add tests, implement formula 1,2 correctly and cleanup

src/lerobot/datasets/temporal_sampler.py

@@ -64,9 +64,7 @@ class SARMTemporalSampler(Sampler):
         self.shuffle = shuffle
         self.samples_per_epoch = samples_per_epoch
         
-        # Minimum frames needed for SARM pattern:
+        # Minimum frames needed for SARM pattern: 8 consecutive frames with frame_gap spacing = 7 * frame_gap + 1
-        # 8 consecutive frames with frame_gap spacing = 7 * frame_gap + 1
-        # (Plus the initial frame which is always available)
         self.min_frames_needed = 7 * frame_gap + 1
         
         if seed is not None:
@@ -138,7 +136,3 @@ class SARMTemporalSampler(Sampler):
             for i in range(self.samples_per_epoch):
                 idx = i % len(self.all_valid_positions)
                 yield int(self.all_valid_positions[idx])
-
-
-# Backwards compatibility alias
-TemporalSequenceSampler = SARMTemporalSampler

src/lerobot/policies/sarm/__init__.py

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ from lerobot.policies.sarm.configuration_sarm import SARMConfig
 from lerobot.policies.sarm.modeling_sarm import (
     SARMRewardModel,
     SARMTransformer,
-    compute_stage_loss,
 )
 from lerobot.policies.sarm.processor_sarm import (
     SARMEncodingProcessorStep,
@@ -29,7 +28,6 @@ __all__ = [
     "SARMConfig",
     "SARMRewardModel",
     "SARMTransformer",
-    "compute_stage_loss",
     "SARMEncodingProcessorStep",
     "make_sarm_pre_post_processors",
 ]

src/lerobot/policies/sarm/configuration_sarm.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 
 from lerobot.configs.policies import PreTrainedConfig
-from lerobot.configs.types import PolicyFeature, FeatureType
+from lerobot.configs.types import PolicyFeature, FeatureType, NormalizationMode
 from lerobot.optim.optimizers import AdamWConfig
 from lerobot.optim.schedulers import CosineDecayWithWarmupSchedulerConfig
 
@@ -27,63 +27,83 @@ from lerobot.optim.schedulers import CosineDecayWithWarmupSchedulerConfig
 class SARMConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
     """Configuration class for SARM (Stage-Aware Reward Modeling)"""
     
-    # Visual encoding parameters
+    # CLIP encoding parameters
-    image_dim: int = 512  # CLIP embedding dimension
+    image_dim: int = 512 
+    text_dim: int = 512
     num_frames: int = 9  # 1 initial + 8 consecutive frames
     frame_gap: int = 30  # Frame gap between consecutive frames (at 30 fps = 1 second)
     
-    # Text encoding parameters (CLIP text encoder output dimension)
-    text_dim: int = 512
-    
-    # Joint state parameters
-    state_dim: int | None = None  # Auto-detected from dataset if None
-    
     # Architecture parameters
     hidden_dim: int = 768  
     num_heads: int = 12  
     num_layers: int = 8  
-    num_stages: int = 5  # Number of task stages for classification (auto-updated from annotations if available)
+    max_state_dim: int = 32
+    num_stages: int = 5  # Number of task stages (auto-updated from annotations if available)
     subtask_names: list | None = None  # List of subtask names (auto-populated from annotations)
     temporal_proportions: list | None = None  # Temporal proportions for each stage (auto-computed from annotations)
-    
-    # Temporal parameters
     max_length: int = num_frames  # Maximum video sequence length (matches num_frames)
     use_temporal_sampler: bool = True  # Always enable temporal sequence loading
     
     # Training parameters
     batch_size: int = 64
     clip_batch_size: int = 64  # Batch size for CLIP encoding
-    gradient_checkpointing: bool = False  # Enable gradient checkpointing
+    dropout: float = 0.1
-    dropout: float = 0.1  # Dropout rate
     stage_loss_weight: float = 1.0  # Weight for stage classification loss when using subtask annotations
     
     pretrained_model_path: str | None = None
-    
     device: str | None = None
     
     # Processor settings
     image_key: str = "observation.images.top"  # Key for image used from the dataset
     task_description: str = "perform the task"  # Default task description
 
-    # Video_features and text_features are generated by the processor from raw images/text, we don't declare them as VISUAL/LANGUAGE here to avoid validation errors
+    # State key in the dataset (for normalization)
-    input_features: dict = field(default_factory=lambda: {
+    state_key: str = "observation.state"
-        "state_features": PolicyFeature(shape=(9, 14), type=FeatureType.STATE)  # Example: 7 DOF × 2 arms
+    
-    })
+    # Populated by the processor (video_features, state_features, text_features)
+    input_features: dict = field(default_factory=lambda: {})
+    
+    # Output features
     output_features: dict = field(default_factory=lambda: {
-        "stage": PolicyFeature(shape=(1,), type=FeatureType.REWARD),
+        "stage": PolicyFeature(shape=(9, 5), type=FeatureType.REWARD),
-        "progress": PolicyFeature(shape=(1,), type=FeatureType.REWARD)
+        "progress": PolicyFeature(shape=(9, 1), type=FeatureType.REWARD),
     })
 
+    normalization_mapping: dict[str, NormalizationMode] = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: {
+            "VISUAL": NormalizationMode.IDENTITY,
+            "STATE": NormalizationMode.MEAN_STD,
+            "LANGUAGE": NormalizationMode.IDENTITY,
+            "REWARD": NormalizationMode.IDENTITY,
+        }
+    )
+    
     def __post_init__(self):
         super().__post_init__()
 
-        # Add the image_key, the processor will transform this into video_features
+        # Add the image_key as VISUAL (this is the raw image from dataset)
-        if self.image_key and self.image_key not in self.input_features:
+        if self.image_key:
             self.input_features[self.image_key] = PolicyFeature(
                 shape=(480, 640, 3),
                 type=FeatureType.VISUAL
             )
         
+        # Add state_key as STATE (raw state from dataset, will be padded to max_state_dim)
+        self.input_features[self.state_key] = PolicyFeature(
+            shape=(self.max_state_dim,),  # Single frame state, temporal sampling handles sequence
+            type=FeatureType.STATE
+        )
+        
+        # Update output features with actual dimensions
+        self.output_features["stage"] = PolicyFeature(
+            shape=(self.num_frames, self.num_stages), 
+            type=FeatureType.REWARD
+        )
+        self.output_features["progress"] = PolicyFeature(
+            shape=(self.num_frames, 1), 
+            type=FeatureType.REWARD
+        )
+        
         # Validate configuration
         if self.hidden_dim % self.num_heads != 0:
             raise ValueError(
@@ -95,9 +115,6 @@ class SARMConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
                 f"max_length ({self.max_length}) must equal num_frames ({self.num_frames})"
             )
         
-        if self.dropout < 0 or self.dropout >= 1:
-            raise ValueError(f"dropout must be in [0, 1), got {self.dropout}")
-        
         if self.num_stages < 2:
             raise ValueError(f"num_stages must be at least 2, got {self.num_stages}")
     
@@ -139,11 +156,10 @@ class SARMConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
         Returns:
             9 delta indices: [-1_000_000, -(7*gap), -(6*gap), ..., -gap, 0]
         """
-        # First delta: large negative to always clamp to episode start (frame 0)
         initial_frame_delta = -1_000_000
         
-        # Remaining 8 deltas: consecutive frames with frame_gap spacing
+        # Remaining consecutive frames with frame_gap spacing
-        num_consecutive = self.num_frames - 1  # 8 frames
+        num_consecutive = self.num_frames - 1
         consecutive_deltas = list(range(-self.frame_gap * (num_consecutive - 1), 1, self.frame_gap))
         
         return [initial_frame_delta] + consecutive_deltas

src/lerobot/policies/sarm/modeling_sarm.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import logging
-from typing import List, Union, Dict, Optional
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
 import random
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -28,9 +28,12 @@ from transformers import CLIPModel, CLIPProcessor
 from torch import Tensor
 
 from lerobot.policies.sarm.configuration_sarm import SARMConfig
+from lerobot.policies.sarm.sarm_utils import compute_priors, compute_cumulative_progress_batch, pad_state_to_max_dim
 from lerobot.policies.pretrained import PreTrainedPolicy
 
 
+
+
 class SARMTransformer(nn.Module):
     """
     SARM Transformer model for stage-aware reward prediction.
@@ -45,8 +48,8 @@ class SARMTransformer(nn.Module):
     def __init__(
         self,
         video_dim: int = 512,  
-        text_dim: int = 512,  # CLIP text encoder output dimension (per SARM paper A.4)
+        text_dim: int = 512, 
-        state_dim: int = 14,
+        max_state_dim: int = 32, 
         hidden_dim: int = 768,
         num_heads: int = 12,
         num_layers: int = 8,
@@ -59,9 +62,8 @@ class SARMTransformer(nn.Module):
         self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim
         self.max_length = max_length
         self.num_stages = num_stages
+        self.max_state_dim = max_state_dim
         
