add video backbone to pi05

src/lerobot/configs/policies.py

@@ -105,6 +105,16 @@ class PreTrainedConfig(draccus.ChoiceRegistry, HubMixin, abc.ABC):  # type: igno
     def observation_delta_indices(self) -> list | None:  # type: ignore[type-arg] #TODO: No implementation
         raise NotImplementedError
 
+    @property
+    def image_observation_delta_indices(self) -> list | None:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+        """Return indices for delta image observations only.
+
+        Unlike observation_delta_indices which applies to ALL observations,
+        this only applies to image observations (keys starting with observation.images).
+        Default returns None. Override in subclass to enable.
+        """
+        return None
+
     @property
     @abc.abstractmethod
     def action_delta_indices(self) -> list | None:  # type: ignore[type-arg]    #TODO: No implementation

src/lerobot/datasets/factory.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ from lerobot.datasets.lerobot_dataset import (
 )
 from lerobot.datasets.streaming_dataset import StreamingLeRobotDataset
 from lerobot.datasets.transforms import ImageTransforms
-from lerobot.utils.constants import ACTION, OBS_PREFIX, REWARD
+from lerobot.utils.constants import ACTION, OBS_IMAGES, OBS_PREFIX, REWARD
 
 IMAGENET_STATS = {
     "mean": [[[0.485]], [[0.456]], [[0.406]]],  # (c,1,1)
@@ -59,7 +59,12 @@ def resolve_delta_timestamps(
             delta_timestamps[key] = [i / ds_meta.fps for i in cfg.reward_delta_indices]
         if key == ACTION and cfg.action_delta_indices is not None:
             delta_timestamps[key] = [i / ds_meta.fps for i in cfg.action_delta_indices]
-        if key.startswith(OBS_PREFIX) and cfg.observation_delta_indices is not None:
+
+        # Check for image-specific delta indices first (e.g., for video encoding)
+        if key.startswith(OBS_IMAGES) and cfg.image_observation_delta_indices is not None:
+            delta_timestamps[key] = [i / ds_meta.fps for i in cfg.image_observation_delta_indices]
+        # Fall back to generic observation delta indices for all observations
+        elif key.startswith(OBS_PREFIX) and cfg.observation_delta_indices is not None:
             delta_timestamps[key] = [i / ds_meta.fps for i in cfg.observation_delta_indices]
 
     if len(delta_timestamps) == 0:

src/lerobot/policies/factory.py

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ from lerobot.policies.groot.configuration_groot import GrootConfig
 from lerobot.policies.pi0.configuration_pi0 import PI0Config
 from lerobot.policies.pi05.configuration_pi05 import PI05Config
 from lerobot.policies.pretrained import PreTrainedPolicy
+from lerobot.policies.videovla.configuration_pi05 import PI05VideoConfig
 from lerobot.policies.sac.configuration_sac import SACConfig
 from lerobot.policies.sac.reward_model.configuration_classifier import RewardClassifierConfig
 from lerobot.policies.sarm.configuration_sarm import SARMConfig
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ def get_policy_class(name: str) -> type[PreTrainedPolicy]:
 
     Args:
         name: The name of the policy. Supported names are "tdmpc", "diffusion", "act",
-              "vqbet", "pi0", "pi05", "sac", "reward_classifier", "smolvla", "wall_x".
+              "vqbet", "pi0", "pi05", "pi05_video", "sac", "reward_classifier", "smolvla", "wall_x".
 
     Returns:
         The policy class corresponding to the given name.
@@ -103,6 +104,10 @@ def get_policy_class(name: str) -> type[PreTrainedPolicy]:
         from lerobot.policies.pi05.modeling_pi05 import PI05Policy
 
         return PI05Policy
+    elif name == "pi05_video":
+        from lerobot.policies.videovla.modeling_pi05 import PI05VideoPolicy
+
+        return PI05VideoPolicy
     elif name == "sac":
         from lerobot.policies.sac.modeling_sac import SACPolicy
 
@@ -147,7 +152,7 @@ def make_policy_config(policy_type: str, **kwargs) -> PreTrainedConfig:
 
     Args:
         policy_type: The type of the policy. Supported types include "tdmpc",
-                     "diffusion", "act", "vqbet", "pi0", "pi05", "sac", "smolvla",
+                     "diffusion", "act", "vqbet", "pi0", "pi05", "pi05_video", "sac", "smolvla",
                      "reward_classifier", "wall_x".
         **kwargs: Keyword arguments to be passed to the configuration class constructor.
 
