Add extensive language support (#3467)

* Add extensive language support

* Address review: split persistent/event schemas, drop event timestamps

- recipe.py: derive _VALID_ROLES/_VALID_STREAMS from MessageRole/MessageStream Literals
- dataset_metadata.py: keep CODEBASE_VERSION at v3.0
- language.py: remove RESERVED_STYLES; split arrow/feature schemas into
  persistent (with timestamp) and event (without timestamp); add docstrings
- language_render.py: events use frame-row timestamp implicitly; no
  per-event timestamp filtering or sorting
- converters.py: drop unused subtask_key passthrough
- add docstrings to new public APIs (recipe, render_messages_processor, collate)
- update tests for split schemas; revert uv.lock

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* Add docstrings to all new helpers; revert uv.lock

Covers private helpers in recipe.py, language.py, language_render.py,
and render_messages_processor.py. Also reverts uv.lock to main (it was
re-generated by `uv run` during local checks).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* feat(language): add motion (persistent) and trace (event-only) styles

Promote the previously-reserved motion/trace styles to first-class core
styles. motion routes to language_persistent (it tracks robot state over
time); trace routes to language_events (single-moment annotations).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* feat(language): per-camera tagging on view-dependent styles

Adds a nullable `camera` field to the language row struct (both persistent
and event variants) so view-dependent styles like `vqa` can carry which
`observation.images.*` view they were grounded against. Without this,
multi-camera datasets ended up with multiple `(vqa, role)` rows at the
same timestamp that the resolver could not disambiguate.

- `language.py`: add `camera` to PERSISTENT_ROW_FIELDS / EVENT_ROW_FIELDS,
  to both Arrow struct types and the HF datasets feature mappings;
  introduce VIEW_DEPENDENT_STYLES = {vqa, motion, trace} plus
  `is_view_dependent_style` and `validate_camera_field` helpers (camera
  required iff style is view-dependent).
- `language_render.py`: thread an optional `camera=` kwarg through every
  resolver (`active_at`, `emitted_at`, `nth_prev`, `nth_next`) and through
  `_matching_rows` / `_select_*`, so recipes can disambiguate per-camera
  VQA with `emitted_at(t, style=vqa, role=assistant, camera=...)`.
  Without a `camera` filter, multi-row matches keep raising the existing
  ambiguity error — which is the desired behaviour on multi-camera data.
- `recipes/pi05_hirobot.yaml`: replace the single `ask_vqa` branch with
  `ask_vqa_top` and `ask_vqa_wrist` per-camera sub-recipes (each carrying
  the matching image block), keeping the original 0.20 budget and
  documenting the customization point for datasets with different cameras.
- Tests: schema test asserts the new field order; new tests cover
  `is_view_dependent_style`, `validate_camera_field` (both required and
  forbidden directions), per-camera `emitted_at` filtering, and the
  ambiguity error when two cameras emit `(vqa, assistant)` at the same
  timestamp without a `camera=` filter. RenderMessagesStep + dataset
  passthrough fixtures updated to include the new field.
- `docs/source/language_and_recipes.mdx`: document the `camera` field,
  the per-camera resolver pattern, and the canonical recipe convention.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(language): drop motion from VIEW_DEPENDENT_STYLES

Motion primitives are described in robot-frame (joint / Cartesian) terms,
not pixel space, so they are camera-agnostic. Only `vqa` (event) and
`trace` (event, pixel-trajectory) are view-dependent.

The `camera` field stays on PERSISTENT_ROW_FIELDS for schema symmetry —
the validator, resolver, and HF feature mapping behave identically across
the two columns regardless of which styles populate `camera` today —
but persistent rows now always have `camera=None` in practice.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* feat(language): task_aug style + automatic ${task} rephrasing rotation

Adds task-prompt diversity (Xiao 2022 / CAST) without touching
``meta/tasks.parquet`` or forcing recipes to opt in. The plan reserved
``task_aug`` as a future style; this lands it now.

