_mb,
@@ -307,8 +308,9 @@ def aggregate_videos(src_meta, dst_meta, videos_idx, video_files_size_in_mb, chu
                 current_offset += src_duration
                 continue
 
-            src_size = get_video_size_in_mb(src_path)
+            # Check file sizes before appending
-            dst_size = get_video_size_in_mb(dst_path)
+            src_size = get_file_size_in_mb(src_path)
+            dst_size = get_file_size_in_mb(dst_path)
 
             if dst_size + src_size >= video_files_size_in_mb:
                 # Rotate to a new file, this source becomes start of new destination

src/lerobot/datasets/dataset_tools.py

@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ from lerobot.datasets.utils import (
     DEFAULT_DATA_PATH,
     DEFAULT_EPISODES_PATH,
     get_parquet_file_size_in_mb,
+    load_episodes,
     to_parquet_with_hf_images,
     update_chunk_file_indices,
     write_info,
@@ -436,6 +437,9 @@ def _copy_and_reindex_data(
     Returns:
         dict mapping episode index to its data file metadata (chunk_index, file_index, etc.)
     """
+    if src_dataset.meta.episodes is None:
+        src_dataset.meta.episodes = load_episodes(src_dataset.meta.root)
+
     file_to_episodes: dict[Path, set[int]] = {}
     for old_idx in episode_mapping:
         file_path = src_dataset.meta.get_data_file_path(old_idx)
@@ -645,6 +649,8 @@ def _copy_and_reindex_videos(
     Returns:
         dict mapping episode index to its video metadata (chunk_index, file_index, timestamps)
     """
+    if src_dataset.meta.episodes is None:
+        src_dataset.meta.episodes = load_episodes(src_dataset.meta.root)
 
     episodes_video_metadata: dict[int, dict] = {new_idx: {} for new_idx in episode_mapping.values()}
 
@@ -770,6 +776,9 @@ def _copy_and_reindex_episodes_metadata(
     """
     from lerobot.datasets.utils import flatten_dict
 
+    if src_dataset.meta.episodes is None:
+        src_dataset.meta.episodes = load_episodes(src_dataset.meta.root)
+
     all_stats = []
     total_frames = 0
 
@@ -831,6 +840,8 @@ def _copy_and_reindex_episodes_metadata(
 
         total_frames += src_episode["length"]
 
+    dst_meta._close_writer()
+
     dst_meta.info.update(
         {
             "total_episodes": len(episode_mapping),

src/lerobot/datasets/lerobot_dataset.py

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 import contextlib
-import gc
 import logging
 import shutil
 import tempfile
@@ -26,6 +25,8 @@ import numpy as np
 import packaging.version
 import pandas as pd
 import PIL.Image
+import pyarrow as pa
+import pyarrow.parquet as pq
 import torch
 import torch.utils
 from huggingface_hub import HfApi, snapshot_download
@@ -46,13 +47,9 @@ from lerobot.datasets.utils import (
     embed_images,
     flatten_dict,
     get_delta_indices,
-    get_hf_dataset_cache_dir,
+    get_file_size_in_mb,
-    get_hf_dataset_size_in_mb,
     get_hf_features_from_features,
-    get_parquet_file_size_in_mb,
-    get_parquet_num_frames,
     get_safe_version,
-    get_video_size_in_mb,
     hf_transform_to_torch,
     is_valid_version,
     load_episodes,
@@ -60,7 +57,6 @@ from lerobot.datasets.utils import (
     load_nested_dataset,
     load_stats,
     load_tasks,
-    to_parquet_with_hf_images,
     update_chunk_file_indices,
     validate_episode_buffer,
     validate_frame,
@@ -90,10 +86,15 @@ class LeRobotDatasetMetadata:
         root: str | Path | None = None,
         revision: str | None = None,
         force_cache_sync: bool = False,
+        metadata_buffer_size: int = 10,
     ):
         self.repo_id = repo_id
         self.revision = revision if revision else CODEBASE_VERSION
         self.root = Path(root) if root is not None else HF_LEROBOT_HOME / repo_id
+        self.writer = None
+        self.latest_episode = None
+        self.metadata_buffer: list[dict] = []
+        self.metadata_buffer_size = metadata_buffer_size
 
         try:
             if force_cache_sync:
@@ -107,6 +108,54 @@ class LeRobotDatasetMetadata:
             self.pull_from_repo(allow_patterns="meta/")
             self.load_metadata()
 