@@ -169,6 +174,8 @@ def make_policy_config(policy_type: str, **kwargs) -> PreTrainedConfig:
         return PI0Config(**kwargs)
     elif policy_type == "pi05":
         return PI05Config(**kwargs)
+    elif policy_type == "pi05_video":
+        return PI05VideoConfig(**kwargs)
     elif policy_type == "sac":
         return SACConfig(**kwargs)
     elif policy_type == "smolvla":
@@ -333,6 +340,14 @@ def make_pre_post_processors(
             dataset_stats=kwargs.get("dataset_stats"),
         )
 
+    elif isinstance(policy_cfg, PI05VideoConfig):
+        from lerobot.policies.videovla.processor_pi05 import make_pi05_video_pre_post_processors
+
+        processors = make_pi05_video_pre_post_processors(
+            config=policy_cfg,
+            dataset_stats=kwargs.get("dataset_stats"),
+        )
+
     elif isinstance(policy_cfg, SACConfig):
         from lerobot.policies.sac.processor_sac import make_sac_pre_post_processors
 

src/lerobot/policies/videovla/__init__.py

@@ -17,15 +17,15 @@
 # Lazy imports to avoid conflicts with lerobot.policies.pi05.PI05Config
 # when only importing subpackages like videoprism
 def __getattr__(name):
-    if name == "PI05Config":
-        from .configuration_pi05 import PI05Config
-        return PI05Config
-    elif name == "PI05Policy":
-        from .modeling_pi05 import PI05Policy
-        return PI05Policy
-    elif name == "make_pi05_pre_post_processors":
-        from .processor_pi05 import make_pi05_pre_post_processors
-        return make_pi05_pre_post_processors
+    if name == "PI05VideoConfig":
+        from .configuration_pi05 import PI05VideoConfig
+        return PI05VideoConfig
+    elif name == "PI05VideoPolicy":
+        from .modeling_pi05 import PI05VideoPolicy
+        return PI05VideoPolicy
+    elif name == "make_pi05_video_pre_post_processors":
+        from .processor_pi05 import make_pi05_video_pre_post_processors
+        return make_pi05_video_pre_post_processors
     raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}")
 
-__all__ = ["PI05Config", "PI05Policy", "make_pi05_pre_post_processors"]
+__all__ = ["PI05VideoConfig", "PI05VideoPolicy", "make_pi05_video_pre_post_processors"]

src/lerobot/policies/videovla/configuration_pi05.py

@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ from lerobot.utils.constants import ACTION, OBS_IMAGES, OBS_STATE
 DEFAULT_IMAGE_SIZE = 224
 
 
-@PreTrainedConfig.register_subclass("pi05")
+@PreTrainedConfig.register_subclass("pi05_video")
 @dataclass
-class PI05Config(PreTrainedConfig):
+class PI05VideoConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
     paligemma_variant: str = "gemma_2b"
     action_expert_variant: str = "gemma_300m"
     dtype: str = "float32"  # Options: "bfloat16", "float32"
@@ -37,6 +37,19 @@ class PI05Config(PreTrainedConfig):
     chunk_size: int = 50  # Number of action steps to predict, in openpi called "action_horizon"
     n_action_steps: int = 50  # Number of action steps to execute
 
+    # Video encoder settings (VideoPrism)
+    use_video_encoder: bool = False  # Enable video encoding with VideoPrism
+    video_num_frames: int = 16  # Number of frames for video encoding (VideoPrism default is 16)
+    videoprism_model_name: str = "MHRDYN7/videoprism-base-f16r288"  # VideoPrism model to use
+    videoprism_image_size: int = 288  # VideoPrism expects 288x288 images
+    freeze_video_encoder: bool = True  # Whether to freeze the video encoder weights
+    video_padding_mode: str = "repeat"  # How to pad frames at episode start: "repeat" or "zero"
+    # Which camera to use for video encoding (None = first camera, or specify key like "observation.images.top")
+    video_encoder_camera_key: str | None = None
+    # Perceiver Resampler settings to reduce video tokens (4096 -> video_num_latents)
+    video_num_latents: int = 128  # Number of latent tokens for video resampler
+    video_resampler_num_heads: int = 8  # Number of attention heads in resampler
+
     # Shorter state and action vectors will be padded to these dimensions
     max_state_dim: int = 32
     max_action_dim: int = 32
@@ -115,6 +128,17 @@ class PI05Config(PreTrainedConfig):
         if self.dtype not in ["bfloat16", "float32"]:
             raise ValueError(f"Invalid dtype: {self.dtype}")
 
+        # Validate video encoder settings
+        if self.use_video_encoder:
+            if self.video_num_frames < 1:
+                raise ValueError(f"video_num_frames must be >= 1, got {self.video_num_frames}")
+            if self.videoprism_image_size < 1:
+                raise ValueError(f"videoprism_image_size must be >= 1, got {self.videoprism_image_size}")
+            if self.video_padding_mode not in ["repeat", "zero"]:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"video_padding_mode must be 'repeat' or 'zero', got {self.video_padding_mode}"
+                )
+
     def validate_features(self) -> None:
         """Validate and set up input/output features."""
         for i in range(self.empty_cameras):
@@ -157,7 +181,26 @@ class PI05Config(PreTrainedConfig):
         )
 
     @property
-    def observation_delta_indices(self) -> None:
+    def observation_delta_indices(self) -> list[int] | None:
+        """Return indices for delta observations.
+
+        For PI05, we don't use generic observation_delta_indices because it would
+        apply to both images AND state. Instead, we use image_observation_delta_indices
+        which only applies to image observations.
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def image_observation_delta_indices(self) -> list[int] | None:
+        """Return indices for delta image observations only.
+
+        When video encoding is enabled, returns indices for the past frames
+        needed by VideoPrism (e.g., -15, -14, ..., -1, 0 for 16 frames).
+        This only applies to image observations, not state.
+        """
+        if self.use_video_encoder:
+            # Return indices for past frames: [-15, -14, ..., -1, 0] for 16 frames
+            return list(range(-(self.video_num_frames - 1), 1))
         return None
 