- ``language.py``: add ``task_aug`` to ``CORE_STYLES`` and
  ``PERSISTENT_STYLES``. ``column_for_style("task_aug")`` returns
  ``language_persistent`` so PR 2 writers route it correctly.

- ``language_render.py``: ``_resolve_task`` now consults the persistent
  slice for rows of ``style="task_aug", role="user"``. When any exist
  it picks one deterministically by ``sample_idx`` (blake2b-keyed, not
  Python's randomized hash) so an epoch sees every rephrasing of every
  episode while the same sample still resolves identically across
  reruns. Falls back to the canonical ``meta/tasks.parquet`` task when
  no rephrasings are present, so existing datasets and unannotated runs
  keep their behaviour. Explicit ``task=`` overrides still win.

- Tests: rephrasing coverage across samples, determinism on repeat
  ``sample_idx``, fallback when persistent has no ``task_aug`` rows,
  and explicit override priority.

Recipes get this for free: any ``${task}`` placeholder rotates through
the available rephrasings. Recipes that want the literal canonical task
can override the binding.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* feat(language): tool catalog in meta/info.json + LeRobotDatasetMetadata.tools

Stores OpenAI-style function schemas at ``meta/info.json["tools"]`` so
datasets can declare which tools are available (today: just ``say``;
tomorrow: per-dataset extensions). The ``DEFAULT_TOOLS`` constant
fills in for unannotated datasets so chat-template consumers don't
have to special-case anything.

Three pieces:

- ``language.py``: ``SAY_TOOL_SCHEMA`` and ``DEFAULT_TOOLS``
  constants. Single source of truth — PR 2's writer and PR 3's
  runtime tool registry will both import from here instead of
  duplicating the dict.
- ``dataset_metadata.py``: ``LeRobotDatasetMetadata.tools`` property
  reads ``info.json["tools"]`` and falls back to ``DEFAULT_TOOLS``.
  Returns deep-copied dicts so callers can mutate the result safely.
- ``docs/source/tools.mdx``: spec page covering the catalog, per-row
  invocations, and the three-step "how to add a new tool" workflow
  (declare schema, implement, register). Linked from the docs
  toctree under the Datasets section.

This lays the groundwork for PR 2's pipeline writing the catalog out
during annotation, and PR 3's ``src/lerobot/tools/`` package shipping
runnable implementations (one file per tool — first up:
``say.py`` wrapping Kyutai's pocket-tts).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* Apply ruff and prettier formatting after merge

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* refactor(language): unify resolver dispatch and prune redundant test scaffolding

* Drop the unused `events` kwarg from `active_at`/`nth_prev`/`nth_next`;
  only `emitted_at` actually consults events. The dispatcher in
  `_resolve_spec` now passes events conditionally.
* Replace the dual `_persistent_sort_key`/`_event_sort_key` pair with a
  single `_row_sort_key` and drop the `sort_key` parameter from
  `_select_one`. Event rows lack `timestamp` (it is implicit in the
  frame) and now default to `0.0` for sort purposes — the
  `(style, role)` tiebreaker is unchanged.
* Inline `_select_latest` into `active_at` (its only caller).
* Collapse `emitted_at`'s dual-branch into one `_select_one` call.
* Tighten `_validate_persistent_resolver` to a single
  `column_for_style(style) != LANGUAGE_PERSISTENT` check.
* Parameterize `test_per_camera_blend_renders_both_views` over the two
  cameras and factor the sub-recipe builder into `_vqa_subrecipe` so
  the test no longer hand-rolls two near-identical recipe blocks.

Net -98 LOC; behavior, public resolver names, and test expectations
unchanged.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(language): always raise on ambiguous resolver matches

`_select_one` previously skipped its ambiguity check whenever any of
`role`/`tool_name`/`camera` was set, on the assumption that the caller
had already pinned down a unique row. That left a real ambiguity hole
for VQA: with two cameras emitting `(vqa, assistant)` at the same
frame, `emitted_at(..., role="assistant")` silently picked the first
sorted row instead of telling the recipe to add `camera=...`. The
existing `test_emitted_at_raises_on_ambiguous_per_camera_vqa` test
already encoded the desired behavior.