-        # Store temporal proportions for progress conversion (Paper Eq. 4)
-        # ŷ = P_{k-1} + ᾱ_k × τ̂
         if temporal_proportions is None:
             raise ValueError(
                 "temporal_proportions is required for SARM. "
@@ -77,15 +79,13 @@ class SARMTransformer(nn.Module):
         self.register_buffer('alpha', alpha)
         self.register_buffer('cumulative_prior', cumulative)
         
-        # Project video, text, and state to same dimension
         self.video_proj = nn.Linear(video_dim, hidden_dim)
         self.text_proj = nn.Linear(text_dim, hidden_dim)
-        self.state_proj = nn.Linear(state_dim, hidden_dim)
+        self.state_proj = nn.Linear(max_state_dim, hidden_dim) 
         
         # Position embedding only for the first frame
         self.first_pos_embed = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(1, hidden_dim))
         
-        # Transformer encoder
         encoder_layer = nn.TransformerEncoderLayer(
             d_model=hidden_dim,
             nhead=num_heads,
@@ -96,7 +96,6 @@ class SARMTransformer(nn.Module):
         self.transformer = nn.TransformerEncoder(encoder_layer, num_layers=num_layers)
         
         # Stage estimator head (classification)
-        # Paper A.4: "2 layers with hidden dimension of 512"
         self.stage_head = nn.Sequential(
             nn.Linear(hidden_dim, 512),
             nn.LayerNorm(512),
@@ -106,8 +105,6 @@ class SARMTransformer(nn.Module):
         )
         
         # Subtask estimator head (regression, conditioned on stage)
-        # Takes concatenated [features, stage_embedding]
-        # Paper A.4: "2 layers with hidden dimension of 512"
         self.stage_embedding = nn.Embedding(num_stages, hidden_dim // 4)
         subtask_input_dim = hidden_dim + hidden_dim // 4
         self.subtask_head = nn.Sequential(
@@ -119,13 +116,13 @@ class SARMTransformer(nn.Module):
             nn.Sigmoid()
         )
         
-        # Attention mask for causal self-attention
+        # Attention mask
         self.register_buffer("attention_mask", None, persistent=False)
     
     def _get_attention_mask(self, seq_length: int, device: torch.device) -> torch.Tensor:
         """Generate or retrieve cached causal attention mask."""
         if self.attention_mask is None or self.attention_mask.shape[0] != seq_length:
-            # Create causal mask (upper triangular with -inf)
+            # Create causal mask
             mask = nn.Transformer.generate_square_subsequent_mask(seq_length, device=device)
             self.attention_mask = mask
         return self.attention_mask
@@ -150,14 +147,16 @@ class SARMTransformer(nn.Module):
                 - Stage probabilities (batch_size, seq_len, num_stages)
                 - Progress predictions for each frame (batch_size, seq_len, 1)
         """        
-        batch_size = video_frames.shape[0]
-        
         # Project inputs to common dimension
         video_embed = self.video_proj(video_frames)  # [batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim]
         text_embed = self.text_proj(text_embed).unsqueeze(1)  # [batch_size, 1, hidden_dim]
 
-        state_embed = self.state_proj(state_features)  # [batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim]
+        # Pad state features to max_state_dim before projection
-        # Fuse video and state features (simple addition)
+        state_features_padded = pad_state_to_max_dim(state_features, self.max_state_dim)
+
+        state_embed = self.state_proj(state_features_padded)  # [batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim]
+
+        # Fuse video and state features 
         video_embed = video_embed + state_embed
         
         # Add positional embedding to first video frame
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ class SARMTransformer(nn.Module):
         # Pass through transformer with causal masking
         transformed = self.transformer(sequence, mask=attention_mask, is_causal=True)
         
-        # Get frame features (exclude text token)
+        # Get frame features
         frame_features = transformed[:, 1:]  # [batch_size, seq_len, hidden_dim]
         
         # Stage estimation
@@ -193,14 +192,11 @@ class SARMTransformer(nn.Module):
         # τ̂ = within-subtask progress (0-1)
         tau_preds = self.subtask_head(conditioned_features)  # [batch_size, seq_len, 1]
         
-        # Convert τ̂ to cumulative progress ŷ using Paper Eq. 4:
+        # Convert τ̂ to cumulative progress ŷ using Paper Formula (2):
         # ŷ = P_{k-1} + ᾱ_k × τ̂
-        # P_{k-1} = cumulative prior up to stage k-1
+        progress_preds = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(
-        # ᾱ_k = temporal proportion of stage k
+            tau_preds, stage_indices, self.alpha, self.cumulative_prior
-        P_k_minus_1 = self.cumulative_prior[stage_indices]  # [batch_size, seq_len]
+        )
-        alpha_k = self.alpha[stage_indices]  # [batch_size, seq_len]
-        
-        progress_preds = P_k_minus_1.unsqueeze(-1) + alpha_k.unsqueeze(-1) * tau_preds
         
         return stage_logits, stage_probs, progress_preds
 
@@ -227,65 +223,37 @@ class SARMRewardModel(PreTrainedPolicy):
         self.dataset_stats = dataset_stats
         self.device = torch.device(config.device if config.device else "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
         
-        # Auto-detect num_stages from dataset annotations before building the model
+        # Detect num_stages from dataset annotations before building the model
         if dataset_meta is not None:
             self._update_num_stages_from_dataset(dataset_meta)
         
-        # Initialize CLIP encoder for images AND text (per SARM paper A.4)
+        logging.info("Loading CLIP encoder")
-        logging.info("Loading CLIP encoder for images and text...")
         self.clip_model = CLIPModel.from_pretrained("openai/clip-vit-base-patch32")
         self.clip_processor = CLIPProcessor.from_pretrained("openai/clip-vit-base-patch32", use_fast=True)
         self.clip_model.to(self.device)
         self.clip_model.eval()
         
-        # Auto-detect state_dim from dataset_stats
-        if config.state_dim is None:
-            logging.info(f"Attempting to auto-detect state_dim. dataset_stats is None: {dataset_stats is None}")
-            
-            if dataset_stats is not None:
-                if "observation.state" in dataset_stats:
-                    config.state_dim = dataset_stats["observation.state"]["mean"].shape[0]
-                    logging.info(f"Auto-detected state_dim={config.state_dim} from dataset_stats['observation.state']")
-                elif "state" in dataset_stats:
-                    config.state_dim = dataset_stats["state"]["mean"].shape[0]
-                    logging.info(f"Auto-detected state_dim={config.state_dim} from dataset_stats['state']")
-                else:
-                    logging.warning(f"State keys not found in dataset_stats. Available keys: {list(dataset_stats.keys())}")
-            else:
-                logging.warning("dataset_stats is None, cannot auto-detect state_dim")
-            
-            # Raise explicit error if still None
-            if config.state_dim is None:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    "Could not determine state_dim! "
-                    f"dataset_stats={'None' if dataset_stats is None else f'available with keys: {list(dataset_stats.keys())}'}, "
-                    "config.state_dim=None. "
-                    "Please either:\n"
-                    "1. Provide --policy.state_dim=<your_state_dimension> explicitly, or\n"
-                    "2. Ensure dataset_stats contains 'observation.state' or 'state' key"
-                )
-        
-        # Initialize SARM transformer with temporal proportions for progress conversion
-        temporal_proportions = getattr(config, 'temporal_proportions', None)
         self.sarm_transformer = SARMTransformer(
             video_dim=config.image_dim,
             text_dim=config.text_dim,
-            state_dim=config.state_dim,
+            max_state_dim=config.max_state_dim,
             hidden_dim=config.hidden_dim,
             num_heads=config.num_heads,
             num_layers=config.num_layers,
             num_stages=config.num_stages,
             max_length=config.max_length,
             dropout=config.dropout,
-            temporal_proportions=temporal_proportions
+            temporal_proportions=config.temporal_proportions
         )
         self.sarm_transformer.to(self.device)
-        
-        
         logging.info(f"SARM Reward Model initialized on {self.device}")
     
     def _update_num_stages_from_dataset(self, dataset_meta) -> None:
-        """Update num_stages and temporal_proportions from dataset subtask annotations."""
+        """Update num_stages and temporal_proportions from dataset subtask annotations.
+        
+        Implements SARM Paper Formula (1):
+            ᾱ_k = (1/M) × Σ_i (L_{i,k} / T_i)
+        """
         episodes = dataset_meta.episodes
         if episodes is None or len(episodes) == 0:
             raise ValueError("No episodes found, using default num_stages")
@@ -295,27 +263,38 @@ class SARMRewardModel(PreTrainedPolicy):
 
         episodes_df = episodes.to_pandas()
         