     @property

src/lerobot/policies/videovla/modeling_pi05.py

@@ -40,8 +40,17 @@ else:
     GemmaForCausalLM = None
     PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration = None
 
+# VideoPrism imports for video encoding
+try:
+    from lerobot.policies.videovla.videoprism import VideoPrismVideoProcessor, VideoPrismVisionModel
+    _videoprism_available = True
+except ImportError:
+    _videoprism_available = False
+    VideoPrismVideoProcessor = None
+    VideoPrismVisionModel = None
+
 from lerobot.configs.policies import PreTrainedConfig
-from lerobot.policies.pi05.configuration_pi05 import DEFAULT_IMAGE_SIZE, PI05Config
+from lerobot.policies.videovla.configuration_pi05 import DEFAULT_IMAGE_SIZE, PI05VideoConfig
 from lerobot.policies.pretrained import PreTrainedPolicy, T
 from lerobot.policies.rtc.modeling_rtc import RTCProcessor
 from lerobot.utils.constants import (
@@ -289,6 +298,60 @@ def compute_layer_complete(
     return outputs_embeds
 
 
+class PerceiverResampler(nn.Module):
+    """Perceiver Resampler to reduce video tokens via cross-attention.
+
+    This module uses learnable query tokens that cross-attend to the video tokens,
+    effectively reducing the sequence length while preserving important information.
+
+    Args:
+        dim: Hidden dimension of the input/output features
+        num_latents: Number of learnable query tokens (output sequence length)
+        num_heads: Number of attention heads
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, dim: int = 768, num_latents: int = 128, num_heads: int = 8):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.num_latents = num_latents
+        self.dim = dim
+
+        # Learnable query tokens
+        self.latents = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(num_latents, dim))
+
+        # Cross-attention layer
+        self.attn = nn.MultiheadAttention(
+            embed_dim=dim,
+            num_heads=num_heads,
+            batch_first=True,
+        )
+
+        # Layer norms for queries and key-values
+        self.ln_q = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
+        self.ln_kv = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """
+        Args:
+            x: Input video tokens of shape (B, N, D) where N can be large (e.g., 4096)
+
+        Returns:
+            Resampled tokens of shape (B, num_latents, D)
+        """
+        B, N, D = x.shape
+
+        # Expand learnable latents to batch size
+        latents = self.latents.unsqueeze(0).expand(B, -1, -1)  # (B, num_latents, D)
+
+        # Apply layer norms
+        q = self.ln_q(latents)
+        kv = self.ln_kv(x)
+
+        # Cross-attention: queries attend to video tokens
+        out, _ = self.attn(q, kv, kv, need_weights=False)  # (B, num_latents, D)
+
+        return out
+
+
 class GemmaConfig:  # see openpi `gemma.py: Config`
     """Configuration for Gemma model variants."""
 
@@ -534,7 +597,7 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
 class PI05Pytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
     """Core PI05 PyTorch model."""
 
-    def __init__(self, config: PI05Config, rtc_processor: RTCProcessor | None = None):
+    def __init__(self, config: PI05VideoConfig, rtc_processor: RTCProcessor | None = None):
         super().__init__()
         self.config = config
         self.rtc_processor = rtc_processor
@@ -566,6 +629,47 @@ class PI05Pytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
         # Initialize gradient checkpointing flag
         self.gradient_checkpointing_enabled = False
 
+        # Initialize VideoPrism video encoder if enabled
+        self.video_encoder = None
+        self.video_processor = None
+        self.video_proj = None
+        self.video_resampler = None
+        if config.use_video_encoder:
+            if not _videoprism_available:
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "VideoPrism is not available. Please install the required dependencies."
+                )
+            logging.info(f"Initializing VideoPrism video encoder: {config.videoprism_model_name}")
+            self.video_processor = VideoPrismVideoProcessor.from_pretrained(config.videoprism_model_name)
+            self.video_encoder = VideoPrismVisionModel.from_pretrained(
+                config.videoprism_model_name,
+                torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16 if config.dtype == "bfloat16" else torch.float32,
+                attn_implementation="sdpa",
+            )
+            # Get the hidden size from VideoPrism config (default is 768 for base model)
+            video_hidden_size = self.video_encoder.config.hidden_size
+
+            # Initialize Perceiver Resampler to reduce video tokens (e.g., 4096 -> 128)
+            self.video_resampler = PerceiverResampler(
+                dim=video_hidden_size,
+                num_latents=config.video_num_latents,
+                num_heads=config.video_resampler_num_heads,
+            )
+            logging.info(
+                f"Initialized video resampler: {video_hidden_size}D, "
+                f"{config.video_num_latents} latents, {config.video_resampler_num_heads} heads"
+            )
+
+            # Project video embeddings to PaliGemma's hidden size
+            self.video_proj = nn.Linear(video_hidden_size, paligemma_config.width)
+
+            # Freeze video encoder if requested
+            if config.freeze_video_encoder:
+                self.video_encoder.eval()
+                for param in self.video_encoder.parameters():
+                    param.requires_grad = False
+                logging.info("Video encoder weights are frozen")
+
         # Compile model if requested
         if config.compile_model:
             torch.set_float32_matmul_precision("high")
@@ -632,13 +736,33 @@ class PI05Pytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
         return time.to(dtype=torch.float32, device=device)
 