Tighten the check: any time `len(rows) > 1` we now raise with the
selectors echoed back, so users see exactly which fields they passed
and that more is needed to disambiguate.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* chore: fix CI — collapse short ValueError to one line, refresh uv.lock

* `ruff format` on CI (newer version) wants the short `camera=None`
  ValueError on a single line.
* `uv.lock` was stale relative to `pyproject.toml`'s `datasets>=4.7.0`
  pin (and picked up upstream `s390x` marker fixes for cuda packages).
  CI runs `uv sync --locked` which rejected the divergence.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(language): keep base install green — drop processor re-export, gate dataset-extra tests

`lerobot.processor` re-exported `RenderMessagesStep` at the package
level, so importing anything from `lerobot.processor` pulled in
`lerobot.datasets.language` → `lerobot.datasets/__init__.py` →
`require_package("datasets")`, which fails in the Tier 1 base install
that intentionally omits the `[dataset]` extra. The chain bricked
collection for unrelated suites (`tests/policies/pi0_pi05/...`,
`tests/envs/...`, etc.).

* Stop re-exporting `RenderMessagesStep` from `lerobot.processor`. The
  only consumer (the test) already imports from the submodule.
  Document the deliberate omission in the module docstring.
* Add `pytest.importorskip("datasets", ...)` (and `pandas` where
  needed) at the top of the four PR-added tests that exercise the
  language stack:
  - tests/datasets/test_language.py
  - tests/datasets/test_language_render.py
  - tests/processor/test_render_messages_processor.py
  - tests/utils/test_collate.py

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(language): address review — tools accessor, motion docs, conditional collate

* **`meta.tools` actually reads `info.json["tools"]`.** `DatasetInfo`
  had no `tools` field, so `from_dict` silently dropped the key (it
  warned about unknown fields then discarded them) and the property
  always returned `DEFAULT_TOOLS`. Added `tools: list[dict] | None`
  to the dataclass; `to_dict()` drops it when unset so existing
  datasets keep a clean `info.json`. Fixed the accessor to read
  `self.info.tools` (the previous `.get(...)` would have raised
  AttributeError on the dataclass anyway). Added regression tests:
  fallback when absent, round-trip from disk, and round-trip
  through `DatasetInfo.from_dict` / `to_dict`.

* **`motion` is not view-dependent — fix the docs.** The mdx claimed
  rows of style `motion` must carry `camera`, but `VIEW_DEPENDENT_STYLES
  = {"vqa", "trace"}` and the validator agrees: motion primitives are
  joint/Cartesian-frame, not pixel-space. Updated both call-out
  paragraphs in `language_and_recipes.mdx`.

* **Conditional `collate_fn` swap.** Added `meta.has_language_columns`
  and gate the `lerobot_collate_fn` swap in `lerobot_train.py` on it,
  so non-language datasets keep PyTorch's `default_collate`. Also
  added a pass-through test in `test_collate.py` that asserts on a
  plain tensor batch the custom collate matches `default_collate`
  key-for-key, plus a test for the `None`-sample drop path.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* review: dedupe regex, centralize column names, harden collate, more tests

