# Introduction to Processors

In robotics, there's a fundamental mismatch between the data that robots and humans produce and what machine learning models expect. This creates several translation challenges:

**Raw Robot Data → Model Input:**

- Robots output raw sensor data (camera images, joint positions, force readings) that need normalization, batching, and device placement before models can process them
- Language instructions from humans ("pick up the red cube") must be tokenized into numerical representations
- Different robots use different coordinate systems and units that need standardization

**Model Output → Robot Commands:**

- Models might output end-effector positions, but robots need joint-space commands
- Teleoperators (like gamepads) produce relative movements (delta positions), but robots expect absolute commands
- Model predictions are often normalized and need to be converted back to real-world scales

**Cross-Domain Translation:**

- Training data from one robot setup needs adaptation for deployment on different hardware
- Models trained with specific camera configurations must work with new camera arrangements
- Datasets with different naming conventions need harmonization

**That's where processors come in.** They serve as the universal translators that bridge these gaps, ensuring seamless data flow from sensors to models to actuators.

Processors are the data transformation backbone of LeRobot. They handle all the preprocessing and postprocessing steps needed to convert raw environment data into model-ready inputs and vice versa.

## What are Processors?

In robotics, data comes in many forms - images from cameras, joint positions from sensors, text instructions from users, and more. Each type of data requires specific transformations before a model can use it effectively. Models need this data to be:

- **Normalized**: Scaled to appropriate ranges for neural network processing
- **Batched**: Organized with proper dimensions for batch processing
- **Tokenized**: Text converted to numerical representations
- **Device-placed**: Moved to the right hardware (CPU/GPU)
- **Type-converted**: Cast to appropriate data types

Processors handle these transformations through composable, reusable steps that can be chained together into pipelines. Think of them as a modular assembly line where each station performs a specific transformation on your data.

## Core Concepts

### EnvTransition: The Universal Data Container

The `EnvTransition` is the fundamental data structure that flows through all processors. It's a strongly-typed dictionary that represents a complete robot-environment interaction:

```python
from lerobot.processor import TransitionKey, EnvTransition, PolicyAction, RobotAction

# EnvTransition is precisely typed to handle different action types:
# - PolicyAction: torch.Tensor (for model inputs/outputs)
# - RobotAction: dict[str, Any] (for robot hardware)
# - EnvAction: np.ndarray (for gym environments)

# Example transition from a robot collecting data
transition: EnvTransition = {
    TransitionKey.OBSERVATION: {                           # dict[str, Any] | None
        "observation.images.camera0": camera0_image_tensor,  # Shape: (H, W, C)
        "observation.images.camera1": camera1_image_tensor,  # Shape: (H, W, C)
        "observation.state": joint_positions_tensor,         # Shape: (7,) for 7-DOF arm
        "observation.environment_state": env_state_tensor    # Shape: (3,) for object position
    },
    TransitionKey.ACTION: action_tensor,                   # PolicyAction | RobotAction | EnvAction | None
    TransitionKey.REWARD: 0.0,                            # float | torch.Tensor | None
    TransitionKey.DONE: False,                            # bool | torch.Tensor | None
    TransitionKey.TRUNCATED: False,                       # bool | torch.Tensor | None
    TransitionKey.INFO: {"success": False},               # dict[str, Any] | None
    TransitionKey.COMPLEMENTARY_DATA: {                   # dict[str, Any] | None
        "task": "pick up the red cube",                    # Language instruction
        "task_index": 0,                                   # Task identifier
        "index": 42                                        # Frame index
    }
}
```

Each key in the transition has a specific purpose:

- **OBSERVATION**: All sensor data (images, states, proprioception)
- **ACTION**: The action to execute or that was executed
- **REWARD**: Reinforcement learning signal
- **DONE/TRUNCATED**: Episode boundary indicators
- **INFO**: Arbitrary metadata
- **COMPLEMENTARY_DATA**: Task descriptions, indices, padding flags, inter-step data