     def embed_prefix(
-        self, images, img_masks, tokens, masks
+        self, images, img_masks, tokens, masks, video_emb: torch.Tensor | None = None
     ) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
-        """Embed images with SigLIP and language tokens with embedding layer."""
+        """Embed images with SigLIP, optional video with VideoPrism, and language tokens with embedding layer.
+
+        Args:
+            images: List of image tensors [B, C, H, W]
+            img_masks: List of image masks [B]
+            tokens: Language tokens [B, seq_len]
+            masks: Language attention masks [B, seq_len]
+            video_emb: Optional video embeddings from VideoPrism [B, num_video_tokens, hidden_dim]
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple of (embeddings, pad_masks, att_masks)
+        """
         embs = []
         pad_masks = []
         att_masks = []
 
+        # Process video embeddings first (if available)
+        if video_emb is not None:
+            bsize, num_video_tokens, _ = video_emb.shape
+            embs.append(video_emb)
+            # Video tokens are always valid
+            video_mask = torch.ones(bsize, num_video_tokens, dtype=torch.bool, device=video_emb.device)
+            pad_masks.append(video_mask)
+            att_masks += [0] * num_video_tokens
+
         # Process images
         for img, img_mask in zip(images, img_masks, strict=True):
 
@@ -674,6 +798,69 @@ class PI05Pytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
 
         return embs, pad_masks, att_masks
 
+    def embed_video(self, video_frames: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """Embed video frames using VideoPrism encoder.
+
+        Args:
+            video_frames: Tensor of shape [B, T, C, H, W] where T is the number of frames.
+                          Expected to be normalized to [0, 1].
+
+        Returns:
+            Video embeddings of shape [B, num_video_tokens, hidden_dim] projected to
+            PaliGemma's hidden dimension.
+        """
+        if self.video_encoder is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Video encoder is not initialized. Set use_video_encoder=True in config.")
+
+        device = video_frames.device
+        dtype = video_frames.dtype
+
+        # Move video encoder to the same device if needed
+        if next(self.video_encoder.parameters()).device != device:
+            self.video_encoder = self.video_encoder.to(device)
+
+        # VideoPrism expects pixel values in [0, 1] range and shape [B, T, C, H, W]
+        # Resize frames to VideoPrism expected size if needed
+        B, T, C, H, W = video_frames.shape
+        target_size = self.config.videoprism_image_size
+
+        if H != target_size or W != target_size:
+            # Resize each frame
+            video_frames = video_frames.view(B * T, C, H, W)
+            video_frames = F.interpolate(
+                video_frames,
+                size=(target_size, target_size),
+                mode="bilinear",
+                align_corners=False,
+            )
+            video_frames = video_frames.view(B, T, C, target_size, target_size)
+
+        # Convert to the expected dtype for the video encoder
+        video_encoder_dtype = next(self.video_encoder.parameters()).dtype
+        video_frames = video_frames.to(dtype=video_encoder_dtype)
+
+        # Run through VideoPrism
+        with torch.set_grad_enabled(not self.config.freeze_video_encoder):
+            if self.config.freeze_video_encoder:
+                self.video_encoder.eval()
+
+            video_outputs = self.video_encoder(pixel_values_videos=video_frames)
+            # Shape: [B, num_patches * num_frames, hidden_size] (e.g., [B, 4096, 768])
+            video_embeddings = video_outputs.last_hidden_state
+
+        # Convert to working dtype
+        video_embeddings = video_embeddings.to(dtype=dtype)
+
+        # Apply Perceiver Resampler to reduce tokens (e.g., 4096 -> 128)
+        # This uses cross-attention from learnable queries to the video tokens
+        video_embeddings = self.video_resampler(video_embeddings)
+        # Shape: [B, num_latents, hidden_size] (e.g., [B, 128, 768])
+
+        # Project to PaliGemma's hidden dimension
+        video_embeddings = self.video_proj(video_embeddings)
+
+        return video_embeddings
+
     def embed_suffix(self, noisy_actions, timestep):
         """Embed noisy_actions, timestep to prepare for Expert Gemma processing."""
         embs = []
@@ -721,8 +908,21 @@ class PI05Pytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
 
         return embs, pad_masks, att_masks, adarms_cond
 
-    def forward(self, images, img_masks, tokens, masks, actions, noise=None, time=None) -> Tensor:
-        """Do a full training forward pass and compute the loss."""
+    def forward(
+        self, images, img_masks, tokens, masks, actions, noise=None, time=None, video_frames=None
+    ) -> Tensor:
+        """Do a full training forward pass and compute the loss.
+
+        Args:
+            images: List of image tensors [B, C, H, W]
+            img_masks: List of image masks [B]
+            tokens: Language tokens [B, seq_len]
+            masks: Language attention masks [B, seq_len]
+            actions: Ground truth actions [B, chunk_size, action_dim]
+            noise: Optional noise tensor for flow matching
+            time: Optional time tensor for flow matching
+            video_frames: Optional video frames [B, T, C, H, W] for video encoding
+        """
         if noise is None:
             noise = self.sample_noise(actions.shape, actions.device)
 