* **#2 — dedupe `_PLACEHOLDER_RE`.** The same regex was compiled in
  `recipe.py` and `language_render.py`. Promote to module-level
  `PLACEHOLDER_RE` in `recipe.py` (its primary owner — declares
  template syntax) and import from `language_render.py`.
* **#3 — centralize language column names.** `io_utils.py` had
  hardcoded `{"language_persistent", "language_events"}` literals at
  two sites. Replace with `LANGUAGE_COLUMNS` import so a future column
  rename can't silently desync.
* **#4 — defensive collate preserved-keys.** `lerobot_collate_fn`
  silently filtered language fields from samples that didn't have
  them, which would hand downstream consumers a preserved list
  shorter than the tensor batch. Now: if any sample carries a key,
  every sample in the batch must carry it; otherwise raise a
  `ValueError` so the upstream rendering bug surfaces at the boundary.
* **#5 — `_scalar` rejects non-singleton lists.** Previously a zero-
  or multi-element list fell through and triggered confusing
  `float([])` errors downstream. Now raises `ValueError` with the
  actual length.
* **#6 — refactor `_extract_complementary_data`.** Replace 11 lines
  of `key = {... if ... else {}}` plus an 11-line splat dict with a
  single `_COMPLEMENTARY_KEYS` tuple iterated once.
* **#7 — document `EXTENDED_STYLES`.** Was an empty `set()` with no
  comment. Add a docstring explaining it's an intentional extension
  point: downstream modules append project-local styles before
  `column_for_style` is called.
* **#9 — `tools.mdx` notes the runtime layer is future work.** The
  page referenced `src/lerobot/tools/`, `registry.py`, and
  `get_tools(meta)` — none exist in this PR. Added a callout at the
  start of "How to add your own tool" plus a note on the
  implementations paragraph.
* **#10 — tests for YAML round-trip, malformed rows, blend
  validation.** `test_recipe.py` grew from 1 case to 12 covering:
  blend-or-messages exclusivity, target-turn requirement, blend
  emptiness, weight presence/positivity, nested-blend rejection,
  `from_dict` with nested blends, `from_yaml` / `load_recipe`
  agreement, top-level non-mapping rejection. Added a malformed-row
  test for `_normalize_rows` that asserts non-dict entries raise
  `TypeError`.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* review: emitted_at uses 0.1s tolerance; MessageTurn requires stream at construction

* **Float tolerance in `emitted_at` for persistent styles.** The
  ``_timestamp(row) == t`` exact-equality check silently missed any
  caller that derived ``t`` arithmetically (e.g. ``frame_idx / fps``)
  even though the parquet timestamp would only differ by ULPs. Added
  ``EMITTED_AT_TOLERANCE_S = 0.1`` and check ``abs(...) <= tolerance``
  instead, with a docstring explaining why exact equality wasn't
  enough and why 0.1 s is safe at typical 30–100 Hz control rates.
  Test asserts the new behavior at half-window (matches) and
  double-window (no match) using the constant so it stays in sync.

* **`MessageTurn.stream` is required at construction.** It was typed
  ``MessageStream | None = None`` so YAML could omit ``stream:`` and
  pass the dataclass invariant — but ``_validate_rendered`` rejected
  ``None`` streams later, surfacing the error at the first sample
  instead of at recipe load. Now ``__post_init__`` raises
  ``ValueError`` if ``stream`` is ``None``, with the list of valid
  streams in the message. The redundant late-stage check in
  ``_validate_rendered`` is replaced with a one-line comment that
  cites the upstream invariant. Test pins the new construction-time
  rejection.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* docs(tools): drop follow-up-PR references

Reword the two callouts in `tools.mdx` to describe the runtime layer
in present tense ("not part of the catalog layer shipped today",
"those modules don't yet exist in the tree") instead of pointing at a
specific follow-up PR. Keeps the doc honest about what works now
without coupling it to a particular release order.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* review: address CarolinePascal feedback

- language timestamps: float64 -> float32 to match LeRobotDataset frame
  timestamps (Arrow struct + HF feature)
- dataset_metadata: hoist `.language` imports to module top — language.py
  has no lerobot imports, so there is no circular-import risk
- dataset_metadata: add a `meta.tools` setter that persists the catalog to
  info.json and reloads `meta.info`
- feature_utils: validate the `language` dtype instead of returning "" —
  warn (non-fatal) when a non-empty value is written at record time
- centralize the scalar-unwrap helper as `lerobot.utils.utils.unwrap_scalar`,
  shared by render_messages_processor and language_render
- docs: move `## Layer 2 — recipe anatomy` ahead of the resolver sections,
  which describe recipe bindings rather than dataset layout
- language_render: note in EMITTED_AT_TOLERANCE_S that persistent rows change
  on a human-action timescale, not the camera frame rate