-        # Collect all unique subtask names and compute durations
+        # Collect subtask durations and trajectory lengths for compute_priors
         all_subtask_names = set()
-        subtask_durations = {}
+        subtask_durations_per_trajectory = {}
+        trajectory_lengths = {}
         
         for ep_idx in episodes_df.index:
-            subtask_names = episodes_df.loc[ep_idx, 'subtask_names']
+            subtask_names_ep = episodes_df.loc[ep_idx, 'subtask_names']
-            if subtask_names is None or (isinstance(subtask_names, float) and pd.isna(subtask_names)):
+            if subtask_names_ep is None or (isinstance(subtask_names_ep, float) and pd.isna(subtask_names_ep)):
                 continue
             
-            all_subtask_names.update(subtask_names)
+            all_subtask_names.update(subtask_names_ep)
             
             # Compute durations if available
             if 'subtask_start_frames' in episodes_df.columns and 'subtask_end_frames' in episodes_df.columns:
                 start_frames = episodes_df.loc[ep_idx, 'subtask_start_frames']
                 end_frames = episodes_df.loc[ep_idx, 'subtask_end_frames']
                 
-                for i, name in enumerate(subtask_names):
+                # Compute total trajectory length T_i
+                total_traj_length = sum(end_frames[i] - start_frames[i] for i in range(len(subtask_names_ep)))
+                
+                if total_traj_length <= 0:
+                    continue
+                
+                for i, name in enumerate(subtask_names_ep):
                     duration = end_frames[i] - start_frames[i]
-                    if name not in subtask_durations:
+                    
-                        subtask_durations[name] = []
+                    if name not in subtask_durations_per_trajectory:
-                    subtask_durations[name].append(duration)
+                        subtask_durations_per_trajectory[name] = []
+                        trajectory_lengths[name] = []
+                    
+                    subtask_durations_per_trajectory[name].append(duration)
+                    trajectory_lengths[name].append(total_traj_length)
         
         if not all_subtask_names:
             raise ValueError("No valid subtask names found, using default num_stages")
@@ -324,26 +303,20 @@ class SARMRewardModel(PreTrainedPolicy):
         subtask_names = sorted(list(all_subtask_names))
         num_stages = len(subtask_names)
         
-        # Compute temporal proportions (Paper Eq. 1: ᾱ_k)
+        # Compute temporal proportions using Paper Formula (1)
-        avg_durations = {}
+        temporal_proportions_dict = compute_priors(
-        for name in subtask_names:
+            subtask_durations_per_trajectory,
-            if name in subtask_durations and subtask_durations[name]:
+            trajectory_lengths,
-                avg_durations[name] = np.mean(subtask_durations[name])
+            subtask_names
-            else:
+        )
-                avg_durations[name] = 1.0  # Default
+        temporal_proportions = [temporal_proportions_dict[name] for name in subtask_names]
-        
-        total_duration = sum(avg_durations.values())
-        if total_duration > 0:
-            temporal_proportions = [avg_durations[name] / total_duration for name in subtask_names]
-        else:
-            temporal_proportions = [1.0 / num_stages] * num_stages
     
         self.config.num_stages = num_stages
         self.config.subtask_names = subtask_names
         self.config.temporal_proportions = temporal_proportions
         
         logging.info(f"Auto-detected {num_stages} subtasks: {subtask_names}")
-        logging.info(f"Temporal proportions: {dict(zip(subtask_names, temporal_proportions))}")
+        logging.info(f"Temporal proportions: {temporal_proportions_dict}")
             
     def to(self, device):
         """Override to method to ensure all components move together."""
@@ -475,7 +448,6 @@ class SARMRewardModel(PreTrainedPolicy):
             If return_stages=True:
                 Tuple of (rewards, stage_probs)
         """
-        # Convert to tensors if needed
         if isinstance(text_embeddings, np.ndarray):
             text_embeddings = torch.tensor(text_embeddings, dtype=torch.float32)
         if isinstance(video_embeddings, np.ndarray):
@@ -535,16 +507,13 @@ class SARMRewardModel(PreTrainedPolicy):
     def load_pretrained_checkpoint(self, checkpoint_path: str, strict: bool = False):
         """Load pretrained model weights from a checkpoint file."""
         logging.info(f"Loading pretrained checkpoint from {checkpoint_path}")
-        
         checkpoint = torch.load(checkpoint_path, map_location=self.device, weights_only=False)
         
-        # Handle different checkpoint formats
         if "model_state_dict" in checkpoint:
             state_dict = checkpoint["model_state_dict"]
         else:
             state_dict = checkpoint
 
-        # Load only the SARMTransformer weights
         missing_keys, unexpected_keys = self.sarm_transformer.load_state_dict(state_dict, strict=strict)
         
         if missing_keys:
@@ -557,9 +526,7 @@ class SARMRewardModel(PreTrainedPolicy):
     def train(self, mode: bool = True):
         """Set training mode. Note: CLIP encoder always stays in eval mode (frozen)."""
         super().train(mode)
-        # Keep CLIP encoder in eval mode (frozen per SARM paper)
         self.clip_model.eval()
-        # Only transformer can be trained
         self.sarm_transformer.train(mode)
         return self
     
@@ -686,8 +653,7 @@ class SARMRewardModel(PreTrainedPolicy):
             state = state_features[i] if state_features is not None else None
             progress = progress_from_annotations[i].squeeze(-1)  # (T,)
             
-            # Apply temporal augmentation with 50% probability (SARM paper A.4)
+            # Apply temporal augmentation with 50% probability: appends up to 4 reversed frames to simulate failures/recoveries
-            # Appends up to 4 reversed frames to simulate failures/recoveries
             if random.random() < 0.5:
                 video, progress, state = self._apply_temporal_augmentation(video, progress, state, max_length)
             
@@ -729,7 +695,7 @@ class SARMRewardModel(PreTrainedPolicy):
         total_loss = total_loss + self.config.stage_loss_weight * stage_loss
         output_dict['stage_loss'] = stage_loss.item()
         
-        # Misaligned loss: 20% probability (SARM paper - improve video-language alignment)
+        # Misaligned loss: 20% probability
         if random.random() < 0.2:
             shuffle_idx = torch.randperm(batch_size, device=self.device)
             _, _, misaligned_preds = self.sarm_transformer(

src/lerobot/policies/sarm/processor_sarm.py

@@ -23,16 +23,19 @@ import pandas as pd
 from transformers import CLIPModel, CLIPProcessor
 
 from lerobot.policies.sarm.configuration_sarm import SARMConfig
+from lerobot.policies.sarm.sarm_utils import compute_priors, compute_tau, compute_cumulative_progress_batch, pad_state_to_max_dim
 from lerobot.processor import (
     ProcessorStep,
     PolicyProcessorPipeline,
     PolicyAction,
     DeviceProcessorStep,
     AddBatchDimensionProcessorStep,
+    NormalizerProcessorStep,
 )
 from lerobot.processor.converters import (
     policy_action_to_transition,
     transition_to_policy_action,
+    from_tensor_to_numpy,
 )
 from lerobot.processor.pipeline import PipelineFeatureType
 from lerobot.processor.core import EnvTransition, TransitionKey
@@ -41,20 +44,7 @@ from lerobot.utils.constants import POLICY_POSTPROCESSOR_DEFAULT_NAME, POLICY_PR
 
 
 class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
-    """
+    """ProcessorStep that encodes images and text with CLIP."""
-    ProcessorStep that encodes images and text for SARM training.
-    
-    Per SARM paper (Appendix A.4): "We employ a frozen clip-vit-base-patch32 encoder 
-    to process both RGB image sequences and task descriptions."
-    
-    This step handles:
-    - CLIP image encoding (512-dim)
-    - CLIP text encoding (512-dim)
-    - Joint state normalization
-    
-    Supports temporal sequences: (B, T, C, H, W) → (B, T, 512) video features
-    """
-    
     def __init__(
         self,
         config: SARMConfig,
@@ -69,8 +59,6 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
         self.task_description = task_description or config.task_description
         self.dataset_meta = dataset_meta
         self.dataset_stats = dataset_stats
-        
-        # Compute temporal proportions from subtask annotations if available
         self.temporal_proportions = None
         self.subtask_names = None
         if dataset_meta is not None:
@@ -94,7 +82,14 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
         self.device = device
     
     def _compute_temporal_proportions(self):
-        """Compute temporal proportions for each subtask from dataset annotations."""
+        """Compute temporal proportions for each subtask from dataset annotations.
+        
+        Implements SARM Paper Formula (1):
+            ᾱ_k = (1/M) × Σ_i (L_{i,k} / T_i)
+        
+        This averages the proportion of time spent on each subtask within each trajectory,
+        giving equal weight to all trajectories regardless of absolute length.
+        """
         if self.dataset_meta is None or not hasattr(self.dataset_meta, 'episodes'):
             return
         