+    def _flush_metadata_buffer(self) -> None:
+        """Write all buffered episode metadata to parquet file."""
+        if not hasattr(self, "metadata_buffer") or len(self.metadata_buffer) == 0:
+            return
+
+        combined_dict = {}
+        for episode_dict in self.metadata_buffer:
+            for key, value in episode_dict.items():
+                if key not in combined_dict:
+                    combined_dict[key] = []
+                # Extract value and serialize numpy arrays
+                # because PyArrow's from_pydict function doesn't support numpy arrays
+                val = value[0] if isinstance(value, list) else value
+                combined_dict[key].append(val.tolist() if isinstance(val, np.ndarray) else val)
+
+        first_ep = self.metadata_buffer[0]
+        chunk_idx = first_ep["meta/episodes/chunk_index"][0]
+        file_idx = first_ep["meta/episodes/file_index"][0]
+
+        table = pa.Table.from_pydict(combined_dict)
+
+        if not self.writer:
+            path = Path(self.root / DEFAULT_EPISODES_PATH.format(chunk_index=chunk_idx, file_index=file_idx))
+            path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            self.writer = pq.ParquetWriter(
+                path, schema=table.schema, compression="snappy", use_dictionary=True
+            )
+
+        self.writer.write_table(table)
+
+        self.latest_episode = self.metadata_buffer[-1]
+        self.metadata_buffer.clear()
+
+    def _close_writer(self) -> None:
+        """Close and cleanup the parquet writer if it exists."""
+        self._flush_metadata_buffer()
+
+        writer = getattr(self, "writer", None)
+        if writer is not None:
+            writer.close()
+            self.writer = None
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        """
+        Trust the user to call .finalize() but as an added safety check call the parquet writer to stop when calling the destructor
+        """
+        self._close_writer()
+
     def load_metadata(self):
         self.info = load_info(self.root)
         check_version_compatibility(self.repo_id, self._version, CODEBASE_VERSION)
@@ -138,6 +187,12 @@ class LeRobotDatasetMetadata:
         return packaging.version.parse(self.info["codebase_version"])
 
     def get_data_file_path(self, ep_index: int) -> Path:
+        if self.episodes is None:
+            self.episodes = load_episodes(self.root)
+        if ep_index >= len(self.episodes):
+            raise IndexError(
+                f"Episode index {ep_index} out of range. Episodes: {len(self.episodes) if self.episodes else 0}"
+            )
         ep = self.episodes[ep_index]
         chunk_idx = ep["data/chunk_index"]
         file_idx = ep["data/file_index"]
@@ -145,6 +200,12 @@ class LeRobotDatasetMetadata:
         return Path(fpath)
 
     def get_video_file_path(self, ep_index: int, vid_key: str) -> Path:
+        if self.episodes is None:
+            self.episodes = load_episodes(self.root)
+        if ep_index >= len(self.episodes):
+            raise IndexError(
+                f"Episode index {ep_index} out of range. Episodes: {len(self.episodes) if self.episodes else 0}"
+            )
         ep = self.episodes[ep_index]
         chunk_idx = ep[f"videos/{vid_key}/chunk_index"]
         file_idx = ep[f"videos/{vid_key}/file_index"]
@@ -260,72 +321,75 @@ class LeRobotDatasetMetadata:
             write_tasks(self.tasks, self.root)
 
     def _save_episode_metadata(self, episode_dict: dict) -> None:
-        """Save episode metadata to a parquet file and update the Hugging Face dataset of episodes metadata.
+        """Buffer episode metadata and write to parquet in batches for efficiency.
 
-        This function processes episodes metadata from a dictionary, converts it into a Hugging Face dataset,
+        This function accumulates episode metadata in a buffer and flushes it when the buffer
-        and saves it as a parquet file. It handles both the creation of new parquet files and the
+        reaches the configured size. This reduces I/O overhead by writing multiple episodes
-        updating of existing ones based on size constraints. After saving the metadata, it reloads
+        at once instead of one row at a time.
-        the Hugging Face dataset to ensure it is up-to-date.
 
         Notes: We both need to update parquet files and HF dataset:
         - `pandas` loads parquet file in RAM
         - `datasets` relies on a memory mapping from pyarrow (no RAM). It either converts parquet files to a pyarrow cache on disk,
           or loads directly from pyarrow cache.
         """
-        # Convert buffer into HF Dataset
+        # Convert to list format for each value
         episode_dict = {key: [value] for key, value in episode_dict.items()}
-        ep_dataset = datasets.Dataset.from_dict(episode_dict)
-        ep_size_in_mb = get_hf_dataset_size_in_mb(ep_dataset)
-        df = pd.DataFrame(ep_dataset)
         num_frames = episode_dict["length"][0]
 
-        if self.episodes is None:
+        if self.latest_episode is None:
             # Initialize indices and frame count for a new dataset made of the first episode data
             chunk_idx, file_idx = 0, 0
-            df["meta/episodes/chunk_index"] = [chunk_idx]
+            if self.episodes is not None and len(self.episodes) > 0:
-            df["meta/episodes/file_index"] = [file_idx]
+                # It means we are resuming recording, so we need to load the latest episode
-            df["dataset_from_index"] = [0]
+                # Update the indices to avoid overwriting the latest episode
-            df["dataset_to_index"] = [num_frames]
+                chunk_idx = self.episodes[-1]["meta/episodes/chunk_index"]
-        else:
+                file_idx = self.episodes[-1]["meta/episodes/file_index"]
-            # Retrieve information from the latest parquet file
+                latest_num_frames = self.episodes[-1]["dataset_to_index"]
-            latest_ep = self.episodes[-1]
+                episode_dict["dataset_from_index"] = [latest_num_frames]
-            chunk_idx = latest_ep["meta/episodes/chunk_index"]
+                episode_dict["dataset_to_index"] = [latest_num_frames + num_frames]
-            file_idx = latest_ep["meta/episodes/file_index"]
 