### ProcessorStep: The Building Block

A `ProcessorStep` is a single transformation unit that processes transitions. It's an abstract base class with two required methods:

```python
from lerobot.processor import ProcessorStep, EnvTransition

class MyProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
    """Example processor step - inherit and implement abstract methods."""

    def __call__(self, transition: EnvTransition) -> EnvTransition:
        """Transform the transition - REQUIRED abstract method."""
        # Your processing logic here
        return transition

    def transform_features(self, features):
        """Declare how this step transforms feature shapes/types - REQUIRED abstract method."""
        return features  # Most processors return features unchanged
```

### DataProcessorPipeline: The Generic Orchestrator

The `DataProcessorPipeline[TInput, TOutput]` chains multiple `ProcessorStep` instances together with compile-time type safety:

```python
from lerobot.processor import RobotProcessorPipeline, PolicyProcessorPipeline

# For robot hardware (unbatched data)
robot_processor = RobotProcessorPipeline[dict[str, Any], dict[str, Any]](
    steps=[step1, step2, step3],
    name="robot_pipeline"
)

# For model training/inference (batched data)
policy_processor = PolicyProcessorPipeline[dict[str, Any], dict[str, Any]](
    steps=[step1, step2, step3],
    name="policy_pipeline"
)
```

## RobotProcessorPipeline vs PolicyProcessorPipeline

The key distinction is in the data structures they handle:

| Aspect          | RobotProcessorPipeline                       | PolicyProcessorPipeline                  |
| --------------- | -------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- |
| **Input**       | `dict[str, Any]` - Individual robot values   | `dict[str, Any]` - Batched tensors       |
| **Output**      | `dict[str, Any]` - Individual robot commands | `torch.Tensor` - Policy predictions      |
| **Use Case**    | Real-time robot control                      | Model training/inference                 |
| **Data Format** | Unbatched, heterogeneous                     | Batched, homogeneous                     |
| **Examples**    | `{"joint_1": 0.5}`                           | `{"observation.state": tensor([[0.5]])}` |

**Use `RobotProcessorPipeline`** for robot hardware interfaces:

```python
# Robot data structures: dict[str, Any] for observations and actions
robot_obs: dict[str, Any] = {
    "joint_1": 0.5,           # Individual joint values
    "joint_2": -0.3,
    "camera_0": image_array   # Raw camera data
}

robot_action: dict[str, Any] = {
    "joint_1": 0.2,          # Target joint positions
    "joint_2": 0.1,
    "gripper": 0.8
}
```

**Use `PolicyProcessorPipeline`** for model training and batch processing:

```python
# Policy data structures: batch dicts and tensors
policy_batch: dict[str, Any] = {
    "observation.state": torch.tensor([[0.5, -0.3]]),      # Batched states
    "observation.images.camera0": torch.tensor(...),        # Batched images
    "action": torch.tensor([[0.2, 0.1, 0.8]])              # Batched actions
}

policy_action: torch.Tensor = torch.tensor([[0.2, 0.1, 0.8]])  # Model output tensor
```

## Converter Functions

LeRobot provides converter functions to bridge different data formats:

```python
from lerobot.processor.converters import (
    # Robot hardware converters
    robot_action_to_transition,    # Robot dict → EnvTransition
    observation_to_transition,     # Robot obs → EnvTransition
    transition_to_robot_action,    # EnvTransition → Robot dict

    # Policy/training converters
    batch_to_transition,           # Batch dict → EnvTransition
    transition_to_batch,           # EnvTransition → Batch dict
    policy_action_to_transition,   # Policy tensor → EnvTransition
    transition_to_policy_action,   # EnvTransition → Policy tensor

    # Utilities
    create_transition,             # Build transitions with defaults
    merge_transitions,             # Combine multiple transitions
    identity_transition            # Pass-through converter
)
```

## Real-World Examples

### Robot Control Pipeline

```python
# Phone teleoperation → Robot control (from examples/phone_to_so100/)
phone_to_robot = RobotProcessorPipeline[RobotAction, RobotAction](
    steps=[
        MapPhoneActionToRobotAction(platform=PhoneOS.IOS),  # Phone → robot targets
        EEReferenceAndDelta(kinematics=solver, ...),        # Deltas → absolute pose
        EEBoundsAndSafety(bounds=..., max_step=0.2),        # Safety limits
        InverseKinematicsEEToJoints(kinematics=solver),     # Pose → joint angles
        GripperVelocityToJoint(motor_names=motors),         # Gripper control
    ],
    to_transition=robot_action_to_transition,
    to_output=transition_to_robot_action
)

# Usage: phone_action → robot_joints
phone_input = {"phone.pos": [0.1, 0.2, 0.0], "phone.rot": rotation}
robot_joints = phone_to_robot(phone_input)
robot.send_action(robot_joints)
```