@@ -108,32 +103,42 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
             logging.info("No subtask annotations found in dataset")
             return
         
-        # Convert to pandas
         episodes_df = episodes.to_pandas()
         
-        # Collect all subtask names and compute average durations
+        # Collect subtask durations and trajectory lengths for compute_priors
-        subtask_durations = {}
+        subtask_durations_per_trajectory = {}
+        trajectory_lengths = {}
         all_subtask_names = set()
         
         for ep_idx in episodes_df.index:
-            subtask_names = episodes_df.loc[ep_idx, 'subtask_names']
+            subtask_names_ep = episodes_df.loc[ep_idx, 'subtask_names']
             
             # Skip episodes without annotations
-            if subtask_names is None or (isinstance(subtask_names, float) and pd.isna(subtask_names)):
+            if subtask_names_ep is None or (isinstance(subtask_names_ep, float) and pd.isna(subtask_names_ep)):
                 continue
             
             start_times = episodes_df.loc[ep_idx, 'subtask_start_times']
             end_times = episodes_df.loc[ep_idx, 'subtask_end_times']
             
             # Track unique subtask names
-            all_subtask_names.update(subtask_names)
+            all_subtask_names.update(subtask_names_ep)
             
-            # Compute durations
+            # Compute total trajectory length T_i (sum of all subtask durations)
-            for i, name in enumerate(subtask_names):
+            total_traj_length = sum(end_times[i] - start_times[i] for i in range(len(subtask_names_ep)))
+            
+            if total_traj_length <= 0:
+                continue
+            
+            # Store duration and trajectory length for each subtask occurrence
+            for i, name in enumerate(subtask_names_ep):
                 duration = end_times[i] - start_times[i]
-                if name not in subtask_durations:
+                
-                    subtask_durations[name] = []
+                if name not in subtask_durations_per_trajectory:
-                subtask_durations[name].append(duration)
+                    subtask_durations_per_trajectory[name] = []
+                    trajectory_lengths[name] = []
+                
+                subtask_durations_per_trajectory[name].append(duration)
+                trajectory_lengths[name].append(total_traj_length)
         
         if not all_subtask_names:
             logging.info("No valid subtask annotations found")
@@ -142,44 +147,17 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
         # Sort subtask names for consistent ordering
         self.subtask_names = sorted(list(all_subtask_names))
         self.config.num_stages = len(self.subtask_names)
-        self.config.subtask_names = self.subtask_names  # Store in config for reference
+        self.config.subtask_names = self.subtask_names
         
-        # Compute average duration for each subtask
+        # Compute temporal proportions using Paper Formula (1)
-        avg_durations = {}
+        self.temporal_proportions = compute_priors(
-        for name in self.subtask_names:
+            subtask_durations_per_trajectory,
-            if name in subtask_durations:
+            trajectory_lengths,
-                avg_durations[name] = np.mean(subtask_durations[name])
+            self.subtask_names
-            else:
-                avg_durations[name] = 0.0
-        
-        # Normalize to get proportions
-        total_duration = sum(avg_durations.values())
-        if total_duration > 0:
-            self.temporal_proportions = {
-                name: avg_durations[name] / total_duration 
-                for name in self.subtask_names
-            }
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "Cannot compute temporal proportions: all subtask durations are zero. "
-                "Check that your dataset has valid subtask annotations with start/end times."
         )
-        
-        # Store in config for the model to use in progress output conversion (SARM paper Eq. 4)
         self.config.temporal_proportions = [self.temporal_proportions[name] for name in self.subtask_names]
-        
         logging.info(f"Computed temporal proportions for {len(self.subtask_names)} subtasks: {self.temporal_proportions}")
     
-    def _to_numpy_array(self, x) -> np.ndarray:
-        """Convert input to a 1D numpy array."""
-        if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor):
-            arr = x.cpu().numpy()
-        else:
-            arr = np.array(x)
-        if arr.ndim == 0:
-            arr = np.array([arr.item()])
-        return arr
-    
     def _find_episode_for_frame(self, frame_idx: int) -> int:
         """Find the episode index for a given frame index."""
         for ep_idx in range(len(self.dataset_meta.episodes)):
@@ -187,14 +165,14 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
             ep_end = self.dataset_meta.episodes[ep_idx]["dataset_to_index"]
             if ep_start <= frame_idx < ep_end:
                 return ep_idx
-        return 0  # Fallback
+        return 0  
     
     def _get_episode_indices(self, frame_indices: np.ndarray, episode_index) -> np.ndarray:
         """Get episode indices for each frame index."""
         if episode_index is None:
             return np.array([self._find_episode_for_frame(int(f)) for f in frame_indices])
         
-        episode_indices = self._to_numpy_array(episode_index)
+        episode_indices = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(from_tensor_to_numpy(episode_index)))
         
         # If single episode but multiple frames, compute episode for each frame
         if len(episode_indices) == 1 and len(frame_indices) > 1:
@@ -211,22 +189,16 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
         Pattern: [ep_start, t-(7*gap), t-(6*gap), ..., t-gap, t]
 
         """
-        frame_gap = getattr(self.config, 'frame_gap', 1)
-        
         indices = []
-        
+        indices.append(ep_start) # First frame is the episode's initial frame
-        
-        # First frame is the episode's initial frame
-        indices.append(ep_start)
             
         # Remaining frames are consecutive with frame_gap spacing
         num_consecutive = num_frames - 1
         for i in range(num_consecutive):
-            offset = -(num_consecutive - 1 - i) * frame_gap
+            offset = -(num_consecutive - 1 - i) * self.config.frame_gap
             idx = max(ep_start, frame_idx + offset)
             indices.append(idx)
 
-        
         return torch.tensor(indices)
     
     def _compute_episode_metadata(
@@ -269,6 +241,14 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
     ) -> tuple[int, float]:
         """Compute stage index and cumulative progress for a single frame.
         
+        Implements SARM Paper Formula (2):
+            y_t = P_{k-1} + ᾱ_k × τ_t
+        
+        where:
+            - τ_t = (t - s_k) / (e_k - s_k) is within-subtask progress
+            - P_{k-1} is cumulative prior (sum of previous subtask proportions)
+            - ᾱ_k is the temporal proportion for subtask k
+        
         Args:
             current_frame: Frame index relative to episode start
             subtask_names: List of subtask names for this episode
@@ -278,53 +258,46 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
         Returns:
             Tuple of (stage_idx, cumulative_progress)
         """
-        stage_idx = -1
+        # Get temporal proportions as list for compute_cumulative_progress
-        cumulative_progress = 0.0
+        temporal_proportions_list = [
+            self.temporal_proportions.get(name, 0.0) for name in self.subtask_names
+        ]
         
         # Find which subtask this frame belongs to
         for j, (name, start_frame, end_frame) in enumerate(zip(subtask_names, subtask_start_frames, subtask_end_frames)):
             if current_frame >= start_frame and current_frame <= end_frame:
-                # Found the subtask
+                # Found the subtask, get its global index
                 stage_idx = self.subtask_names.index(name) if name in self.subtask_names else 0
                 
-                # Calculate within-subtask progress
+                # Compute τ_t using utility function (Paper Formula 2)
-                subtask_duration = end_frame - start_frame
+                tau = compute_tau(current_frame, start_frame, end_frame)
-                if subtask_duration > 0:
-                    within_subtask_progress = (current_frame - start_frame) / subtask_duration
-                else:
-                    within_subtask_progress = 1.0
                 
-                # Calculate cumulative progress from completed subtasks
+                # Compute cumulative progress using utility function (Paper Formula 2)
-                for k in range(j):
+                cumulative_progress = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(
-                    prev_name = subtask_names[k]
+                    tau, stage_idx, temporal_proportions_list
-                    if prev_name in self.temporal_proportions:
+                )
-                        cumulative_progress += self.temporal_proportions[prev_name]
-                
-                # Add current subtask's partial progress
-                if name in self.temporal_proportions:
-                    cumulative_progress += self.temporal_proportions[name] * within_subtask_progress
                 
                 return stage_idx, cumulative_progress
         
-        # No matching subtask found - estimate based on position
+        # No matching subtask found
         if current_frame < subtask_start_frames[0]:
             return 0, 0.0
         elif current_frame > subtask_end_frames[-1]:
             return len(self.subtask_names) - 1, 1.0
         else:
-            # Between subtasks - use previous subtask's end state
+            # Between subtasks - use previous subtask's end state (tau = 1.0)
             for j in range(len(subtask_names) - 1):
                 if current_frame > subtask_end_frames[j] and current_frame < subtask_start_frames[j + 1]:
                     name = subtask_names[j]
                     stage_idx = self.subtask_names.index(name) if name in self.subtask_names else j
-                    # Sum up all completed subtasks
+                    
-                    for k in range(j + 1):
+                    # Completed subtask, so tau = 1.0
-                        prev_name = subtask_names[k]
+                    cumulative_progress = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(
-                        if prev_name in self.temporal_proportions:
+                        1.0, stage_idx, temporal_proportions_list
-                            cumulative_progress += self.temporal_proportions[prev_name]
+                    )
                     return stage_idx, cumulative_progress
         