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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# Using Subtasks in LeRobot Datasets
Subtask support in robotics datasets has proven effective in improving robot reasoning and understanding. Subtasks are particularly useful for:
- **Hierarchical policies**: Building policies that include subtask predictions to visualize robot reasoning in real time
- **Reward modeling**: Helping reward models understand task progression (e.g., SARM-style stage-aware reward models)
- **Task decomposition**: Breaking down complex manipulation tasks into atomic, interpretable steps
LeRobotDataset now supports subtasks as part of its dataset structure, alongside tasks.
## What are Subtasks?
While a **task** describes the overall goal (e.g., "Pick up the apple and place it in the basket"), **subtasks** break down the execution into finer-grained steps:
1. "Approach the apple"
2. "Grasp the apple"
3. "Lift the apple"
4. "Move to basket"
5. "Release the apple"
Each frame in the dataset can be annotated with its corresponding subtask, enabling models to learn and predict these intermediate stages.
<img
src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/lerobot/subtask-asset.png"
alt="An overview of subtask annotation showing how frames are labeled with intermediate subtask stages"
width="80%"
/>
<p>
<em>Figure: Overview of subtask annotation.</em>
</p>
**Reference:** _Subtask-learning based for robot self-assembly in flexible collaborative assembly in manufacturing_, Original Article, Published: 19 April 2022.
## Dataset Structure
Subtask information is stored in the dataset metadata:
```
my-dataset/
├── data/
│ └── ...
├── meta/
│ ├── info.json
│ ├── stats.json
│ ├── tasks.parquet
│ ├── subtasks.parquet # Subtask index → subtask string mapping
│ └── episodes/
│ └── ...
└── videos/
└── ...
```
### Subtasks Parquet File
The `meta/subtasks.parquet` file maps subtask indices to their natural language descriptions:
| subtask_index | subtask (index column) |
| ------------- | ---------------------- |
| 0 | "Approach the apple" |
| 1 | "Grasp the apple" |
| 2 | "Lift the apple" |
| ... | ... |
### Frame-Level Annotations
Each frame in the dataset can include a `subtask_index` field that references the subtasks parquet file:
```python
# Example frame data in the parquet file
{
"index": 42,
"timestamp": 1.4,
"episode_index": 0,
"task_index": 0,
"subtask_index": 2, # References "Lift the apple"
"observation.state": [...],
"action": [...],
}
```
## Annotating Datasets with Subtasks
We provide a HuggingFace Space for easily annotating any LeRobotDataset with subtasks:
**[https://huggingface.co/spaces/lerobot/annotate](https://huggingface.co/spaces/lerobot/annotate)**
After completing your annotation:
1. Click "Push to Hub" to upload your annotated dataset
2. You can also run the annotation space locally by following the instructions at [github.com/huggingface/lerobot-annotate](https://github.com/huggingface/lerobot-annotate)
## Loading Datasets with Subtasks
When you load a dataset with subtask annotations, the subtask information is automatically available:
```python
from lerobot.datasets import LeRobotDataset
# Load a dataset with subtask annotations
dataset = LeRobotDataset("jadechoghari/collect-fruit-annotated")
# Access a sample
sample = dataset[100]
# The sample includes both task and subtask information
print(sample["task"]) # "Collect the fruit"
print(sample["subtask"]) # "Grasp the apple"
print(sample["task_index"]) # tensor(0)
print(sample["subtask_index"]) # tensor(2)
```
### Checking for Subtask Support
You can check if a dataset has subtask annotations:
```python
# Check if subtasks are available
has_subtasks = (
"subtask_index" in dataset.features
and dataset.meta.subtasks is not None
)
if has_subtasks:
print(f"Dataset has {len(dataset.meta.subtasks)} unique subtasks")
print("Subtasks:", list(dataset.meta.subtasks.index))
```
## Using Subtasks for Training
### With the Tokenizer Processor
The `TokenizerProcessor` automatically handles subtask tokenization for Vision-Language Action (VLA) models:
```python
from lerobot.processor import TokenizerProcessorStep