-            latest_path = self.root / DEFAULT_EPISODES_PATH.format(chunk_index=chunk_idx, file_index=file_idx)
+                # When resuming, move to the next file
-            latest_size_in_mb = get_parquet_file_size_in_mb(latest_path)
-
-            if latest_size_in_mb + ep_size_in_mb >= self.data_files_size_in_mb:
-                # Size limit is reached, prepare new parquet file
                 chunk_idx, file_idx = update_chunk_file_indices(chunk_idx, file_idx, self.chunks_size)
+            else:
+                episode_dict["dataset_from_index"] = [0]
+                episode_dict["dataset_to_index"] = [num_frames]
+
+            episode_dict["meta/episodes/chunk_index"] = [chunk_idx]
+            episode_dict["meta/episodes/file_index"] = [file_idx]
+        else:
+            chunk_idx = self.latest_episode["meta/episodes/chunk_index"][0]
+            file_idx = self.latest_episode["meta/episodes/file_index"][0]
+
+            latest_path = (
+                self.root / DEFAULT_EPISODES_PATH.format(chunk_index=chunk_idx, file_index=file_idx)
+                if self.writer is None
+                else self.writer.where
+            )
+
+            if Path(latest_path).exists():
+                latest_size_in_mb = get_file_size_in_mb(Path(latest_path))
+                latest_num_frames = self.latest_episode["episode_index"][0]
+
+                av_size_per_frame = latest_size_in_mb / latest_num_frames if latest_num_frames > 0 else 0.0
+
+                if latest_size_in_mb + av_size_per_frame * num_frames >= self.data_files_size_in_mb:
+                    # Size limit is reached, flush buffer and prepare new parquet file
+                    self._flush_metadata_buffer()
+                    chunk_idx, file_idx = update_chunk_file_indices(chunk_idx, file_idx, self.chunks_size)
+                    self._close_writer()
 
             # Update the existing pandas dataframe with new row
-            df["meta/episodes/chunk_index"] = [chunk_idx]
+            episode_dict["meta/episodes/chunk_index"] = [chunk_idx]
-            df["meta/episodes/file_index"] = [file_idx]
+            episode_dict["meta/episodes/file_index"] = [file_idx]
-            df["dataset_from_index"] = [latest_ep["dataset_to_index"]]
+            episode_dict["dataset_from_index"] = [self.latest_episode["dataset_to_index"][0]]
-            df["dataset_to_index"] = [latest_ep["dataset_to_index"] + num_frames]
+            episode_dict["dataset_to_index"] = [self.latest_episode["dataset_to_index"][0] + num_frames]
 
-            if latest_size_in_mb + ep_size_in_mb < self.data_files_size_in_mb:
+        # Add to buffer
-                # Size limit wasnt reached, concatenate latest dataframe with new one
+        self.metadata_buffer.append(episode_dict)
-                latest_df = pd.read_parquet(latest_path)
+        self.latest_episode = episode_dict
-                df = pd.concat([latest_df, df], ignore_index=True)
 
-                # Memort optimization
+        if len(self.metadata_buffer) >= self.metadata_buffer_size:
-                del latest_df
+            self._flush_metadata_buffer()
-                gc.collect()
-
-        # Write the resulting dataframe from RAM to disk
-        path = self.root / DEFAULT_EPISODES_PATH.format(chunk_index=chunk_idx, file_index=file_idx)
-        path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-        df.to_parquet(path, index=False)
-
-        if self.episodes is not None:
-            # Remove the episodes cache directory, necessary to avoid cache bloat
-            cached_dir = get_hf_dataset_cache_dir(self.episodes)
-            if cached_dir is not None:
-                shutil.rmtree(cached_dir)
-
-        self.episodes = load_episodes(self.root)
 
     def save_episode(
         self,
@@ -438,6 +502,7 @@ class LeRobotDatasetMetadata:
         robot_type: str | None = None,
         root: str | Path | None = None,
         use_videos: bool = True,
+        metadata_buffer_size: int = 10,
         chunks_size: int | None = None,
         data_files_size_in_mb: int | None = None,
         video_files_size_in_mb: int | None = None,
@@ -469,6 +534,10 @@ class LeRobotDatasetMetadata:
             raise ValueError()
         write_json(obj.info, obj.root / INFO_PATH)
         obj.revision = None
+        obj.writer = None
+        obj.latest_episode = None
+        obj.metadata_buffer = []
+        obj.metadata_buffer_size = metadata_buffer_size
         return obj
 
 
@@ -615,6 +684,8 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
         # Unused attributes
         self.image_writer = None
         self.episode_buffer = None
+        self.writer = None
+        self.latest_episode = None
 
         self.root.mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)
 
@@ -623,6 +694,11 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
             self.repo_id, self.root, self.revision, force_cache_sync=force_cache_sync
         )
 
+        # Track dataset state for efficient incremental writing
+        self._lazy_loading = False
+        self._recorded_frames = self.meta.total_frames
+        self._writer_closed_for_reading = False
+
         # Load actual data
         try:
             if force_cache_sync:
@@ -641,6 +717,19 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
             check_delta_timestamps(self.delta_timestamps, self.fps, self.tolerance_s)
             self.delta_indices = get_delta_indices(self.delta_timestamps, self.fps)
 
+    def _close_writer(self) -> None:
+        """Close and cleanup the parquet writer if it exists."""
+        writer = getattr(self, "writer", None)
+        if writer is not None:
+            writer.close()
+            self.writer = None
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        """
+        Trust the user to call .finalize() but as an added safety check call the parquet writer to stop when calling the destructor
+        """
+        self._close_writer()
+
     def push_to_hub(
         self,
         branch: str | None = None,
@@ -781,8 +870,15 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
 