@@ -733,7 +933,14 @@ class PI05Pytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
         x_t = time_expanded * noise + (1 - time_expanded) * actions
         u_t = noise - actions
 
-        prefix_embs, prefix_pad_masks, prefix_att_masks = self.embed_prefix(images, img_masks, tokens, masks)
+        # Embed video if provided and video encoder is available
+        video_emb = None
+        if video_frames is not None and self.video_encoder is not None:
+            video_emb = self.embed_video(video_frames)
+
+        prefix_embs, prefix_pad_masks, prefix_att_masks = self.embed_prefix(
+            images, img_masks, tokens, masks, video_emb=video_emb
+        )
         suffix_embs, suffix_pad_masks, suffix_att_masks, adarms_cond = self.embed_suffix(x_t, time)
 
         if (
@@ -785,9 +992,20 @@ class PI05Pytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
         masks,
         noise=None,
         num_steps=None,
+        video_frames=None,
         **kwargs: Unpack[ActionSelectKwargs],
     ) -> Tensor:
-        """Do a full inference forward and compute the action."""
+        """Do a full inference forward and compute the action.
+
+        Args:
+            images: List of image tensors [B, C, H, W]
+            img_masks: List of image masks [B]
+            tokens: Language tokens [B, seq_len]
+            masks: Language attention masks [B, seq_len]
+            noise: Optional noise tensor
+            num_steps: Number of denoising steps
+            video_frames: Optional video frames [B, T, C, H, W] for video encoding
+        """
         if num_steps is None:
             num_steps = self.config.num_inference_steps
 
@@ -803,7 +1021,14 @@ class PI05Pytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
             )  # Use config max_action_dim for internal processing
             noise = self.sample_noise(actions_shape, device)
 
-        prefix_embs, prefix_pad_masks, prefix_att_masks = self.embed_prefix(images, img_masks, tokens, masks)
+        # Embed video if provided and video encoder is available
+        video_emb = None
+        if video_frames is not None and self.video_encoder is not None:
+            video_emb = self.embed_video(video_frames)
+
+        prefix_embs, prefix_pad_masks, prefix_att_masks = self.embed_prefix(
+            images, img_masks, tokens, masks, video_emb=video_emb
+        )
         prefix_att_2d_masks = make_att_2d_masks(prefix_pad_masks, prefix_att_masks)
         prefix_position_ids = torch.cumsum(prefix_pad_masks, dim=1) - 1
 
@@ -895,15 +1120,15 @@ class PI05Pytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
         return self.action_out_proj(suffix_out)
 
 
-class PI05Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
-    """PI05 Policy for LeRobot."""
+class PI05VideoPolicy(PreTrainedPolicy):
+    """PI05 Video Policy for LeRobot with optional video encoding support."""
 
-    config_class = PI05Config
-    name = "pi05"
+    config_class = PI05VideoConfig
+    name = "pi05_video"
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        config: PI05Config,
+        config: PI05VideoConfig,
         **kwargs,
     ):
         """
@@ -1128,11 +1353,33 @@ class PI05Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
     def _rtc_enabled(self) -> bool:
         return self.config.rtc_config is not None and self.config.rtc_config.enabled
 
+    def _get_video_camera_key(self) -> str | None:
+        """Get the camera key to use for video encoding.
+
+        Returns the configured video_encoder_camera_key if set,
+        otherwise returns the first image feature key.
+        """
+        if not self.config.use_video_encoder:
+            return None
+
+        if self.config.video_encoder_camera_key is not None:
+            return self.config.video_encoder_camera_key
+
+        # Default to first image feature (image_features is a dict)
+        if self.config.image_features:
+            return next(iter(self.config.image_features.keys()))
+
+        return None
+
     def _preprocess_images(self, batch: dict[str, Tensor]) -> tuple[list[Tensor], list[Tensor]]:
         """Preprocess images for the model.
 
         Images from LeRobot are typically in [B, C, H, W] format and normalized to [0, 1].
         PaliGemma expects images in [B, C, H, W] format and normalized to [-1, 1].
+
+        When video encoding is enabled:
+        - The video camera is skipped (processed separately by video encoder)
+        - Other cameras with temporal dimension have only the current frame extracted
         """
         images = []
         img_masks = []
@@ -1140,10 +1387,17 @@ class PI05Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
         # Get device from model parameters
         device = next(self.parameters()).device
 
+        # Determine which camera is used for video encoding (to skip it)
+        video_camera_key = self._get_video_camera_key()
+
         present_img_keys = [key for key in self.config.image_features if key in batch]
         missing_img_keys = [key for key in self.config.image_features if key not in batch]
 