-        return 0, 0.0  # Fallback
+        return 0, 0.0
     
     def _compute_labels_for_sample(
         self,
@@ -359,13 +332,8 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
         
         subtask_start_frames = episodes_df.loc[ep_idx, 'subtask_start_frames']
         subtask_end_frames = episodes_df.loc[ep_idx, 'subtask_end_frames']
-        
-        # Get episode boundaries
         ep_start = self.dataset_meta.episodes[ep_idx]["dataset_from_index"]
         
-        # Get config values
-        frame_gap = self.config.frame_gap if hasattr(self.config, 'frame_gap') else 1
-        
         # Generate labels for each frame in the sequence
         stage_labels = []
         progress_targets = []
@@ -377,7 +345,7 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
             else:
                 # Positions 1-8: consecutive frames with frame_gap spacing
                 num_consecutive = seq_len - 1
-                offset = -(num_consecutive - i) * frame_gap
+                offset = -(num_consecutive - i) * self.config.frame_gap 
                 current_frame = max(0, frame_idx + offset - ep_start)
 
             
@@ -388,7 +356,6 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
             stage_labels.append(stage_idx)
             progress_targets.append(cumulative_progress)
         
-        # Convert to tensors
         stage_labels = torch.tensor(stage_labels, dtype=torch.long)
         progress_targets = torch.tensor(progress_targets, dtype=torch.float32).unsqueeze(-1)
         
@@ -411,7 +378,7 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
         is_batch = isinstance(frame_index, torch.Tensor) and frame_index.numel() > 1
         
         # Normalize inputs to numpy arrays
-        frame_indices = self._to_numpy_array(frame_index)
+        frame_indices = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(from_tensor_to_numpy(frame_index)))
         episode_indices = self._get_episode_indices(frame_indices, episode_index)
         
         # Determine sequence length
@@ -422,7 +389,6 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
         
         episodes_df = self.dataset_meta.episodes.to_pandas()
         
-        # Process all samples
         all_stage_labels = []
         all_progress_targets = []
         
@@ -450,7 +416,7 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
         if not isinstance(observation, dict):
             raise ValueError("Observation must be a dictionary")
         
-        # 1. Encode images with CLIP
+        # Encode images with CLIP
         image = observation.get(self.image_key)
         if image is None:
             raise ValueError(f"Image not found in observation for key: {self.image_key}")
@@ -460,27 +426,27 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
         video_features = self._encode_images_batch(image)
         observation['video_features'] = video_features
         
-        # 2. Extract and normalize joint states
+        # Extract state and pad to max_state_dim (already normalized by NormalizerProcessorStep)
+        state_key = self.config.state_key
+        state_data = observation.get(state_key)
+        if state_data is None:
             state_data = observation.get("state") or observation.get("observation.state")
         if state_data is None:
-            raise ValueError("State data not found in observation (expected 'state' or 'observation.state')")
+            raise ValueError(f"State data not found in observation (expected '{state_key}', 'state', or 'observation.state')")
         
         if isinstance(state_data, torch.Tensor):
-            state_data = state_data.cpu().numpy()
+            state_tensor = state_data.float()
+        else:
+            state_tensor = torch.tensor(state_data, dtype=torch.float32)
         
-        state_key = "state" if "state" in observation else "observation.state"
+        # Pad state
-        if self.dataset_stats and state_key in self.dataset_stats:
+        observation['state_features'] = pad_state_to_max_dim(state_tensor, self.config.max_state_dim)
-            mean = self.dataset_stats[state_key]['mean']
-            std = self.dataset_stats[state_key]['std']
-            state_data = (state_data - mean) / (std + 1e-8)
         
-        observation['state_features'] = torch.tensor(state_data, dtype=torch.float32)
+        # Encode text with CLIP
-        
-        # 3. Encode text with CLIP (per SARM paper A.4)
         batch_size = video_features.shape[0]
         observation['text_features'] = self._encode_text_clip(self.task_description, batch_size)
         
-        # 4. Extract frame/episode indices from complementary data
+        # Extract frame/episode indices from complementary data
         comp_data = new_transition.get(TransitionKey.COMPLEMENTARY_DATA, {})
         if not isinstance(comp_data, dict):
             raise ValueError("COMPLEMENTARY_DATA must be a dictionary")
@@ -493,10 +459,10 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
         if episode_index is None:
             raise ValueError("Episode index ('episode_index') not found in COMPLEMENTARY_DATA")
         
-        # 5. Compute episode metadata if dataset_meta is available
+        # Compute episode metadata if dataset_meta is available
         if self.dataset_meta is not None:
             is_batch = isinstance(frame_index, torch.Tensor) and frame_index.numel() > 1
-            frame_indices = self._to_numpy_array(frame_index)
+            frame_indices = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(from_tensor_to_numpy(frame_index)))
             episode_indices = self._get_episode_indices(frame_indices, episode_index)
             
             # Determine number of frames from video features
@@ -512,7 +478,7 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
             observation['remaining_length'] = remaining
             observation['episode_length'] = ep_lengths
         
-        # 6. Generate stage labels and progress targets from subtask annotations
+        # Generate stage labels and progress targets from subtask annotations
         if self.temporal_proportions is not None and self.dataset_meta is not None:
             stage_labels, progress_targets = self._generate_stage_and_progress_labels(
                 frame_index, episode_index, video_features
@@ -539,14 +505,10 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
         # Check if we have temporal dimension
         has_temporal = len(images.shape) == 5
         
-        if has_temporal:
+        if has_temporal: # Shape: (B, T, C, H, W)
-            # Shape: (B, T, C, H, W)
             batch_size, seq_length = images.shape[0], images.shape[1]
-            
-            # Reshape to (B*T, C, H, W) to process all frames at once
             images = images.reshape(batch_size * seq_length, *images.shape[2:]) 
-        elif len(images.shape) == 4:
+        elif len(images.shape) == 4:  # Shape: (B, C, H, W)
-            # Shape: (B, C, H, W)
             batch_size = images.shape[0]
             seq_length = 1
         else:
@@ -608,7 +570,7 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
         Returns:
             Encoded text features with shape (B, 512)
         """
-        # Use CLIP's tokenizer directly for text (avoids image processor validation issues)
+        # Use CLIP's tokenizer directly for text
         tokenizer = self.clip_processor.tokenizer
         inputs = tokenizer([text], return_tensors="pt", padding=True, truncation=True)
         inputs = {k: v.to(self.device) for k, v in inputs.items()}
@@ -629,7 +591,7 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
         self, features: dict[PipelineFeatureType, dict[str, PolicyFeature]]
     ) -> dict[PipelineFeatureType, dict[str, PolicyFeature]]:
         """Add encoded features to the observation features."""
-        # Add the encoded features
+        # Add the encoded features (state uses max_state_dim, padded with zeros)
         features[PipelineFeatureType.OBSERVATION]['video_features'] = PolicyFeature(
             type=FeatureType.VISUAL, 
             shape=(self.config.num_frames, self.config.image_dim)
@@ -640,7 +602,7 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
         )
         features[PipelineFeatureType.OBSERVATION]['state_features'] = PolicyFeature(
             type=FeatureType.STATE, 
-            shape=(self.config.num_frames, self.config.state_dim)
+            shape=(self.config.num_frames, self.config.max_state_dim)
         )
         return features
 
@@ -660,11 +622,16 @@ def make_sarm_pre_post_processors(
     to process both RGB image sequences and task descriptions."
     
