Add basic PEFT support to train script + record module (#1411)

* Add basic support for PEFT adapter methods

This changes adds support for training policies with much less parameters
by applying adapter methods such as LoRA on specific parts of the policies
and therefore possibly higher learning rates / batch sizes.

To make this as accessible as possible I thought it useful to provide
defaults for `target_modules` and `modules_to_save`. Currently only SmolVLA
has such defaults but when we agree that this change is useful I will set
out to generate more such defaults. While the user can override these
settings, they are expected to only change the peft_method, rank and init_type
parameters.

* Implement loading of PEFT adapters

Loading a PEFT adapter is currently done by initializing a policy with default config
and then applying the adapter on the resulting model. This has the obvious drawback
that any configurations done during training are not applied in the adapted model.

Currently the `use_peft` attribute of `PreTrainedConfig` is only set during loading
to signal the following code that it has to deal with a PEFT adapter. However
we could imagine a scenario where this is already set at training time and stored
alongside the adapter.

* Store policy config alongside PEFT checkpoint

Before this change the PEFT-wrapped policy did not save the policy's config
alongside the adapter config / weights which prevented us from changing the
policy config. Now the policy config is saved both in full training and PEFT
training.

This change makes loading the PEFT policy adapter much easier as well.

* Add default config for ACT

* Support targets like `all-linear`

* Formatting

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Fix failing tests

* Remove PEFT compatibility changes in config

We'll wait for the PEFT release that fixes this for good.

* Remove `use_peft` parameter from training script

Instead we make the PEFT config optional which has the same effect.

* Log adapter config to WandB

* Better documentation for CLI arguments

* Don't unload & merge the PEFT model

This can make things hard when using quantized layers (user expects quantized base layers with
unquantized adapters for example, merging defaults to upcast the layers leading to higher
memory).

* Correct way of identifying when to save config

* Add CLI end-to-end tests

Currently there don't seem to be any way to test the CLI commands.
Since this change mostly happens in those I thought it best to add
a way to test these commands end-to-end.

More integrated commands like `lerobot-record` need patching but
standalone commands like training seem to work fine.

* Update default targets

Removed ACT since it doesn't make sense to fine-tune ACT without having it pretrained beforehand.
SmolVLA and Pi0/0.5 are much more senseful targets.

* Clean up loading code

- Centralized instantiation of the PEFT wrapper in `make_policy` for inference
  (e.g. in `lerobot-record`)
- Training a PEFT policy also sets `cfg.use_peft` so that all inference code loading
  the policy can rely on that attribute to identify if PEFT loading is needed
- Modified RTC example to also include PEFT policies. Mostly because this is an example
  I'm currently exploring.

* Make sure push_to_hub works

Since PEFT only wraps `push_to_hub` and not `push_model_to_hub`, the reference
to `self` in `policy.push_model_to_hub` is the unwrapped policy which, of course,
doesn't know anything about PEFT.

To make the upload process aware of PEFT, we pass the unwrapped policy down to
`push_model_to_hub` as a kwarg. This is not ideal but I think it is the best way
for now.

* formatting

* Warn when encountering from-scratch-training

* Revamp pretrained model loading

There were quite a few factors that convinced me that the status quo
is able to load pretrained models from the PEFT adapter config but
in fact that didn't work.

This commit fixes the following things:
- policies wrapped in PEFT will now have a `name_or_path` attribute
  containing the name or path of the pretrained model we're fine-tuning
- we further assume that SmolVLA without `pretrained_path` and
  `load_vlm_weights==False` must be an user-side error
- we assume that using PEFT on from-scratch-policies must be
  an user-side-error

* Make it possible to unset policy features

This is necessary to train pre-trained policies on new datasets so that the
features are inferred from the new dataset and not from the pretrained
policy.

* Use correct loading for PEFT in RTC example

* Make it possible to use PeftModels in eval

* Add test checking that PEFT actually reduces params

* Adapt state/action projections instead of full-finetuning

There doesn't seem to be a benefit to fully fine-tune these layers
over just adapting them, so we do that instead.

* Disallow PEFT training on non-pretrained policies

At first I thought it would make sense to have this feature
in case you want to fine-tune a pre-trained section but in the
end it makes more trouble than it's worth.

It's still possible to allow this in the future when a concrete
need arises.

* Add basic documentation

* Formatting

* Add peft as extra dependency, mark tests

Fast tests currently fail because of the missing dependency.