-        if len(present_img_keys) == 0:
+        # Filter out the video camera key if video encoding is enabled
+        if video_camera_key is not None and video_camera_key in present_img_keys:
+            present_img_keys = [k for k in present_img_keys if k != video_camera_key]
+
+        if len(present_img_keys) == 0 and video_camera_key is None:
             raise ValueError(
                 f"All image features are missing from the batch. At least one expected. "
                 f"(batch: {batch.keys()}) (image_features: {self.config.image_features})"
@@ -1161,6 +1415,11 @@ class PI05Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
             if img.dtype != torch.float32:
                 img = img.to(torch.float32)
 
+            # Handle temporal dimension: if [B, T, C, H, W], extract current frame (last one)
+            if img.ndim == 5:
+                # Extract the last frame (current observation at index -1)
+                img = img[:, -1]  # [B, T, C, H, W] -> [B, C, H, W]
+
             # from openpi preprocess_observation_pytorch: Handle both [B, C, H, W] and [B, H, W, C] formats
             is_channels_first = img.shape[1] == 3  # Check if channels are in dimension 1
 
@@ -1187,13 +1446,99 @@ class PI05Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
 
         # Create image features not present in the batch as fully 0 padded images
         for _num_empty_cameras in range(len(missing_img_keys)):
-            img = torch.ones_like(img) * -1  # Padded with -1 for SigLIP
-            mask = torch.zeros_like(mask)  # Mask is zero for empty cameras
+            if len(images) > 0:
+                img = torch.ones_like(images[-1]) * -1  # Padded with -1 for SigLIP
+                mask = torch.zeros_like(img_masks[-1])  # Mask is zero for empty cameras
+            else:
+                # No images processed yet, create placeholder
+                bsize = next(iter(batch.values())).shape[0]
+                img = torch.ones(
+                    bsize, 3, *self.config.image_resolution, dtype=torch.float32, device=device
+                ) * -1
+                mask = torch.zeros(bsize, dtype=torch.bool, device=device)
             images.append(img)
             img_masks.append(mask)
 
         return images, img_masks
 
+    def _preprocess_video(self, batch: dict[str, Tensor]) -> Tensor | None:
+        """Preprocess video frames for the video encoder.
+
+        When image_observation_delta_indices is set (for video encoding), the batch will contain
+        images with shape [B, T, C, H, W] where T is the number of frames.
+        This method extracts and preprocesses these frames for VideoPrism.
+
+        Handles frame padding at episode start when fewer than video_num_frames are available:
+        - "repeat": Repeat the first available frame to fill missing frames
+        - "zero": Use zero-padded frames for missing frames
+
+        Args:
+            batch: Training batch potentially containing multi-frame observations.
+
+        Returns:
+            Video frames tensor of shape [B, T, C, H, W] normalized to [0, 1],
+            or None if video encoding is not enabled.
+        """
+        if not self.config.use_video_encoder:
+            return None
+
+        device = next(self.parameters()).device
+
+        # Get the video camera key
+        video_camera_key = self._get_video_camera_key()
+        if video_camera_key is None or video_camera_key not in batch:
+            return None
+
+        img = batch[video_camera_key]
+
+        # Check if we have temporal dimension (video frames)
+        if img.ndim == 4:
+            # Single frame [B, C, H, W] - expand to video by repeating
+            B, C, H, W = img.shape
+            if self.config.video_padding_mode == "repeat":
+                video_frames = img.unsqueeze(1).expand(B, self.config.video_num_frames, C, H, W)
+            else:  # zero padding
+                video_frames = torch.zeros(
+                    B, self.config.video_num_frames, C, H, W, dtype=img.dtype, device=img.device
+                )
+                video_frames[:, -1] = img  # Put current frame at the end
+        elif img.ndim == 5:
+            # Multiple frames [B, T, C, H, W]
+            video_frames = img
+            B, T, C, H, W = video_frames.shape
+
+            # Handle case where we have fewer frames than expected (episode start)
+            if T < self.config.video_num_frames:
+                num_missing = self.config.video_num_frames - T
+
+                if self.config.video_padding_mode == "repeat":
+                    # Repeat the first frame to fill missing frames at the beginning
+                    first_frame = video_frames[:, 0:1]  # [B, 1, C, H, W]
+                    padding = first_frame.expand(B, num_missing, C, H, W)
+                    video_frames = torch.cat([padding, video_frames], dim=1)
+                else:  # zero padding
+                    # Zero-pad at the beginning
+                    padding = torch.zeros(
+                        B, num_missing, C, H, W, dtype=video_frames.dtype, device=video_frames.device
+                    )
+                    video_frames = torch.cat([padding, video_frames], dim=1)
+        else:
+            logging.warning(f"Unexpected image shape for video camera: {img.shape}")
+            return None
+
+        # Ensure tensor is on the same device
+        if video_frames.device != device:
+            video_frames = video_frames.to(device)
+
+        # Ensure float32 dtype
+        if video_frames.dtype != torch.float32:
+            video_frames = video_frames.to(torch.float32)
+
+        # Video frames should be in [0, 1] range for VideoPrism
+        # LeRobot images are already in [0, 1] range
+
+        return video_frames
+
     def prepare_action(self, batch):
         """Pad action"""
         actions = pad_vector(batch[ACTION], self.config.max_action_dim)
@@ -1225,8 +1570,13 @@ class PI05Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
         images, img_masks = self._preprocess_images(batch)
         tokens, masks = batch[f"{OBS_LANGUAGE_TOKENS}"], batch[f"{OBS_LANGUAGE_ATTENTION_MASK}"]
 