     @property
     def num_frames(self) -> int:
-        """Number of frames in selected episodes."""
+        """Number of frames in selected episodes.
-        return len(self.hf_dataset) if self.hf_dataset is not None else self.meta.total_frames
+
+        Note: When episodes a subset of the full dataset is requested, we must return the
+        actual loaded data length (len(self.hf_dataset)) rather than metadata total_frames.
+        self.meta.total_frames is the total number of frames in the full dataset.
+        """
+        if self.episodes is not None and self.hf_dataset is not None:
+            return len(self.hf_dataset)
+        return self.meta.total_frames
 
     @property
     def num_episodes(self) -> int:
@@ -860,10 +956,22 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
 
         return item
 
+    def _ensure_hf_dataset_loaded(self):
+        """Lazy load the HF dataset only when needed for reading."""
+        if self._lazy_loading or self.hf_dataset is None:
+            # Close the writer before loading to ensure parquet file is properly finalized
+            if self.writer is not None:
+                self._close_writer()
+                self._writer_closed_for_reading = True
+            self.hf_dataset = self.load_hf_dataset()
+            self._lazy_loading = False
+
     def __len__(self):
         return self.num_frames
 
     def __getitem__(self, idx) -> dict:
+        # Ensure dataset is loaded when we actually need to read from it
+        self._ensure_hf_dataset_loaded()
         item = self.hf_dataset[idx]
         ep_idx = item["episode_index"].item()
 
@@ -902,6 +1010,14 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
             "})',\n"
         )
 
+    def finalize(self):
+        """
+        Close the parquet writers. This function needs to be called after data collection/conversion, else footer metadata won't be written to the parquet files.
+        The dataset won't be valid and can't be loaded as ds = LeRobotDataset(repo_id=repo, root=HF_LEROBOT_HOME.joinpath(repo))
+        """
+        self._close_writer()
+        self.meta._close_writer()
+
     def create_episode_buffer(self, episode_index: int | None = None) -> dict:
         current_ep_idx = self.meta.total_episodes if episode_index is None else episode_index
         ep_buffer = {}
@@ -1109,74 +1225,101 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
         ep_dict = {key: episode_buffer[key] for key in self.hf_features}
         ep_dataset = datasets.Dataset.from_dict(ep_dict, features=self.hf_features, split="train")
         ep_dataset = embed_images(ep_dataset)
-        ep_size_in_mb = get_hf_dataset_size_in_mb(ep_dataset)
         ep_num_frames = len(ep_dataset)
-        df = pd.DataFrame(ep_dataset)
 
-        if self.meta.episodes is None:
+        if self.latest_episode is None:
             # Initialize indices and frame count for a new dataset made of the first episode data
             chunk_idx, file_idx = 0, 0
-            latest_num_frames = 0
+            global_frame_index = 0
-        else:
+            # However, if the episodes already exists
-            # Retrieve information from the latest parquet file
+            # It means we are resuming recording, so we need to load the latest episode
+            # Update the indices to avoid overwriting the latest episode
+            if self.meta.episodes is not None and len(self.meta.episodes) > 0:
                 latest_ep = self.meta.episodes[-1]
+                global_frame_index = latest_ep["dataset_to_index"]
                 chunk_idx = latest_ep["data/chunk_index"]
                 file_idx = latest_ep["data/file_index"]
 
+                # When resuming, move to the next file
+                chunk_idx, file_idx = update_chunk_file_indices(chunk_idx, file_idx, self.meta.chunks_size)
+        else:
+            # Retrieve information from the latest parquet file
+            latest_ep = self.latest_episode
+            chunk_idx = latest_ep["data/chunk_index"]
+            file_idx = latest_ep["data/file_index"]
+            global_frame_index = latest_ep["index"][-1] + 1
+
             latest_path = self.root / self.meta.data_path.format(chunk_index=chunk_idx, file_index=file_idx)
-            latest_size_in_mb = get_parquet_file_size_in_mb(latest_path)
+            latest_size_in_mb = get_file_size_in_mb(latest_path)
-            latest_num_frames = get_parquet_num_frames(latest_path)
+
+            frames_in_current_file = global_frame_index - latest_ep["dataset_from_index"]
+            av_size_per_frame = (
+                latest_size_in_mb / frames_in_current_file if frames_in_current_file > 0 else 0
+            )
 
             # Determine if a new parquet file is needed
-            if latest_size_in_mb + ep_size_in_mb >= self.meta.data_files_size_in_mb:
+            if (
-                # Size limit is reached, prepare new parquet file
+                latest_size_in_mb + av_size_per_frame * ep_num_frames >= self.meta.data_files_size_in_mb
+                or self._writer_closed_for_reading
+            ):
+                # Size limit is reached or writer was closed for reading, prepare new parquet file
                 chunk_idx, file_idx = update_chunk_file_indices(chunk_idx, file_idx, self.meta.chunks_size)
-                latest_num_frames = 0
+                self._close_writer()
-            else:
+                self._writer_closed_for_reading = False
-                # Update the existing parquet file with new rows
-                latest_df = pd.read_parquet(latest_path)
-                df = pd.concat([latest_df, df], ignore_index=True)
 
-                # Memort optimization
+        ep_dict["data/chunk_index"] = chunk_idx
-                del latest_df
+        ep_dict["data/file_index"] = file_idx
-                gc.collect()
 
         # Write the resulting dataframe from RAM to disk
         path = self.root / self.meta.data_path.format(chunk_index=chunk_idx, file_index=file_idx)
         path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-        if len(self.meta.image_keys) > 0:
-            to_parquet_with_hf_images(df, path)
-        else:
-            df.to_parquet(path)
 