* Fix pre-commit issues

* Add walx <> peft conflict for uv

* Exclude peft from pi install for now

---------

Co-authored-by: nemo <git@ningu.net>
Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Pepijn <138571049+pkooij@users.noreply.github.com>

docs/source/_toctree.yml

@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
     title: Train RL in Simulation
   - local: multi_gpu_training
     title: Multi GPU training
+  - local: peft_training
+    title: Training with PEFT (e.g., LoRA)
   title: "Tutorials"
 - sections:
   - local: lerobot-dataset-v3

docs/source/peft_training.mdx

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# Parameter efficient fine-tuning with 🤗 PEFT
+
+[🤗 PEFT](https://github.com/huggingface/peft) (Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning) is a library for efficiently adapting
+large pretrained models such as pre-trained policies (e.g., SmolVLA, π₀, ...) to new tasks without training all
+of the model's parameters while yielding comparable performance.
+
+Install the `lerobot[peft]` optional package to enable PEFT support.
+
+To read about all the possible methods of adaption, please refer to the [🤗 PEFT docs](https://huggingface.co/docs/peft/index).
+
+## Training SmolVLA
+
+In this section we'll show you how to train a pre-trained SmolVLA policy with PEFT on the libero dataset.
+For brevity we're only training on the `libero_spatial` subset. We will use `lerobot/smolvla_base` as the model
+to parameter efficiently fine-tune:
+
+```
+lerobot-train \
+ --policy.path=lerobot/smolvla_base \
+ --policy.repo_id=your_hub_name/my_libero_smolvla \
+ --dataset.repo_id=HuggingFaceVLA/libero \
+ --policy.output_features=null \
+ --policy.input_features=null \
+ --policy.optimizer_lr=1e-3 \
+ --policy.scheduler_decay_lr=1e-4 \
+ --env.type=libero \
+ --env.task=libero_spatial \
+ --steps=100000 \
+ --batch_size=32 \
+ --peft.method_type=LORA \
+ --peft.r=64
+```
+
+Note the `--peft.method_type` parameter that let's you select which PEFT method to use. Here we use
+[LoRA](https://huggingface.co/docs/peft/main/en/package_reference/lora) (Low-Rank Adapter) which is probably the most
+popular fine-tuning method to date. Low-rank adaption means that we only fine-tune a matrix with comparably low rank
+instead of the full weight matrix. This rank can be specified using the `--peft.r` parameter. The higher the rank
+the closer you get to full fine-tuning
+
+There are more complex methods that have more parameters. These are not yet supported, feel free to raise an issue
+if you want to see a specific PEFT method supported.
+
+By default, PEFT will target the `q_proj` and `v_proj` layers of the LM expert in SmolVLA. It will also target the
+state and action projection matrices as they are most likely task-dependent. If you need to target different layers
+you can use `--peft.target_modules` to specify which layers to target. You can refer to the respective PEFT method's
+documentation to see what inputs are supported, (e.g., [LoRA's target_modules documentation](https://huggingface.co/docs/peft/main/en/package_reference/lora#peft.LoraConfig.target_modules)).
+Usually a list of suffixes or a regex are supported. For example, to target the MLPs of the `lm_expert` instead of
+the `q` and `v` projections, use:
+
+```
+--peft.target_modules='(model\.vlm_with_expert\.lm_expert\..*\.(down|gate|up)_proj|.*\.(state_proj|action_in_proj|action_out_proj|action_time_mlp_in|action_time_mlp_out))'
+```
+
+In case you need to fully fine-tune a layer instead of just adapting it, you can supply a list of layer suffixes
+to the `--peft.full_training_modules` parameter:
+
+```
+--peft.full_training_modules=["state_proj"]
+```
+
+The learning rate and the scheduled target learning rate can usually be scaled by a factor of 10 compared to the
+learning rate used for full fine-tuning (e.g., 1e-4 normal, so 1e-3 using LoRA).

examples/rtc/eval_with_real_robot.py

@@ -455,7 +455,18 @@ def demo_cli(cfg: RTCDemoConfig):
     if cfg.policy.type == "pi05" or cfg.policy.type == "pi0":
         config.compile_model = cfg.use_torch_compile
 
-    policy = policy_class.from_pretrained(cfg.policy.pretrained_path, config=config)
+    if config.use_peft:
+        from peft import PeftConfig, PeftModel
+
+        peft_pretrained_path = cfg.policy.pretrained_path
+        peft_config = PeftConfig.from_pretrained(peft_pretrained_path)
+
+        policy = policy_class.from_pretrained(
+            pretrained_name_or_path=peft_config.base_model_name_or_path, config=config
+        )
+        policy = PeftModel.from_pretrained(policy, peft_pretrained_path, config=peft_config)
+    else:
+        policy = policy_class.from_pretrained(cfg.policy.pretrained_path, config=config)
 