+        # Preprocess video frames if video encoding is enabled
+        video_frames = self._preprocess_video(batch)
+
         # Sample actions using the model (pass through RTC kwargs, no separate state needed for PI05)
-        actions = self.model.sample_actions(images, img_masks, tokens, masks, **kwargs)
+        actions = self.model.sample_actions(
+            images, img_masks, tokens, masks, video_frames=video_frames, **kwargs
+        )
 
         # Unpad actions to actual action dimension
         original_action_dim = self.config.output_features[ACTION].shape[0]
@@ -1249,8 +1599,11 @@ class PI05Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
 
         actions = self.prepare_action(batch)
 
+        # Preprocess video frames if video encoding is enabled
+        video_frames = self._preprocess_video(batch)
+
         # Compute loss (no separate state needed for PI05)
-        losses = self.model.forward(images, img_masks, tokens, masks, actions)
+        losses = self.model.forward(images, img_masks, tokens, masks, actions, video_frames=video_frames)
 
         # Truncate losses to actual action dimensions
         original_action_dim = self.config.output_features[ACTION].shape[0]

src/lerobot/policies/videovla/processor_pi05.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import numpy as np
 import torch
 
 from lerobot.configs.types import PipelineFeatureType, PolicyFeature
-from lerobot.policies.pi05.configuration_pi05 import PI05Config
+from lerobot.policies.videovla.configuration_pi05 import PI05VideoConfig
 from lerobot.policies.pi05.modeling_pi05 import pad_vector
 from lerobot.processor import (
     AddBatchDimensionProcessorStep,
@@ -97,15 +97,15 @@ class Pi05PrepareStateTokenizerProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
         return features
 
 
-def make_pi05_pre_post_processors(
-    config: PI05Config,
+def make_pi05_video_pre_post_processors(
+    config: PI05VideoConfig,
     dataset_stats: dict[str, dict[str, torch.Tensor]] | None = None,
 ) -> tuple[
     PolicyProcessorPipeline[dict[str, Any], dict[str, Any]],
     PolicyProcessorPipeline[PolicyAction, PolicyAction],
 ]:
     """
-    Constructs pre-processor and post-processor pipelines for the PI0 policy.
+    Constructs pre-processor and post-processor pipelines for the PI05Video policy.
 
     The pre-processing pipeline prepares input data for the model by:
     1. Renaming features to match pretrained configurations.