-        if self.hf_dataset is not None:
+        table = ep_dataset.with_format("arrow")[:]
-            # Remove hf dataset cache directory, necessary to avoid cache bloat
+        if not self.writer:
-            cached_dir = get_hf_dataset_cache_dir(self.hf_dataset)
+            self.writer = pq.ParquetWriter(
-            if cached_dir is not None:
+                path, schema=table.schema, compression="snappy", use_dictionary=True
-                shutil.rmtree(cached_dir)
+            )
-
+        self.writer.write_table(table)
-        self.hf_dataset = self.load_hf_dataset()
 
         metadata = {
             "data/chunk_index": chunk_idx,
             "data/file_index": file_idx,
-            "dataset_from_index": latest_num_frames,
+            "dataset_from_index": global_frame_index,
-            "dataset_to_index": latest_num_frames + ep_num_frames,
+            "dataset_to_index": global_frame_index + ep_num_frames,
         }
+
+        # Store metadata with episode data for next episode
+        self.latest_episode = {**ep_dict, **metadata}
+
+        # Mark that the HF dataset needs reloading (lazy loading approach)
+        # This avoids expensive reloading during sequential recording
+        self._lazy_loading = True
+        # Update recorded frames count for efficient length tracking
+        self._recorded_frames += ep_num_frames
+
         return metadata
 
     def _save_episode_video(self, video_key: str, episode_index: int) -> dict:
         # Encode episode frames into a temporary video
         ep_path = self._encode_temporary_episode_video(video_key, episode_index)
-        ep_size_in_mb = get_video_size_in_mb(ep_path)
+        ep_size_in_mb = get_file_size_in_mb(ep_path)
         ep_duration_in_s = get_video_duration_in_s(ep_path)
 
-        if self.meta.episodes is None or (
+        if (
-            f"videos/{video_key}/chunk_index" not in self.meta.episodes.column_names
+            episode_index == 0
-            or f"videos/{video_key}/file_index" not in self.meta.episodes.column_names
+            or self.meta.latest_episode is None
+            or f"videos/{video_key}/chunk_index" not in self.meta.latest_episode
         ):
             # Initialize indices for a new dataset made of the first episode data
             chunk_idx, file_idx = 0, 0
+            if self.meta.episodes is not None and len(self.meta.episodes) > 0:
+                # It means we are resuming recording, so we need to load the latest episode
+                # Update the indices to avoid overwriting the latest episode
+                old_chunk_idx = self.meta.episodes[-1][f"videos/{video_key}/chunk_index"]
+                old_file_idx = self.meta.episodes[-1][f"videos/{video_key}/file_index"]
+                chunk_idx, file_idx = update_chunk_file_indices(
+                    old_chunk_idx, old_file_idx, self.meta.chunks_size
+                )
             latest_duration_in_s = 0.0
             new_path = self.root / self.meta.video_path.format(
                 video_key=video_key, chunk_index=chunk_idx, file_index=file_idx
@@ -1184,16 +1327,16 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
             new_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
             shutil.move(str(ep_path), str(new_path))
         else:
-            # Retrieve information from the latest updated video file (possibly several episodes ago)
+            # Retrieve information from the latest updated video file using latest_episode
-            latest_ep = self.meta.episodes[episode_index - 1]
+            latest_ep = self.meta.latest_episode
-            chunk_idx = latest_ep[f"videos/{video_key}/chunk_index"]
+            chunk_idx = latest_ep[f"videos/{video_key}/chunk_index"][0]
-            file_idx = latest_ep[f"videos/{video_key}/file_index"]
+            file_idx = latest_ep[f"videos/{video_key}/file_index"][0]
 
             latest_path = self.root / self.meta.video_path.format(
                 video_key=video_key, chunk_index=chunk_idx, file_index=file_idx
             )
-            latest_size_in_mb = get_video_size_in_mb(latest_path)
+            latest_size_in_mb = get_file_size_in_mb(latest_path)
-            latest_duration_in_s = get_video_duration_in_s(latest_path)
+            latest_duration_in_s = latest_ep[f"videos/{video_key}/to_timestamp"][0]
 
             if latest_size_in_mb + ep_size_in_mb >= self.meta.video_files_size_in_mb:
                 # Move temporary episode video to a new video file in the dataset
@@ -1327,6 +1470,12 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
         obj.delta_timestamps = None
         obj.delta_indices = None
         obj.video_backend = video_backend if video_backend is not None else get_safe_default_codec()
+        obj.writer = None
+        obj.latest_episode = None
+        # Initialize tracking for incremental recording
+        obj._lazy_loading = False
+        obj._recorded_frames = 0
+        obj._writer_closed_for_reading = False
         return obj
 
 

src/lerobot/datasets/utils.py

@@ -94,12 +94,6 @@ def get_hf_dataset_size_in_mb(hf_ds: Dataset) -> int:
     return hf_ds.data.nbytes // (1024**2)
 
 
-def get_hf_dataset_cache_dir(hf_ds: Dataset) -> Path | None:
-    if hf_ds.cache_files is None or len(hf_ds.cache_files) == 0:
-        return None
-    return Path(hf_ds.cache_files[0]["filename"]).parents[2]
-
-
 def update_chunk_file_indices(chunk_idx: int, file_idx: int, chunks_size: int) -> tuple[int, int]:
     if file_idx == chunks_size - 1:
         file_idx = 0
@@ -133,10 +127,14 @@ def get_parquet_num_frames(parquet_path: str | Path) -> int:
     return metadata.num_rows
 