     # Turn on RTC
     policy.config.rtc_config = cfg.rtc

pyproject.toml

@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ hilserl = ["lerobot[transformers-dep]", "gym-hil>=0.1.13,<0.2.0", "lerobot[grpci
 
 # Features
 async = ["lerobot[grpcio-dep]", "matplotlib>=3.10.3,<4.0.0"]
+peft = ["lerobot[transformers-dep]", "peft>=0.18.0"]
 
 # Development
 dev = ["pre-commit>=3.7.0,<5.0.0", "debugpy>=1.8.1,<1.9.0", "lerobot[grpcio-dep]", "grpcio-tools==1.73.1", "mypy>=1.19.1"]
@@ -182,7 +183,8 @@ all = [
     "lerobot[phone]",
     "lerobot[libero]",
     "lerobot[metaworld]",
-    "lerobot[sarm]"
+    "lerobot[sarm]",
+    "lerobot[peft]",
 ]
 
 [project.scripts]
@@ -417,6 +419,10 @@ conflicts = [
         { extra = "wallx" },
         { extra = "libero" },
     ],
+    [
+        { extra = "wallx" },
+        { extra = "peft" },
+    ],
     [
         { extra = "wallx" },
         { extra = "all" },
@@ -450,6 +456,10 @@ conflicts = [
         { extra = "pi" },
         { extra = "libero" },
     ],
+    [
+        { extra = "pi" },
+        { extra = "peft" },
+    ],
     [
         { extra = "pi" },
         { extra = "all" },

src/lerobot/configs/default.py

@@ -67,3 +67,31 @@ class EvalConfig:
                 f"to increase the number of episodes to match the batch size (e.g. `eval.n_episodes={self.batch_size}`), "
                 f"or lower the batch size (e.g. `eval.batch_size={self.n_episodes}`)."
             )
+
+
+@dataclass
+class PeftConfig:
+    # PEFT offers many fine-tuning methods, layer adapters being the most common and currently also the most
+    # effective methods so we'll focus on those in this high-level config interface.
+
+    # Either a string (module name suffix or 'all-linear'), a list of module name suffixes or a regular expression
+    # describing module names to target with the configured PEFT method. Some policies have a default value for this
+    # so that you don't *have* to choose which layers to adapt but it might still be worthwhile depending on your case.
+    target_modules: list[str] | str | None = None
+
+    # Names/suffixes of modules to fully fine-tune and store alongside adapter weights. Useful for layers that are
+    # not part of a pre-trained model (e.g., action state projections). Depending on the policy this defaults to layers
+    # that are newly created in pre-trained policies. If you're fine-tuning an already trained policy you might want
+    # to set this to `[]`. Corresponds to PEFT's `modules_to_save`.
+    full_training_modules: list[str] | None = None
+
+    # The PEFT (adapter) method to apply to the policy. Needs to be a valid PEFT type.
+    method_type: str = "LORA"
+
+    # Adapter initialization method. Look at the specific PEFT adapter documentation for defaults.
+    init_type: str | None = None
+
+    # We expect that all PEFT adapters are in some way doing rank-decomposition therefore this parameter specifies
+    # the rank used for the adapter. In general a higher rank means more trainable parameters and closer to full
+    # fine-tuning.
+    r: int = 16

src/lerobot/configs/policies.py

@@ -55,14 +55,18 @@ class PreTrainedConfig(draccus.ChoiceRegistry, HubMixin, abc.ABC):  # type: igno
 
     n_obs_steps: int = 1
 
-    input_features: dict[str, PolicyFeature] = field(default_factory=dict)
-    output_features: dict[str, PolicyFeature] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    # `input_features` can be set to None/null in order to infer those values from the dataset.
+    input_features: dict[str, PolicyFeature] | None = field(default_factory=dict)
+    output_features: dict[str, PolicyFeature] | None = field(default_factory=dict)
 
     device: str | None = None  # e.g. "cuda", "cuda:0", "cpu", or "mps"
     # `use_amp` determines whether to use Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP) for training and evaluation. With AMP,
     # automatic gradient scaling is used.
     use_amp: bool = False
 
+    # Whether the policy employed PEFT for training.
+    use_peft: bool = False
+
     push_to_hub: bool = True  # type: ignore[assignment] # TODO: use a different name to avoid override
     repo_id: str | None = None
 
@@ -125,6 +129,8 @@ class PreTrainedConfig(draccus.ChoiceRegistry, HubMixin, abc.ABC):  # type: igno
 