### Policy Training Pipeline

```python
# Training data preprocessing (optimized order for GPU performance)
training_preprocessor = PolicyProcessorPipeline[dict[str, Any], dict[str, Any]](
    steps=[
        RenameObservationsProcessorStep(rename_map={}),     # Standardize keys
        AddBatchDimensionProcessorStep(),                   # Add batch dims
        TokenizerProcessorStep(tokenizer_name="...", ...),  # Tokenize language
        DeviceProcessorStep(device="cuda"),                 # Move to GPU first ⚡
        NormalizerProcessorStep(features=..., stats=...),   # Normalize on GPU ⚡
    ]
)

# Model output postprocessing
training_postprocessor = PolicyProcessorPipeline[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor](
    steps=[
        DeviceProcessorStep(device="cpu"),                  # Move to CPU
        UnnormalizerProcessorStep(features=..., stats=...), # Denormalize
    ]
)
```

### Mixed Robot + Policy Pipeline

```python
# Real deployment: Robot sensors → Model → Robot commands
with torch.no_grad():
    while not done:
        # 1. Get robot observation (unbatched)
        raw_obs = robot.get_observation()  # dict[str, Any]

        # 2. Process for policy (add batching, normalize)
        policy_input = policy_preprocessor(raw_obs)  # Batched dict

        # 3. Run model
        policy_output = policy.select_action(policy_input)  # Policy tensor

        # 4. Postprocess for robot (denormalize, convert to dict)
        robot_action = policy_postprocessor(policy_output)  # dict[str, Any]

        # 5. Send to robot
        robot.send_action(robot_action)
```

## Feature Contracts: Shape and Type Transformation

Processors don't just transform data - they can also **change the data structure itself**. The `transform_features()` method declares these changes, which is crucial for dataset recording and policy creation.

### Why Feature Contracts Matter

When building datasets or policies, LeRobot needs to know:

- **What data fields will exist** after processing
- **What shapes and types** each field will have
- **How to configure models** for the expected data structure

```python
# Example: A processor that adds velocity to observations
class VelocityProcessor(ObservationProcessorStep):
    def observation(self, obs):
        new_obs = obs.copy()
        if "observation.state" in obs:
            # Add computed velocity field
            new_obs["observation.velocity"] = self._compute_velocity(obs["observation.state"])
        return new_obs

    def transform_features(self, features):
        """Declare the new velocity field we're adding."""
        if PipelineFeatureType.OBSERVATION in features:
            # Add velocity feature with same shape as state
            state_feature = features[PipelineFeatureType.OBSERVATION].get("observation.state")
            if state_feature:
                features[PipelineFeatureType.OBSERVATION]["observation.velocity"] = PolicyFeature(
                    type=FeatureType.STATE,
                    shape=state_feature.shape  # Same shape as position
                )
        return features
```

### Real Examples from LeRobot

**Phone Action Mapping** - Transforms action structure:

```python
# Input features: {"phone.pos": (3,), "phone.rot": (4,), "phone.enabled": (1,)}
# Output features: {"target_x": (1,), "target_y": (1,), ..., "gripper": (1,)}

def transform_features(self, features):
    # Remove phone-specific keys
    features[PipelineFeatureType.ACTION].pop("phone.pos", None)
    features[PipelineFeatureType.ACTION].pop("phone.rot", None)

    # Add robot target keys
    features[PipelineFeatureType.ACTION]["target_x"] = PolicyFeature(type=FeatureType.ACTION, shape=(1,))
    features[PipelineFeatureType.ACTION]["target_y"] = PolicyFeature(type=FeatureType.ACTION, shape=(1,))
    # ... more target fields
    return features
```