 
-def get_video_size_in_mb(mp4_path: Path) -> float:
+def get_file_size_in_mb(file_path: Path) -> float:
-    file_size_bytes = mp4_path.stat().st_size
+    """Get file size on disk in megabytes.
-    file_size_mb = file_size_bytes / (1024**2)
+
-    return file_size_mb
+    Args:
+        file_path (Path): Path to the file.
+    """
+    file_size_bytes = file_path.stat().st_size
+    return file_size_bytes / (1024**2)
 
 
 def flatten_dict(d: dict, parent_key: str = "", sep: str = "/") -> dict:

src/lerobot/datasets/video_utils.py

@@ -642,6 +642,9 @@ class VideoEncodingManager:
             )
             self.dataset._batch_save_episode_video(start_ep, end_ep)
 
+        # Finalize the dataset to properly close all writers
+        self.dataset.finalize()
+
         # Clean up episode images if recording was interrupted
         if exc_type is not None:
             interrupted_episode_index = self.dataset.num_episodes

src/lerobot/envs/configs.py

@@ -50,6 +50,8 @@ class AlohaEnv(EnvConfig):
     fps: int = 50
     episode_length: int = 400
     obs_type: str = "pixels_agent_pos"
+    observation_height: int = 480
+    observation_width: int = 640
     render_mode: str = "rgb_array"
     features: dict[str, PolicyFeature] = field(
         default_factory=lambda: {
@@ -67,10 +69,14 @@ class AlohaEnv(EnvConfig):
 
     def __post_init__(self):
         if self.obs_type == "pixels":
-            self.features["top"] = PolicyFeature(type=FeatureType.VISUAL, shape=(480, 640, 3))
+            self.features["top"] = PolicyFeature(
+                type=FeatureType.VISUAL, shape=(self.observation_height, self.observation_width, 3)
+            )
         elif self.obs_type == "pixels_agent_pos":
             self.features["agent_pos"] = PolicyFeature(type=FeatureType.STATE, shape=(14,))
-            self.features["pixels/top"] = PolicyFeature(type=FeatureType.VISUAL, shape=(480, 640, 3))
+            self.features["pixels/top"] = PolicyFeature(
+                type=FeatureType.VISUAL, shape=(self.observation_height, self.observation_width, 3)
+            )
 
     @property
     def gym_kwargs(self) -> dict:
@@ -91,6 +97,8 @@ class PushtEnv(EnvConfig):
     render_mode: str = "rgb_array"
     visualization_width: int = 384
     visualization_height: int = 384
+    observation_height: int = 384
+    observation_width: int = 384
     features: dict[str, PolicyFeature] = field(
         default_factory=lambda: {
             ACTION: PolicyFeature(type=FeatureType.ACTION, shape=(2,)),
@@ -108,7 +116,9 @@ class PushtEnv(EnvConfig):
 
     def __post_init__(self):
         if self.obs_type == "pixels_agent_pos":
-            self.features["pixels"] = PolicyFeature(type=FeatureType.VISUAL, shape=(384, 384, 3))
+            self.features["pixels"] = PolicyFeature(
+                type=FeatureType.VISUAL, shape=(self.observation_height, self.observation_width, 3)
+            )
         elif self.obs_type == "environment_state_agent_pos":
             self.features["environment_state"] = PolicyFeature(type=FeatureType.ENV, shape=(16,))
 
@@ -255,6 +265,8 @@ class LiberoEnv(EnvConfig):
     camera_name: str = "agentview_image,robot0_eye_in_hand_image"
     init_states: bool = True
     camera_name_mapping: dict[str, str] | None = None
+    observation_height: int = 360
+    observation_width: int = 360
     features: dict[str, PolicyFeature] = field(
         default_factory=lambda: {
             ACTION: PolicyFeature(type=FeatureType.ACTION, shape=(7,)),
@@ -272,18 +284,18 @@ class LiberoEnv(EnvConfig):
     def __post_init__(self):
         if self.obs_type == "pixels":
             self.features["pixels/agentview_image"] = PolicyFeature(
-                type=FeatureType.VISUAL, shape=(360, 360, 3)
+                type=FeatureType.VISUAL, shape=(self.observation_height, self.observation_width, 3)
             )
             self.features["pixels/robot0_eye_in_hand_image"] = PolicyFeature(
-                type=FeatureType.VISUAL, shape=(360, 360, 3)
+                type=FeatureType.VISUAL, shape=(self.observation_height, self.observation_width, 3)
             )
         elif self.obs_type == "pixels_agent_pos":
             self.features["agent_pos"] = PolicyFeature(type=FeatureType.STATE, shape=(8,))
             self.features["pixels/agentview_image"] = PolicyFeature(
-                type=FeatureType.VISUAL, shape=(360, 360, 3)
+                type=FeatureType.VISUAL, shape=(self.observation_height, self.observation_width, 3)
             )
             self.features["pixels/robot0_eye_in_hand_image"] = PolicyFeature(
-                type=FeatureType.VISUAL, shape=(360, 360, 3)
+                type=FeatureType.VISUAL, shape=(self.observation_height, self.observation_width, 3)
             )
         else:
             raise ValueError(f"Unsupported obs_type: {self.obs_type}")