     @property
     def robot_state_feature(self) -> PolicyFeature | None:
+        if not self.input_features:
+            return None
         for ft_name, ft in self.input_features.items():
             if ft.type is FeatureType.STATE and ft_name == OBS_STATE:
                 return ft
@@ -132,6 +138,8 @@ class PreTrainedConfig(draccus.ChoiceRegistry, HubMixin, abc.ABC):  # type: igno
 
     @property
     def env_state_feature(self) -> PolicyFeature | None:
+        if not self.input_features:
+            return None
         for _, ft in self.input_features.items():
             if ft.type is FeatureType.ENV:
                 return ft
@@ -139,10 +147,14 @@ class PreTrainedConfig(draccus.ChoiceRegistry, HubMixin, abc.ABC):  # type: igno
 
     @property
     def image_features(self) -> dict[str, PolicyFeature]:
+        if not self.input_features:
+            return {}
         return {key: ft for key, ft in self.input_features.items() if ft.type is FeatureType.VISUAL}
 
     @property
     def action_feature(self) -> PolicyFeature | None:
+        if not self.output_features:
+            return None
         for ft_name, ft in self.output_features.items():
             if ft.type is FeatureType.ACTION and ft_name == ACTION:
                 return ft

src/lerobot/configs/train.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from huggingface_hub.errors import HfHubHTTPError
 
 from lerobot import envs
 from lerobot.configs import parser
-from lerobot.configs.default import DatasetConfig, EvalConfig, WandBConfig
+from lerobot.configs.default import DatasetConfig, EvalConfig, PeftConfig, WandBConfig
 from lerobot.configs.policies import PreTrainedConfig
 from lerobot.optim import OptimizerConfig
 from lerobot.optim.schedulers import LRSchedulerConfig
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ class TrainPipelineConfig(HubMixin):
     scheduler: LRSchedulerConfig | None = None
     eval: EvalConfig = field(default_factory=EvalConfig)
     wandb: WandBConfig = field(default_factory=WandBConfig)
+    peft: PeftConfig | None = None
 
     # RA-BC (Reward-Aligned Behavior Cloning) parameters
     use_rabc: bool = False  # Enable reward-weighted training

src/lerobot/policies/factory.py

@@ -471,11 +471,40 @@ def make_policy(
     if ds_meta is not None:
         kwargs["dataset_meta"] = ds_meta
 
-    if cfg.pretrained_path:
+    if not cfg.pretrained_path and cfg.use_peft:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Instantiating a policy with `use_peft=True` without a checkpoint is not supported since that requires "
+            "the PEFT config parameters to be set. For training with PEFT, see `lerobot_train.py` on how to do that."
+        )
+
+    if cfg.pretrained_path and not cfg.use_peft:
         # Load a pretrained policy and override the config if needed (for example, if there are inference-time
         # hyperparameters that we want to vary).
         kwargs["pretrained_name_or_path"] = cfg.pretrained_path
         policy = policy_cls.from_pretrained(**kwargs)
+    elif cfg.pretrained_path and cfg.use_peft:
+        # Load a pretrained PEFT model on top of the policy. The pretrained path points to the folder/repo
+        # of the adapter and the adapter's config contains the path to the base policy. So we need the
+        # adapter config first, then load the correct policy and then apply PEFT.
+        from peft import PeftConfig, PeftModel
+
+        logging.info("Loading policy's PEFT adapter.")
+
+        peft_pretrained_path = cfg.pretrained_path
+        peft_config = PeftConfig.from_pretrained(peft_pretrained_path)
+
+        kwargs["pretrained_name_or_path"] = peft_config.base_model_name_or_path
+        if not kwargs["pretrained_name_or_path"]:
+            # This means that there's a bug or we trained a policy from scratch using PEFT.
+            # It is more likely that this is a bug so we'll raise an error.
+            raise ValueError(
+                "No pretrained model name found in adapter config. Can't instantiate the pre-trained policy on which "
+                "the adapter was trained."
+            )
+
+        policy = policy_cls.from_pretrained(**kwargs)
+        policy = PeftModel.from_pretrained(policy, peft_pretrained_path, config=peft_config)
+
     else:
         # Make a fresh policy.
         policy = policy_cls(**kwargs)

src/lerobot/policies/pretrained.py

@@ -206,6 +206,7 @@ class PreTrainedPolicy(nn.Module, HubMixin, abc.ABC):
     def push_model_to_hub(
         self,
         cfg: TrainPipelineConfig,
+        peft_model=None,
     ):
         api = HfApi()
         repo_id = api.create_repo(
@@ -216,7 +217,14 @@ class PreTrainedPolicy(nn.Module, HubMixin, abc.ABC):
         with TemporaryDirectory(ignore_cleanup_errors=True) as tmp:
             saved_path = Path(tmp) / repo_id
 