# Create a tokenizer processor step
tokenizer_processor = TokenizerProcessorStep(
tokenizer_name_or_path="google/paligemma-3b-pt-224",
padding="max_length",
max_length=64,
)
# The processor will automatically tokenize subtasks if present in the batch
# and add them to the observation under:
# - "observation.subtask.tokens"
# - "observation.subtask.attention_mask"
```
When subtasks are available in the batch, the tokenizer processor adds:
- `observation.subtask.tokens`: Tokenized subtask text
- `observation.subtask.attention_mask`: Attention mask for the subtask tokens
### DataLoader with Subtasks
```python
import torch
from lerobot.datasets import LeRobotDataset
dataset = LeRobotDataset("jadechoghari/collect-fruit-annotated")
dataloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
dataset,
batch_size=16,
shuffle=True,
)
for batch in dataloader:
# Access subtask information in the batch
subtasks = batch["subtask"] # List of subtask strings
subtask_indices = batch["subtask_index"] # Tensor of subtask indices
# Use for training hierarchical policies or reward models
print(f"Batch subtasks: {set(subtasks)}")
```
## Example Datasets with Subtask Annotations
Try loading a dataset with subtask annotations:
```python
from lerobot.datasets import LeRobotDataset
# Example dataset with subtask annotations
dataset = LeRobotDataset("jadechoghari/collect-fruit-annotated")
# Explore the subtasks
print("Available subtasks:")
for subtask_name in dataset.meta.subtasks.index:
print(f" - {subtask_name}")
# Get subtask distribution
subtask_counts = {}
for i in range(len(dataset)):
sample = dataset[i]
subtask = sample["subtask"]
subtask_counts[subtask] = subtask_counts.get(subtask, 0) + 1
print("\nSubtask distribution:")
for subtask, count in sorted(subtask_counts.items(), key=lambda x: -x[1]):
print(f" {subtask}: {count} frames")
```
## Use Cases
### 1. Hierarchical Policy Training
Train policies that predict both actions and current subtask:
```python
class HierarchicalPolicy(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, num_subtasks):
super().__init__()
self.action_head = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, action_dim)
self.subtask_head = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, num_subtasks)
def forward(self, observations):
features = self.encoder(observations)
actions = self.action_head(features)
subtask_logits = self.subtask_head(features)
return actions, subtask_logits
```
### 2. Stage-Aware Reward Modeling (SARM)
Build reward models that understand task progression:
```python
# SARM predicts:
# - Stage: Which subtask is being executed (discrete)
# - Progress: How far along the subtask (continuous 0-1)
class SARMRewardModel(nn.Module):
def forward(self, observations):
features = self.encoder(observations)
stage_logits = self.stage_classifier(features)
progress = self.progress_regressor(features)
return stage_logits, progress
```
### 3. Progress Visualization
Monitor robot execution by tracking subtask progression:
```python
def visualize_execution(model, observations):
for t, obs in enumerate(observations):
action, subtask_logits = model(obs)
predicted_subtask = subtask_names[subtask_logits.argmax()]
print(f"t={t}: Executing '{predicted_subtask}'")
```
## API Reference
### LeRobotDataset Properties
| Property | Type | Description |
| --------------------------- | ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------ |
| `meta.subtasks` | `pd.DataFrame \| None` | DataFrame mapping subtask names to indices |
| `features["subtask_index"]` | `dict` | Feature spec for subtask_index if present |
### Sample Keys
When subtasks are available, each sample includes:
| Key | Type | Description |
| --------------- | -------------- | ------------------------------------ |
| `subtask_index` | `torch.Tensor` | Integer index of the current subtask |
| `subtask` | `str` | Natural language subtask description |
## Related Resources
- [SARM Paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.25358) - Stage-Aware Reward Modeling for Long Horizon Robot Manipulation
- [LeRobot Annotate Space](https://huggingface.co/spaces/lerobot/annotate) - Interactive annotation tool
- [LeRobotDataset v3.0](./lerobot-dataset-v3) - Dataset format documentation