src/lerobot/policies/pi0/modeling_pi0.py

@@ -897,7 +897,7 @@ class PI0Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
     ) -> T:
         """Override the from_pretrained method to handle key remapping and display important disclaimer."""
         print(
-            "The PI05 model is a direct port of the OpenPI implementation. \n"
+            "The PI0 model is a direct port of the OpenPI implementation. \n"
             "This implementation follows the original OpenPI structure for compatibility. \n"
             "Original implementation: https://github.com/Physical-Intelligence/openpi"
         )

src/lerobot/rl/buffer.py

@@ -607,6 +607,7 @@ class ReplayBuffer:
             lerobot_dataset.save_episode()
 
         lerobot_dataset.stop_image_writer()
+        lerobot_dataset.finalize()
 
         return lerobot_dataset
 

src/lerobot/rl/gym_manipulator.py

@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ def control_loop(
             episode_idx += 1
 
             if dataset is not None:
-                if transition[TransitionKey.INFO].get("rerecord_episode", False):
+                if transition[TransitionKey.INFO].get(TeleopEvents.RERECORD_EPISODE, False):
                     logging.info(f"Re-recording episode {episode_idx}")
                     dataset.clear_episode_buffer()
                     episode_idx -= 1

tests/datasets/test_dataset_tools.py

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ def sample_dataset(tmp_path, empty_lerobot_dataset_factory):
             dataset.add_frame(frame)
         dataset.save_episode()
 
+    dataset.finalize()
     return dataset
 
 
@@ -263,6 +264,7 @@ def test_merge_two_datasets(sample_dataset, tmp_path, empty_lerobot_dataset_fact
             }
             dataset2.add_frame(frame)
         dataset2.save_episode()
+    dataset2.finalize()
 
     with (
         patch("lerobot.datasets.lerobot_dataset.get_safe_version") as mock_get_safe_version,
@@ -685,6 +687,7 @@ def test_merge_three_datasets(sample_dataset, tmp_path, empty_lerobot_dataset_fa
                 }
                 dataset.add_frame(frame)
             dataset.save_episode()
+        dataset.finalize()
 
         datasets.append(dataset)
 
@@ -728,6 +731,7 @@ def test_merge_preserves_stats(sample_dataset, tmp_path, empty_lerobot_dataset_f
             }
             dataset2.add_frame(frame)
         dataset2.save_episode()
+    dataset2.finalize()
 
     with (
         patch("lerobot.datasets.lerobot_dataset.get_safe_version") as mock_get_safe_version,

tests/datasets/test_datasets.py

@@ -806,6 +806,8 @@ def test_episode_index_distribution(tmp_path, empty_lerobot_dataset_factory):
             dataset.add_frame({"state": torch.randn(2), "task": f"task_{episode_idx}"})
         dataset.save_episode()
 
+    dataset.finalize()
+
     # Load the dataset and check episode indices
     loaded_dataset = LeRobotDataset(dataset.repo_id, root=dataset.root)
 
@@ -855,6 +857,8 @@ def test_multi_episode_metadata_consistency(tmp_path, empty_lerobot_dataset_fact
             dataset.add_frame({"state": torch.randn(3), ACTION: torch.randn(2), "task": tasks[episode_idx]})
         dataset.save_episode()
 
+    dataset.finalize()
+
     # Load and validate episode metadata
     loaded_dataset = LeRobotDataset(dataset.repo_id, root=dataset.root)
 
@@ -893,6 +897,8 @@ def test_data_consistency_across_episodes(tmp_path, empty_lerobot_dataset_factor
             dataset.add_frame({"state": torch.randn(1), "task": "consistency_test"})
         dataset.save_episode()
 
+    dataset.finalize()
+
     loaded_dataset = LeRobotDataset(dataset.repo_id, root=dataset.root)
 
     # Check data consistency - no gaps or overlaps
@@ -944,6 +950,8 @@ def test_statistics_metadata_validation(tmp_path, empty_lerobot_dataset_factory)
             dataset.add_frame({"state": state_data, ACTION: action_data, "task": "stats_test"})
         dataset.save_episode()
 
+    dataset.finalize()
+
     loaded_dataset = LeRobotDataset(dataset.repo_id, root=dataset.root)
 
     # Check that statistics exist for all features
@@ -989,6 +997,8 @@ def test_episode_boundary_integrity(tmp_path, empty_lerobot_dataset_factory):
             dataset.add_frame({"state": torch.tensor([float(frame_idx)]), "task": f"episode_{episode_idx}"})
         dataset.save_episode()
 
+    dataset.finalize()
+
     loaded_dataset = LeRobotDataset(dataset.repo_id, root=dataset.root)
 
     # Test episode boundaries
@@ -1031,6 +1041,8 @@ def test_task_indexing_and_validation(tmp_path, empty_lerobot_dataset_factory):
             dataset.add_frame({"state": torch.randn(1), "task": task})
         dataset.save_episode()
 
+    dataset.finalize()
+
     loaded_dataset = LeRobotDataset(dataset.repo_id, root=dataset.root)
 
     # Check that all unique tasks are in the tasks metadata
@@ -1056,3 +1068,134 @@ def test_task_indexing_and_validation(tmp_path, empty_lerobot_dataset_factory):
 