src/lerobot/policies/videovla/test_video_encoder.py

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+"""
+Test script for PI05 with video encoder (VideoPrism).
+
+This script creates a dummy example to test the model with video encoding enabled.
+"""
+
+import torch
+
+from lerobot.configs.types import FeatureType, PolicyFeature
+from lerobot.policies.videovla.configuration_pi05 import PI05VideoConfig
+from lerobot.policies.videovla.modeling_pi05 import PI05VideoPolicy
+from lerobot.utils.constants import ACTION, OBS_IMAGES, OBS_STATE
+
+
+def create_dummy_batch(
+    batch_size: int = 2,
+    num_frames: int = 16,
+    image_size: int = 224,
+    num_cameras: int = 2,
+    state_dim: int = 14,
+    action_dim: int = 14,
+    chunk_size: int = 50,
+    seq_len: int = 10,
+    device: str = "cuda",
+) -> dict[str, torch.Tensor]:
+    """Create a dummy batch for testing."""
+    batch = {}
+
+    # Create image observations with temporal dimension [B, T, C, H, W]
+    for i in range(num_cameras):
+        key = f"{OBS_IMAGES}.camera_{i}"
+        # Images in [0, 1] range
+        batch[key] = torch.rand(batch_size, num_frames, 3, image_size, image_size, device=device)
+
+    # Create state observation [B, state_dim]
+    batch[OBS_STATE] = torch.rand(batch_size, state_dim, device=device)
+
+    # Create language tokens and attention mask [B, seq_len]
+    batch["observation.language.tokens"] = torch.randint(0, 1000, (batch_size, seq_len), device=device)
+    batch["observation.language.attention_mask"] = torch.ones(batch_size, seq_len, dtype=torch.bool, device=device)
+
+    # Create action targets [B, chunk_size, action_dim]
+    batch[ACTION] = torch.rand(batch_size, chunk_size, action_dim, device=device)
+
+    return batch
+
+
+def test_video_encoder():
+    """Test the PI05 model with video encoding enabled."""
+    device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
+    print(f"Using device: {device}")
+
+    # Configuration
+    batch_size = 2
+    num_frames = 16
+    image_size = 224
+    num_cameras = 2
+    state_dim = 14
+    action_dim = 14
+    chunk_size = 50
+
+    # Create config with video encoder enabled
+    print("Creating PI05VideoConfig with video encoder...")
+    config = PI05VideoConfig(
+        use_video_encoder=True,
+        video_num_frames=num_frames,
+        videoprism_model_name="MHRDYN7/videoprism-base-f16r288",
+        videoprism_image_size=288,
+        freeze_video_encoder=True,
+        video_padding_mode="repeat",
+        video_encoder_camera_key=f"{OBS_IMAGES}.camera_0",  # Use first camera for video
+        chunk_size=chunk_size,
+        max_action_dim=32,
+        max_state_dim=32,
+        dtype="float32",  # Use float32 for testing
+        device=device,
+    )
+
+    # Set up input/output features
+    for i in range(num_cameras):
+        key = f"{OBS_IMAGES}.camera_{i}"
+        config.input_features[key] = PolicyFeature(
+            type=FeatureType.VISUAL,
+            shape=(3, image_size, image_size),
+        )
+
+    config.input_features[OBS_STATE] = PolicyFeature(
+        type=FeatureType.STATE,
+        shape=(state_dim,),
+    )
+
+    config.output_features[ACTION] = PolicyFeature(
+        type=FeatureType.ACTION,
+        shape=(action_dim,),
+    )
+
+    print(f"use_video_encoder: {config.use_video_encoder}")
+    print(f"video_num_frames: {config.video_num_frames}")
+    print(f"video_padding_mode: {config.video_padding_mode}")
+    print(f"video_encoder_camera_key: {config.video_encoder_camera_key}")
+    print(f"image_observation_delta_indices: {config.image_observation_delta_indices}")
+
+    # Create model
+    model = PI05VideoPolicy(config)
+    model.to(device)
+
+    # Create dummy batch
+    batch = create_dummy_batch(
+        batch_size=batch_size,
+        num_frames=num_frames,
+        image_size=image_size,
+        num_cameras=num_cameras,
+        state_dim=state_dim,
+        action_dim=action_dim,
+        chunk_size=chunk_size,
+        device=device,
+    )
+
+    print(f"Batch keys: {list(batch.keys())}"  )
+    for key, value in batch.items():
+        print(f"{key}: {value.shape}")
+
+    # Test forward pass
+    model.train()
+    try:
+        loss, loss_dict = model.forward(batch)
+        print(f"Forward pass successful!")
+        print(f"Loss: {loss.item():.4f}")
+        print(f"Loss dict: {loss_dict}")
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Forward pass failed: {e}")
+        raise
+
+    # Test inference
+    model.eval()
+    with torch.no_grad():
+        try:
+            actions = model.predict_action_chunk(batch)
+            print(f"Test pass, inference pass!")
+            print(f"Predicted actions shape: {actions.shape}")
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Inference failed: {e}")
+            raise
+
+    print("All tests passed!")
+
+
+def test_frame_padding():
+    """Test frame padding at episode start."""
+    device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
+
+    # Create config
+    config = PI05VideoConfig(
+        use_video_encoder=True,
+        video_num_frames=16,
+        videoprism_model_name="MHRDYN7/videoprism-base-f16r288",
+        freeze_video_encoder=True,
+        video_padding_mode="repeat",
+        chunk_size=50,
+        dtype="float32",
+        device=device,
+    )
+
+    # Set up minimal features
+    config.input_features[f"{OBS_IMAGES}.camera_0"] = PolicyFeature(
+        type=FeatureType.VISUAL,
+        shape=(3, 224, 224),
+    )
+    config.output_features[ACTION] = PolicyFeature(
+        type=FeatureType.ACTION,
+        shape=(14,),
+    )
+
+    # Create model
+    model = PI05VideoPolicy(config)
+    model.to(device)
+
+    # Test with fewer frames than expected (simulating episode start)
+    batch = {
+        f"{OBS_IMAGES}.camera_0": torch.rand(2, 5, 3, 224, 224, device=device),
+        "observation.language.tokens": torch.randint(0, 1000, (2, 10), device=device),
+        "observation.language.attention_mask": torch.ones(2, 10, dtype=torch.bool, device=device),
+        ACTION: torch.rand(2, 50, 14, device=device),
+    }
+
+    video_frames = model._preprocess_video(batch)
+    if video_frames is not None:
+        print(f"Input frames: 5")
+        print(f"Output video_frames shape: {video_frames.shape}")
+        print(f"Expected: [2, 16, 3, 224, 224]")
+        assert video_frames.shape == (2, 16, 3, 224, 224), f"Unexpected shape: {video_frames.shape}"
+        print("Frame padding test PASSED!")
+    else:
+        print("video_frames is None (unexpected)")
+
+    # Test with single frame
+    batch[f"{OBS_IMAGES}.camera_0"] = torch.rand(2, 3, 224, 224, device=device)  # [B, C, H, W]
+
+    video_frames = model._preprocess_video(batch)
+    if video_frames is not None:
+        print(f"Input: single frame [B, C, H, W]")
+        print(f"Output video_frames shape: {video_frames.shape}")
+        print(f"Expected: [2, 16, 3, 224, 224]")
+        assert video_frames.shape == (2, 16, 3, 224, 224), f"Unexpected shape: {video_frames.shape}"
+        print("Single frame expansion test PASSED!")
+    else:
+        print("video_frames is None (unexpected)")
+
+    print("All tests passed!")
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    # Run tests
+    test_frame_padding()
+    test_video_encoder()