diff --git a/src/lerobot/policies/smolvla2/modeling_smolvla2.py b/src/lerobot/policies/smolvla2/modeling_smolvla2.py
index c164c7785..08660aa00 100644
--- a/src/lerobot/policies/smolvla2/modeling_smolvla2.py
+++ b/src/lerobot/policies/smolvla2/modeling_smolvla2.py
@@ -85,6 +85,40 @@ def _locate_lang_range(prefix_att_masks: Tensor, num_lang: int) -> tuple[int, in
     return lang_start, lang_end
 
 
+def _mark_target_span_causal(
+    prefix_att_masks: Tensor, text_labels: Tensor, lang_start: int, lang_end: int
+) -> Tensor:
+    """Make the supervised text-target span causally masked.
+
+    ``embed_prefix`` flags every language token with ``att=0``, which
+    ``make_att_2d_masks`` turns into one fully *bidirectional* block —
+    so a target token's hidden state attends to the very tokens it is
+    supposed to predict. The text cross-entropy then degenerates into
+    a copy task (loss → ~0) and the model never learns causal
+    next-token prediction — at inference, where ``select_message``
+    decodes autoregressively (causally), it collapses.
+
+    Fix: set ``att=1`` on the language positions that are supervised
+    targets (``text_labels != -100``). With ``make_att_2d_masks``'s
+    cumulative-block rule each target token then attends to images +
+    the user prompt bidirectionally and to *earlier* target tokens
+    only — i.e. genuine causal next-token prediction, matching
+    inference. Non-target language (the user prompt, and the
+    ``low_level_execution`` subtask which is a user turn, not a
+    target) stays ``att=0`` / bidirectional. The action expert is
+    unaffected: the suffix has a strictly higher cumsum so it still
+    attends to every prefix token.
+    """
+    att = prefix_att_masks.clone()
+    n = min(text_labels.shape[1], lang_end - lang_start)
+    if n <= 0:
+        return att
+    target = text_labels[:, :n] != -100  # (B, n) bool
+    seg = att[:, lang_start : lang_start + n].bool()
+    att[:, lang_start : lang_start + n] = seg | target
+    return att
+
+
 def _shifted_ce(logits: Tensor, text_labels: Tensor) -> Tensor:
     """Next-token CE: hidden at t predicts label at t+1, ignore_index=-100."""
     num_lang = logits.shape[1]
@@ -287,6 +321,12 @@ class SmolVLA2Policy(SmolVLAPolicy):
         prefix_embs, prefix_pad_masks, prefix_att_masks = self.model.embed_prefix(
             images, img_masks, lang_tokens, lang_masks, state=state
         )
+        # Causally mask the supervised target span so the text-CE is
+        # genuine next-token prediction (see ``_mark_target_span_causal``).
+        lang_start, lang_end = _locate_lang_range(prefix_att_masks, lang_tokens.shape[1])
+        prefix_att_masks = _mark_target_span_causal(
+            prefix_att_masks, text_labels, lang_start, lang_end
+        )
         prefix_att_2d_masks = make_att_2d_masks(prefix_pad_masks, prefix_att_masks)
         prefix_position_ids = torch.cumsum(prefix_pad_masks, dim=1) - 1
 
@@ -306,7 +346,10 @@ class SmolVLA2Policy(SmolVLAPolicy):
                 "states — text-loss path needs them."
             )
 
-        lang_start, lang_end = _locate_lang_range(prefix_att_masks, lang_tokens.shape[1])
+        # ``lang_start`` / ``lang_end`` were located above on the
+        # *unmodified* att masks — don't recompute here, because
+        # ``_mark_target_span_causal`` set target lang tokens to 1 and
+        # ``_locate_lang_range`` keys on the first 1 (the state token).
         vlm = self.model.vlm_with_expert.vlm
         lang_hidden = prefix_out[:, lang_start:lang_end].to(vlm.lm_head.weight.dtype)
         logits = vlm.lm_head(lang_hidden)  # (B, num_lang, vocab)
@@ -363,6 +406,17 @@ class SmolVLA2Policy(SmolVLAPolicy):
         prefix_embs, prefix_pad_masks, prefix_att_masks = inner.embed_prefix(
             images, img_masks, lang_tokens, lang_masks, state=state
         )
+        # Causally mask the supervised text-target span (see
+        # ``_mark_target_span_causal``). Per-sample: high_level_subtask
+        # samples have a subtask target → causal; low_level_execution
+        # samples have all -100 labels → untouched / bidirectional, so
+        # the action expert still reads the subtask as bidirectional
+        # context. ``lang_start`` / ``lang_end`` located here on the
+        # unmodified mask and reused for the text-loss slice below.
+        lang_start, lang_end = _locate_lang_range(prefix_att_masks, lang_tokens.shape[1])
+        prefix_att_masks = _mark_target_span_causal(
+            prefix_att_masks, text_labels, lang_start, lang_end
+        )
         suffix_embs, suffix_pad_masks, suffix_att_masks = inner.embed_suffix(x_t, time)
 
         pad_masks = torch.cat([prefix_pad_masks, suffix_pad_masks], dim=1)
@@ -412,7 +466,7 @@ class SmolVLA2Policy(SmolVLAPolicy):
             flow_loss = per_sample_flow.mean()
 
         # ---------------- text loss (lang slice of prefix) ---------------
-        lang_start, lang_end = _locate_lang_range(prefix_att_masks, lang_tokens.shape[1])
+        # ``lang_start`` / ``lang_end`` from above (unmodified mask).
         vlm = inner.vlm_with_expert.vlm
         lang_hidden = prefix_out[:, lang_start:lang_end].to(vlm.lm_head.weight.dtype)
         logits = vlm.lm_head(lang_hidden)