**Forward Kinematics** - Adds computed observations:

```python
# Input: Joint positions
# Output: Joint positions + End-effector pose

def transform_features(self, features):
    # Add end-effector pose features computed from joints
    for axis in ["x", "y", "z", "wx", "wy", "wz"]:
        features[PipelineFeatureType.OBSERVATION][f"observation.state.ee.{axis}"] = PolicyFeature(
            type=FeatureType.STATE, shape=(1,)
        )
    return features
```

**Tokenization** - Adds language features:

```python
# Input: Text in complementary_data
# Output: Token IDs and attention mask in observations

def transform_features(self, features):
    features[PipelineFeatureType.OBSERVATION]["observation.language.tokens"] = PolicyFeature(
        type=FeatureType.LANGUAGE, shape=(self.max_length,)
    )
    features[PipelineFeatureType.OBSERVATION]["observation.language.attention_mask"] = PolicyFeature(
        type=FeatureType.LANGUAGE, shape=(self.max_length,)
    )
    return features
```

### Feature Aggregation in Practice

```python
from lerobot.datasets.pipeline_features import aggregate_pipeline_dataset_features

# Start with robot's raw features
initial_features = create_initial_features(
    observation=robot.observation_features,  # {"joint_1.pos": float, "camera_0": (480,640,3)}
    action=robot.action_features            # {"joint_1.pos": float, "gripper.pos": float}
)

# Apply processor pipeline to compute final features
final_features = aggregate_pipeline_dataset_features(
    pipeline=my_processor_pipeline,
    initial_features=initial_features,
    use_videos=True
)

# Result: Complete feature specification for dataset/policy
# {
#   "observation.state": {"shape": (7,), "dtype": "float32"},
#   "observation.images.camera_0": {"shape": (3, 480, 640), "dtype": "uint8"},
#   "observation.velocity": {"shape": (7,), "dtype": "float32"},  # Added by processor!
#   "action": {"shape": (7,), "dtype": "float32"}
# }

# Use for dataset creation
dataset = LeRobotDataset.create(
    repo_id="my_dataset",
    features=final_features,  # Knows exactly what data to expect
    ...
)
```

## Common Processor Steps

LeRobot provides many registered processor steps. Here are the most commonly used core processors:

### Essential Processors

- **`normalizer_processor`**: Normalize observations/actions using dataset statistics (mean/std or min/max)
- **`device_processor`**: Move tensors to CPU/GPU with optional dtype conversion
- **`to_batch_processor`**: Add batch dimensions to transitions for model compatibility
- **`rename_observations_processor`**: Rename observation keys using mapping dictionaries
- **`tokenizer_processor`**: Tokenize natural language task descriptions into tokens and attention masks

## Performance Tips

**🚀 Critical Optimization**: Always move data to GPU **before** normalization for significant speedups:

```python
# ✅ FAST: GPU normalization
steps=[
    DeviceProcessorStep(device="cuda"),  # Move to GPU first
    NormalizerProcessorStep(...)         # Normalize on GPU - much faster!
]

# ❌ SLOW: CPU normalization
steps=[
    NormalizerProcessorStep(...),        # Normalize on CPU - slow
    DeviceProcessorStep(device="cuda")   # Move to GPU after
]
```

## Next Steps

- **[Implement Your Own Processor](implement_your_own_processor.mdx)** - Create custom processor steps
- **[Debug Your Pipeline](debug_processor_pipeline.mdx)** - Troubleshoot and optimize pipelines
- **[Processors for Robots and Teleoperators](processors_robots_teleop.mdx)** - Real-world integration patterns

## Summary

Processors solve the data translation problem in robotics by providing:

- **Modular transformations**: Composable, reusable processing steps
- **Type safety**: Generic pipelines with compile-time checking
- **Performance optimization**: GPU-accelerated operations
- **Robot/Policy distinction**: Separate pipelines for different data structures
- **Comprehensive ecosystem**: 30+ registered processors for common tasks

The key insight: `RobotProcessorPipeline` handles unbatched robot hardware data, while `PolicyProcessorPipeline` handles batched model data. Choose the right tool for your data structure!