     The pre-processing pipeline:
-    1. Encodes images with CLIP (512-dim)
+    1. Adds batch dimension
-    2. Encodes text with CLIP (512-dim)
+    2. Normalizes observation.state using NormalizerProcessorStep (MEAN_STD)
-    3. Normalizes joint states
+    3. SARMEncodingProcessorStep:
-    4. Adds batch dimension
+       - Encodes images with CLIP (512-dim)
-    5. Moves data to device
+       - Pads states to max_state_dim
+       - Encodes text with CLIP (512-dim)
+    4. Moves data to device
+    
+    The post-processing pipeline:
+    1. Moves data to CPU (no unnormalization - outputs are rewards)
     
     Args:
         config: SARM configuration
@@ -676,6 +643,11 @@ def make_sarm_pre_post_processors(
     """
     input_steps = [
         AddBatchDimensionProcessorStep(),
+        NormalizerProcessorStep(
+            features={**config.input_features, **config.output_features},
+            norm_map=config.normalization_mapping,
+            stats=dataset_stats,
+        ),
         SARMEncodingProcessorStep(
             config=config,
             dataset_meta=dataset_meta,

src/lerobot/policies/sarm/sarm_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright 2025 The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""
+Utility functions for SARM progress label computation.
+
+Implements formulas from the SARM paper:
+- Formula (1): Compute dataset-level temporal proportions (priors) ᾱ_k
+- Formula (2): Compute normalized progress targets y_t = P_{k-1} + ᾱ_k × τ_t
+"""
+
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+from typing import Sequence
+
+
+def compute_priors(
+    subtask_durations_per_trajectory: dict[str, list[float]],
+    trajectory_lengths: dict[str, list[float]],
+    subtask_names: list[str],
+) -> dict[str, float]:
+    """
+    Compute dataset-level temporal proportions (priors) for each subtask.
+    
+    Implements SARM Paper Formula (1):
+        ᾱ_k = (1/M) × Σ_i (L_{i,k} / T_i)
+    
+    where:
+        - M is the number of trajectories
+        - L_{i,k} is the length of subtask k in trajectory i
+        - T_i is the total length of trajectory i
+    
+    This averages the PROPORTION of each subtask within each trajectory,
+    giving equal weight to all trajectories regardless of their absolute length.
+    
+    Args:
+        subtask_durations_per_trajectory: Dict mapping subtask name to list of 
+            (duration, trajectory_length) tuples for each occurrence
+        trajectory_lengths: Dict mapping subtask name to list of trajectory lengths
+            for each occurrence of that subtask
+        subtask_names: Ordered list of subtask names
+        
+    Returns:
+        Dict mapping subtask name to its temporal proportion (ᾱ_k)
+    """
+    if not subtask_names:
+        raise ValueError("subtask_names cannot be empty")
+    
+    # Compute proportion per occurrence: L_{i,k} / T_i
+    subtask_proportions = {}
+    for name in subtask_names:
+        if name in subtask_durations_per_trajectory and name in trajectory_lengths:
+            durations = subtask_durations_per_trajectory[name]
+            traj_lengths = trajectory_lengths[name]
+            
+            if len(durations) != len(traj_lengths):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Mismatch in lengths for subtask '{name}': "
+                    f"{len(durations)} durations vs {len(traj_lengths)} trajectory lengths"
+                )
+            
+            # Compute L_{i,k} / T_i for each occurrence
+            proportions = []
+            for duration, traj_len in zip(durations, traj_lengths):
+                if traj_len > 0:
+                    proportions.append(duration / traj_len)
+            
+            # Average across all occurrences: (1/M) × Σ_i (L_{i,k} / T_i)
+            subtask_proportions[name] = np.mean(proportions) if proportions else 0.0
+        else:
+            subtask_proportions[name] = 0.0
+    
+    # Normalize to ensure sum = 1 (handles floating point errors and missing subtasks)
+    total = sum(subtask_proportions.values())
+    if total > 0:
+        subtask_proportions = {
+            name: prop / total for name, prop in subtask_proportions.items()
+        }
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Cannot compute temporal proportions: all proportions are zero. "
+                         "Check that your dataset has valid subtask annotations with start/end times.")
+    
+    return subtask_proportions
+
+
+def compute_tau(
+    current_frame: int | float,
+    subtask_start: int | float,
+    subtask_end: int | float,
+) -> float:
+    """
+    Compute within-subtask normalized time τ_t.
+    
+    Implements part of SARM Paper Formula (2):
+        τ_t = (t - s_k) / (e_k - s_k) ∈ [0, 1]
+    
+    where:
+        - t is the current frame
+        - s_k is the start frame of subtask k
+        - e_k is the end frame of subtask k
+    
+    Args:
+        current_frame: Current frame index (t)
+        subtask_start: Start frame of the subtask (s_k)
+        subtask_end: End frame of the subtask (e_k)
+        
+    Returns:
+        Within-subtask progress τ_t ∈ [0, 1]
+    """
+    subtask_duration = subtask_end - subtask_start
+    
+    if subtask_duration <= 0:
+        return 1.0
+    
+    tau = (current_frame - subtask_start) / subtask_duration
+    
+    return float(np.clip(tau, 0.0, 1.0))
+
+
+def compute_cumulative_progress_batch(
+    tau: torch.Tensor | float,
+    stage_indices: torch.Tensor | int,
+    alpha: torch.Tensor | Sequence[float],
+    cumulative_prior: torch.Tensor | None = None,
+) -> torch.Tensor | float:
+    """
+    Compute cumulative normalized progress from within-subtask progress.
+    
+    This function implements the core formula used in SARM for both:
+    
+    **Formula 2 (Training labels):**
+        y_t = P_{k-1} + ᾱ_k × τ_t ∈ [0, 1]
+        
+        Used to compute ground-truth progress labels from subtask annotations.
+        - τ_t comes from annotated frame position: τ_t = (t - s_k) / (e_k - s_k)
+        - k is the known subtask from annotations
+        
+    **Formula 4 (Inference predictions):**
+        ŷ_{1:N} = P̂_{k-1, 1:N} + ᾱ_{k, 1:N} × τ̂_{1:N} ∈ [0, 1]
+        
+        Used to convert model outputs to cumulative progress during inference.
+        - τ̂ comes from the subtask MLP head (conditioned on predicted stage)
+        - k = Ŝ is the predicted stage from Formula 3: Ŝ = argmax(softmax(Ψ))
+    
+    The formulas are mathematically identical; only the source of inputs differs:
+    - Training: τ and k from annotations → ground-truth labels
+    - Inference: τ̂ and Ŝ from model → predicted progress
+    
+    where:
+        - P_{k-1} = Σ_{j=1}^{k-1} ᾱ_j is the cumulative prior (sum of previous proportions)
+        - ᾱ_k is the temporal proportion for subtask k (from Formula 1)
+        - τ is within-subtask progress ∈ [0, 1]
+    
+    This ensures:
+        - y at start of subtask k = P_{k-1}
+        - y at end of subtask k = P_k
+    
+    Supports both scalar and batched tensor inputs:
+        - Scalar: tau (float), stage_indices (int), alpha (list/sequence)
+        - Batch: tau (Tensor), stage_indices (Tensor), alpha (Tensor), cumulative_prior (Tensor)
+    
+    Args:
+        tau: Within-subtask progress τ ∈ [0, 1]. 
+             For training: computed from frame position in annotated subtask.
+             For inference: predicted by subtask MLP head.
+             Scalar float or Tensor with shape (..., 1)
+        stage_indices: Index of current subtask k (0-indexed).
+             For training: known from annotations.
+             For inference: predicted via argmax(stage_probs) (Formula 3).
+             Scalar int or Tensor with shape (...)
+        alpha: Temporal proportions ᾱ with shape (num_stages,) or Sequence[float].
+             Computed from dataset annotations using Formula 1.
+        cumulative_prior: Optional. Cumulative priors P with shape (num_stages + 1,)
+             where cumulative_prior[k] = P_k = Σ_{j=1}^{k} ᾱ_j.
+             If None, will be computed from alpha.
+        
+    Returns:
+        Cumulative progress y ∈ [0, 1]. 
+        Scalar float if inputs are scalar, otherwise Tensor with shape (..., 1)
+    """    
+    if not isinstance(tau, torch.Tensor):
+        if not alpha:
+            raise ValueError("alpha (temporal_proportions) cannot be empty")
+        
+        if isinstance(alpha, torch.Tensor):
+            alpha_list = alpha.tolist()
+        else:
+            alpha_list = list(alpha)
+        
+        if stage_indices < 0 or stage_indices >= len(alpha_list):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"stage_indices {stage_indices} out of range "
+                f"for {len(alpha_list)} subtasks"
+            )
+        
+        # P_{k-1} = sum of proportions for subtasks 0 to k-1
+        P_k_minus_1 = sum(alpha_list[:stage_indices])
+        
+        # ᾱ_k = proportion for current subtask
+        alpha_k = alpha_list[stage_indices]
+        
+        # y_t = P_{k-1} + ᾱ_k × τ_t
+        y_t = P_k_minus_1 + alpha_k * tau
+        
+        return float(np.clip(y_t, 0.0, 1.0))
+    
+    if not isinstance(alpha, torch.Tensor):
+        alpha = torch.tensor(alpha, dtype=torch.float32)
+    
+    # Compute cumulative_prior if not provided
+    if cumulative_prior is None:
+        cumulative_prior = torch.zeros(len(alpha) + 1, dtype=alpha.dtype, device=alpha.device)
+        cumulative_prior[1:] = torch.cumsum(alpha, dim=0)
+    
+    # P_{k-1} for each predicted stage
+    P_k_minus_1 = cumulative_prior[stage_indices]
+    
+    # ᾱ_k for each predicted stage
+    alpha_k = alpha[stage_indices]
+    
+    # ŷ = P_{k-1} + ᾱ_k × τ̂
+    progress = P_k_minus_1.unsqueeze(-1) + alpha_k.unsqueeze(-1) * tau
+    
+    return progress
+
+def pad_state_to_max_dim(state: torch.Tensor, max_state_dim: int) -> torch.Tensor:
+    """Pad the state tensor's last dimension to max_state_dim with zeros."""
+    current_dim = state.shape[-1]
+    if current_dim >= max_state_dim:
+        return state[..., :max_state_dim]  # Truncate if larger
+    
+    # Pad with zeros on the right
+    padding = (0, max_state_dim - current_dim)  # (left, right) for last dim
+    return F.pad(state, padding, mode='constant', value=0)
+