     # Check total number of tasks
     assert loaded_dataset.meta.total_tasks == len(unique_tasks)
+
+
+def test_dataset_resume_recording(tmp_path, empty_lerobot_dataset_factory):
+    """Test that resuming dataset recording preserves previously recorded episodes.
+
+    This test validates the critical resume functionality by:
+    1. Recording initial episodes and finalizing
+    2. Reopening the dataset
+    3. Recording additional episodes
+    4. Verifying all data (old + new) is intact
+
+    This specifically tests the bug fix where parquet files were being overwritten
+    instead of appended to during resume.
+    """
+    features = {
+        "observation.state": {"dtype": "float32", "shape": (2,), "names": ["x", "y"]},
+        "action": {"dtype": "float32", "shape": (2,), "names": ["x", "y"]},
+    }
+
+    dataset = empty_lerobot_dataset_factory(root=tmp_path / "test", features=features, use_videos=False)
+
+    initial_episodes = 2
+    frames_per_episode = 3
+
+    for ep_idx in range(initial_episodes):
+        for frame_idx in range(frames_per_episode):
+            dataset.add_frame(
+                {
+                    "observation.state": torch.tensor([float(ep_idx), float(frame_idx)]),
+                    "action": torch.tensor([0.5, 0.5]),
+                    "task": f"task_{ep_idx}",
+                }
+            )
+        dataset.save_episode()
+
+    assert dataset.meta.total_episodes == initial_episodes
+    assert dataset.meta.total_frames == initial_episodes * frames_per_episode
+
+    dataset.finalize()
+    initial_root = dataset.root
+    initial_repo_id = dataset.repo_id
+    del dataset
+
+    dataset_verify = LeRobotDataset(initial_repo_id, root=initial_root, revision="v3.0")
+    assert dataset_verify.meta.total_episodes == initial_episodes
+    assert dataset_verify.meta.total_frames == initial_episodes * frames_per_episode
+    assert len(dataset_verify.hf_dataset) == initial_episodes * frames_per_episode
+
+    for idx in range(len(dataset_verify.hf_dataset)):
+        item = dataset_verify[idx]
+        expected_ep = idx // frames_per_episode
+        expected_frame = idx % frames_per_episode
+        assert item["episode_index"].item() == expected_ep
+        assert item["frame_index"].item() == expected_frame
+        assert item["index"].item() == idx
+        assert item["observation.state"][0].item() == float(expected_ep)
+        assert item["observation.state"][1].item() == float(expected_frame)
+
+    del dataset_verify
+
+    # Phase 3: Resume recording - add more episodes
+    dataset_resumed = LeRobotDataset(initial_repo_id, root=initial_root, revision="v3.0")
+
+    assert dataset_resumed.meta.total_episodes == initial_episodes
+    assert dataset_resumed.meta.total_frames == initial_episodes * frames_per_episode
+    assert dataset_resumed.latest_episode is None  # Not recording yet
+    assert dataset_resumed.writer is None
+    assert dataset_resumed.meta.writer is None
+
+    additional_episodes = 2
+    for ep_idx in range(initial_episodes, initial_episodes + additional_episodes):
+        for frame_idx in range(frames_per_episode):
+            dataset_resumed.add_frame(
+                {
+                    "observation.state": torch.tensor([float(ep_idx), float(frame_idx)]),
+                    "action": torch.tensor([0.5, 0.5]),
+                    "task": f"task_{ep_idx}",
+                }
+            )
+        dataset_resumed.save_episode()
+
+    total_episodes = initial_episodes + additional_episodes
+    total_frames = total_episodes * frames_per_episode
+    assert dataset_resumed.meta.total_episodes == total_episodes
+    assert dataset_resumed.meta.total_frames == total_frames
+
+    dataset_resumed.finalize()
+    del dataset_resumed
+
+    dataset_final = LeRobotDataset(initial_repo_id, root=initial_root, revision="v3.0")
+
+    assert dataset_final.meta.total_episodes == total_episodes
+    assert dataset_final.meta.total_frames == total_frames
+    assert len(dataset_final.hf_dataset) == total_frames
+
+    for idx in range(total_frames):
+        item = dataset_final[idx]
+        expected_ep = idx // frames_per_episode
+        expected_frame = idx % frames_per_episode
+
+        assert item["episode_index"].item() == expected_ep, (
+            f"Frame {idx}: wrong episode_index. Expected {expected_ep}, got {item['episode_index'].item()}"
+        )
+        assert item["frame_index"].item() == expected_frame, (
+            f"Frame {idx}: wrong frame_index. Expected {expected_frame}, got {item['frame_index'].item()}"
+        )
+        assert item["index"].item() == idx, (
+            f"Frame {idx}: wrong index. Expected {idx}, got {item['index'].item()}"
+        )
+
+        # Verify data integrity
+        assert item["observation.state"][0].item() == float(expected_ep), (
+            f"Frame {idx}: wrong observation.state[0]. Expected {float(expected_ep)}, "
+            f"got {item['observation.state'][0].item()}"
+        )
+        assert item["observation.state"][1].item() == float(expected_frame), (
+            f"Frame {idx}: wrong observation.state[1]. Expected {float(expected_frame)}, "
+            f"got {item['observation.state'][1].item()}"
+        )
+
+    assert len(dataset_final.meta.episodes) == total_episodes
+    for ep_idx in range(total_episodes):
+        ep_metadata = dataset_final.meta.episodes[ep_idx]
+        assert ep_metadata["episode_index"] == ep_idx
+        assert ep_metadata["length"] == frames_per_episode
+        assert ep_metadata["tasks"] == [f"task_{ep_idx}"]
+
+        expected_from = ep_idx * frames_per_episode
+        expected_to = (ep_idx + 1) * frames_per_episode
+        assert ep_metadata["dataset_from_index"] == expected_from
+        assert ep_metadata["dataset_to_index"] == expected_to