tests/policies/test_sarm_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright 2025 The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""
+Tests for SARM utility functions.
+
+Tests the implementation of SARM paper formulas:
+- Formula (1): compute_priors - dataset-level temporal proportions
+- Formula (2): compute_tau, compute_cumulative_progress - progress labels
+"""
+
+import pytest
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+
+from lerobot.policies.sarm.sarm_utils import (
+    compute_priors,
+    compute_tau,
+    compute_cumulative_progress_batch,
+)
+
+
+class TestComputePriors:
+    """Tests for compute_priors (SARM Paper Formula 1).
+    
+    Formula: ᾱ_k = (1/M) × Σ_i (L_{i,k} / T_i)
+    
+    Key insight: This averages the PROPORTION of each subtask within each trajectory,
+    giving equal weight to all trajectories regardless of absolute length.
+    """
+    
+    def test_basic_two_trajectories_equal_proportions(self):
+        """Test with two trajectories that have equal proportions."""
+        # Both trajectories: subtask1 = 50%, subtask2 = 50%
+        subtask_durations = {
+            'subtask1': [50, 100],  # durations
+            'subtask2': [50, 100],
+        }
+        trajectory_lengths = {
+            'subtask1': [100, 200], 
+            'subtask2': [100, 200],
+        }
+        subtask_names = ['subtask1', 'subtask2']
+        
+        result = compute_priors(subtask_durations, trajectory_lengths, subtask_names)
+        
+        # Both should be 0.5
+        assert abs(result['subtask1'] - 0.5) < 1e-6
+        assert abs(result['subtask2'] - 0.5) < 1e-6
+    
+    def test_paper_example_different_from_avg_durations(self):
+        """Test that compute_priors differs from naive average duration approach.
+        
+        This is the key test showing the difference between:
+        - Paper formula: average of (L_i,k / T_i)
+        - Naive approach: mean(L_i,k) / sum(mean(L_i,j))
+        """
+        # Episode 1: T=100, subtask1=80, subtask2=20 (proportions: 0.8, 0.2)
+        # Episode 2: T=200, subtask1=40, subtask2=160 (proportions: 0.2, 0.8)
+        subtask_durations = {
+            'subtask1': [80, 40],
+            'subtask2': [20, 160],
+        }
+        trajectory_lengths = {
+            'subtask1': [100, 200],
+            'subtask2': [100, 200],
+        }
+        subtask_names = ['subtask1', 'subtask2']
+        
+        result = compute_priors(subtask_durations, trajectory_lengths, subtask_names)
+        
+        # Paper formula: 
+        # ᾱ_1 = (1/2) × (80/100 + 40/200) = (1/2) × (0.8 + 0.2) = 0.5
+        # ᾱ_2 = (1/2) × (20/100 + 160/200) = (1/2) × (0.2 + 0.8) = 0.5
+        assert abs(result['subtask1'] - 0.5) < 1e-6
+        assert abs(result['subtask2'] - 0.5) < 1e-6
+        
+    
+    def test_single_trajectory(self):
+        """Test with a single trajectory."""
+        subtask_durations = {
+            'reach': [30],
+            'grasp': [20],
+            'lift': [50],
+        }
+        trajectory_lengths = {
+            'reach': [100],
+            'grasp': [100],
+            'lift': [100],
+        }
+        subtask_names = ['grasp', 'lift', 'reach']  # sorted order
+        
+        result = compute_priors(subtask_durations, trajectory_lengths, subtask_names)
+        
+        assert abs(result['reach'] - 0.3) < 1e-6
+        assert abs(result['grasp'] - 0.2) < 1e-6
+        assert abs(result['lift'] - 0.5) < 1e-6
+    
+    def test_sum_to_one(self):
+        """Test that proportions always sum to 1."""
+        subtask_durations = {
+            'a': [10, 20, 30],
+            'b': [40, 50, 60],
+            'c': [50, 30, 10],
+        }
+        trajectory_lengths = {
+            'a': [100, 100, 100],
+            'b': [100, 100, 100],
+            'c': [100, 100, 100],
+        }
+        subtask_names = ['a', 'b', 'c']
+        
+        result = compute_priors(subtask_durations, trajectory_lengths, subtask_names)
+        
+        total = sum(result.values())
+        assert abs(total - 1.0) < 1e-6
+    
+    def test_empty_subtask_names_raises(self):
+        """Test that empty subtask_names raises an error."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="subtask_names cannot be empty"):
+            compute_priors({}, {}, [])
+    
+    def test_missing_subtask_gets_zero_before_normalization(self):
+        """Test handling of subtasks that appear in some but not all trajectories."""
+        # subtask1 appears in both, subtask2 only in first
+        subtask_durations = {
+            'subtask1': [50, 100],
+            'subtask2': [50],  # only in first trajectory
+        }
+        trajectory_lengths = {
+            'subtask1': [100, 200],
+            'subtask2': [100],
+        }
+        subtask_names = ['subtask1', 'subtask2']
+        
+        result = compute_priors(subtask_durations, trajectory_lengths, subtask_names)
+        
+        # subtask1: (50/100 + 100/200) / 2 = (0.5 + 0.5) / 2 = 0.5
+        # subtask2: 50/100 = 0.5 (only one occurrence)
+        # After normalization: both should be 0.5
+        assert result['subtask1'] > 0
+        assert result['subtask2'] > 0
+        assert abs(sum(result.values()) - 1.0) < 1e-6
+
+
+class TestComputeTau:
+    """Tests for compute_tau (within-subtask progress).
+    
+    Formula: τ_t = (t - s_k) / (e_k - s_k) ∈ [0, 1]
+    """
+    
+    def test_at_start(self):
+        """τ should be 0 at subtask start."""
+        tau = compute_tau(current_frame=10, subtask_start=10, subtask_end=50)
+        assert tau == 0.0
+    
+    def test_at_end(self):
+        """τ should be 1 at subtask end."""
+        tau = compute_tau(current_frame=50, subtask_start=10, subtask_end=50)
+        assert tau == 1.0
+    
+    def test_at_middle(self):
+        """τ should be 0.5 at subtask midpoint."""
+        tau = compute_tau(current_frame=30, subtask_start=10, subtask_end=50)
+        assert abs(tau - 0.5) < 1e-6
+    
+    def test_quarter_progress(self):
+        """Test τ at 25% through subtask."""
+        tau = compute_tau(current_frame=20, subtask_start=0, subtask_end=80)
+        assert abs(tau - 0.25) < 1e-6
+    
+    def test_zero_duration_subtask(self):
+        """τ should be 1.0 for zero-duration subtask."""
+        tau = compute_tau(current_frame=10, subtask_start=10, subtask_end=10)
+        assert tau == 1.0
+    
+    def test_clamps_below_zero(self):
+        """τ should be clamped to 0 if frame is before subtask."""
+        tau = compute_tau(current_frame=5, subtask_start=10, subtask_end=50)
+        assert tau == 0.0
+    
+    def test_clamps_above_one(self):
+        """τ should be clamped to 1 if frame is after subtask."""
+        tau = compute_tau(current_frame=60, subtask_start=10, subtask_end=50)
+        assert tau == 1.0
+    
+    def test_float_inputs(self):
+        """Test with float frame indices (from interpolation)."""
+        tau = compute_tau(current_frame=25.5, subtask_start=10.0, subtask_end=50.0)
+        expected = (25.5 - 10.0) / (50.0 - 10.0)
+        assert abs(tau - expected) < 1e-6
+
+
+class TestComputeCumulativeProgressBatchScalar:
+    """Tests for compute_cumulative_progress_batch with scalar inputs (normalized progress y_t).
+    
+    Formula: y_t = P_{k-1} + ᾱ_k × τ_t ∈ [0, 1]
+    """
+    
+    def test_first_subtask_start(self):
+        """y should be 0 at start of first subtask."""
+        proportions = [0.3, 0.5, 0.2]
+        y = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(tau=0.0, stage_indices=0, alpha=proportions)
+        assert y == 0.0
+    
+    def test_first_subtask_end(self):
+        """y should equal ᾱ_1 at end of first subtask."""
+        proportions = [0.3, 0.5, 0.2]
+        y = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(tau=1.0, stage_indices=0, alpha=proportions)
+        assert abs(y - 0.3) < 1e-6
+    
+    def test_second_subtask_start(self):
+        """y should equal P_1 at start of second subtask."""
+        proportions = [0.3, 0.5, 0.2]
+        y = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(tau=0.0, stage_indices=1, alpha=proportions)
+        assert abs(y - 0.3) < 1e-6
+    
+    def test_second_subtask_end(self):
+        """y should equal P_2 at end of second subtask."""
+        proportions = [0.3, 0.5, 0.2]
+        y = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(tau=1.0, stage_indices=1, alpha=proportions)
+        assert abs(y - 0.8) < 1e-6  # 0.3 + 0.5
+    
+    def test_third_subtask_end(self):
+        """y should be 1.0 at end of last subtask."""
+        proportions = [0.3, 0.5, 0.2]
+        y = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(tau=1.0, stage_indices=2, alpha=proportions)
+        assert abs(y - 1.0) < 1e-6
+    
+    def test_midpoint_of_subtask(self):
+        """Test progress at midpoint of a subtask."""
+        proportions = [0.4, 0.6]
+        # At τ=0.5 in subtask 1: y = P_0 + ᾱ_1 × 0.5 = 0 + 0.4 × 0.5 = 0.2
+        y = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(tau=0.5, stage_indices=0, alpha=proportions)
+        assert abs(y - 0.2) < 1e-6
+        
+        # At τ=0.5 in subtask 2: y = P_1 + ᾱ_2 × 0.5 = 0.4 + 0.6 × 0.5 = 0.7
+        y = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(tau=0.5, stage_indices=1, alpha=proportions)
+        assert abs(y - 0.7) < 1e-6
+    
+    def test_uniform_proportions(self):
+        """Test with uniform proportions."""
+        proportions = [0.25, 0.25, 0.25, 0.25]
+        
+        # At end of each subtask, progress should be 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0
+        for i in range(4):
+            y = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(tau=1.0, stage_indices=i, alpha=proportions)
+            expected = (i + 1) * 0.25
+            assert abs(y - expected) < 1e-6
+
+
+class TestComputeCumulativeProgressBatchTensor:
+    """Tests for compute_cumulative_progress_batch with tensor inputs (GPU batch version)."""
+    
+    def test_tensor_matches_scalar_version(self):
+        """Test that tensor version matches scalar version."""
+        proportions = [0.3, 0.5, 0.2]
+        alpha = torch.tensor(proportions, dtype=torch.float32)
+        cumulative = torch.zeros(len(proportions) + 1, dtype=torch.float32)
+        cumulative[1:] = torch.cumsum(alpha, dim=0)
+        
+        test_cases = [
+            (0.0, 0),  # start of subtask 0
+            (1.0, 0),  # end of subtask 0
+            (0.0, 1),  # start of subtask 1
+            (0.5, 1),  # middle of subtask 1
+            (1.0, 2),  # end of subtask 2
+        ]
+        
+        for tau_val, stage_idx in test_cases:
+            # Scalar version
+            expected = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(tau_val, stage_idx, proportions)
+            
+            # Tensor version (single element)
+            tau = torch.tensor([[[tau_val]]])  # (1, 1, 1)
+            stages = torch.tensor([[stage_idx]])  # (1, 1)
+            result = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(tau, stages, alpha, cumulative)
+            
+            assert abs(result[0, 0, 0].item() - expected) < 1e-6
+    
+    def test_batch_processing(self):
+        """Test batch processing with multiple samples."""
+        proportions = [0.4, 0.6]
+        alpha = torch.tensor(proportions, dtype=torch.float32)
+        cumulative = torch.zeros(3, dtype=torch.float32)
+        cumulative[1:] = torch.cumsum(alpha, dim=0)
+        
+        # Batch of 2 samples, sequence length 3
+        tau = torch.tensor([
+            [[0.0], [0.5], [1.0]],  # sample 1
+            [[0.0], [0.5], [1.0]],  # sample 2
+        ])
+        stages = torch.tensor([
+            [0, 0, 0],  # sample 1: all in subtask 0
+            [1, 1, 1],  # sample 2: all in subtask 1
+        ])
+        
+        result = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(tau, stages, alpha, cumulative)
+        
+        # Sample 1: subtask 0 with tau 0, 0.5, 1.0 -> y = 0, 0.2, 0.4
+        assert abs(result[0, 0, 0].item() - 0.0) < 1e-6
+        assert abs(result[0, 1, 0].item() - 0.2) < 1e-6
+        assert abs(result[0, 2, 0].item() - 0.4) < 1e-6
+        
+        # Sample 2: subtask 1 with tau 0, 0.5, 1.0 -> y = 0.4, 0.7, 1.0
+        assert abs(result[1, 0, 0].item() - 0.4) < 1e-6
+        assert abs(result[1, 1, 0].item() - 0.7) < 1e-6
+        assert abs(result[1, 2, 0].item() - 1.0) < 1e-6
+    
+    def test_auto_compute_cumulative_prior(self):
+        """Test that cumulative_prior is auto-computed when not provided."""
+        proportions = [0.3, 0.5, 0.2]
+        alpha = torch.tensor(proportions, dtype=torch.float32)
+        
+        tau = torch.tensor([[[0.5]]])
+        stages = torch.tensor([[1]])
+        
+        # Without cumulative_prior (should auto-compute)
+        result = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(tau, stages, alpha)
+        
+        # Expected: P_0 + alpha_1 * 0.5 = 0.3 + 0.5 * 0.5 = 0.55
+        assert abs(result[0, 0, 0].item() - 0.55) < 1e-6
+
+
+class TestEndToEndProgressLabeling:
+    """End-to-end tests for progress label computation."""
+    
+    def test_consistent_semantic_meaning(self):
+        """Test that same subtask completion maps to same progress across trajectories.
+        
+        This is the key semantic property: "end of subtask 1" should always 
+        mean the same progress value regardless of trajectory speed.
+        """
+        proportions = [0.3, 0.5, 0.2]
+        
+        # Fast trajectory: subtask 1 ends at frame 30 (of 100)
+        tau_fast = compute_tau(30, 0, 30)  # = 1.0
+        y_fast = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(tau_fast, 0, proportions)
+        
+        # Slow trajectory: subtask 1 ends at frame 90 (of 300)
+        tau_slow = compute_tau(90, 0, 90)  # = 1.0
+        y_slow = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(tau_slow, 0, proportions)
+        
+        # Both should map to same progress (0.3 = end of subtask 1)
+        assert abs(y_fast - y_slow) < 1e-6
+        assert abs(y_fast - 0.3) < 1e-6
+    
+    def test_monotonic_within_subtask(self):
+        """Test that progress is monotonically increasing within a subtask."""
+        proportions = [0.4, 0.6]
+        
+        prev_y = -1
+        for tau in np.linspace(0, 1, 11):
+            y = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(tau, 0, proportions)
+            assert y > prev_y or (tau == 0 and y == 0)
+            prev_y = y
+    
+    def test_continuous_across_subtasks(self):
+        """Test that progress is continuous at subtask boundaries."""
+        proportions = [0.3, 0.5, 0.2]
+        
+        # End of subtask 0 (tau=1.0)
+        y_end_0 = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(1.0, 0, proportions)
+        
+        # Start of subtask 1 (tau=0.0)
+        y_start_1 = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(0.0, 1, proportions)
+        
+        # Should be equal (P_1 = 0.3)
+        assert abs(y_end_0 - y_start_1) < 1e-6
+        
+        # End of subtask 1
+        y_end_1 = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(1.0, 1, proportions)
+        
+        # Start of subtask 2
+        y_start_2 = compute_cumulative_progress_batch(0.0, 2, proportions)
+        
+        # Should be equal (P_2 = 0.8)
+        assert abs(y_end_1 - y_start_2) < 1e-6
+