-            self.save_pretrained(saved_path)  # Calls _save_pretrained and stores model tensors
+            if peft_model is not None:
+                # Since PEFT just forwards calls to `push_model_to_hub`, `self` is not the PeftModel wrapper
+                # but the actual policy which is why we need the PEFT model passed to us to save the adapter.
+                # That also means that we need to store the policy config ourselves since PEFT can't.
+                peft_model.save_pretrained(saved_path)
+                self.config.save_pretrained(saved_path)
+            else:
+                self.save_pretrained(saved_path)  # Calls _save_pretrained and stores model tensors
 
             card = self.generate_model_card(
                 cfg.dataset.repo_id, self.config.type, self.config.license, self.config.tags

src/lerobot/rl/wandb_utils.py

@@ -112,7 +112,32 @@ class WandBLogger:
         artifact_name = f"{self._group}-{step_id}"
         artifact_name = get_safe_wandb_artifact_name(artifact_name)
         artifact = self._wandb.Artifact(artifact_name, type="model")
-        artifact.add_file(checkpoint_dir / PRETRAINED_MODEL_DIR / SAFETENSORS_SINGLE_FILE)
+        pretrained_model_dir = checkpoint_dir / PRETRAINED_MODEL_DIR
+
+        # Check if this is a PEFT model (has adapter files instead of model.safetensors)
+        adapter_model_file = pretrained_model_dir / "adapter_model.safetensors"
+        standard_model_file = pretrained_model_dir / SAFETENSORS_SINGLE_FILE
+
+        if adapter_model_file.exists():
+            # PEFT model: add adapter files and configs
+            artifact.add_file(adapter_model_file)
+            adapter_config_file = pretrained_model_dir / "adapter_config.json"
+            if adapter_config_file.exists():
+                artifact.add_file(adapter_config_file)
+            # Also add the policy config which is needed for loading
+            config_file = pretrained_model_dir / "config.json"
+            if config_file.exists():
+                artifact.add_file(config_file)
+        elif standard_model_file.exists():
+            # Standard model: add the single safetensors file
+            artifact.add_file(standard_model_file)
+        else:
+            logging.warning(
+                f"No {SAFETENSORS_SINGLE_FILE} or adapter_model.safetensors found in {pretrained_model_dir}. "
+                "Skipping model artifact upload to WandB."
+            )
+            return
+
         self._wandb.log_artifact(artifact)
 
     def log_dict(

src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_eval.py

@@ -278,9 +278,16 @@ def eval_policy(
         raise ValueError("If max_episodes_rendered > 0, videos_dir must be provided.")
 
     if not isinstance(policy, PreTrainedPolicy):
-        raise ValueError(
+        exc = ValueError(
             f"Policy of type 'PreTrainedPolicy' is expected, but type '{type(policy)}' was provided."
         )
+        try:
+            from peft import PeftModel
+
+            if not isinstance(policy, PeftModel):
+                raise exc
+        except ImportError:
+            raise exc from None
 
     start = time.time()
     policy.eval()

src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_record.py

@@ -193,8 +193,10 @@ class RecordConfig:
     def __post_init__(self):
         # HACK: We parse again the cli args here to get the pretrained path if there was one.
         policy_path = parser.get_path_arg("policy")
+
         if policy_path:
             cli_overrides = parser.get_cli_overrides("policy")
+
             self.policy = PreTrainedConfig.from_pretrained(policy_path, cli_overrides=cli_overrides)
             self.policy.pretrained_path = policy_path
 

src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_train.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+import dataclasses
 import logging
 import time
 from contextlib import nullcontext
@@ -147,6 +148,92 @@ def update_policy(
     return train_metrics, output_dict
 
 
+def get_default_peft_configuration(policy_type):
+    """Build a basic PEFT configuration for the given policy type assuming that we train a policy from a checkpoint."""
+
+    common_projections = "state_proj|action_in_proj|action_out_proj|action_time_mlp_in|action_time_mlp_out"
+
+    if policy_type == "smolvla":
+        return {
+            "target_modules": rf"(model\.vlm_with_expert\.lm_expert\..*\.(q|v)_proj|model\.({common_projections}))",
+            "modules_to_save": [],
+        }
+    elif policy_type in ("pi0", "pi05"):
+        return {
+            "target_modules": rf"(.*\.gemma_expert\..*\.self_attn.(q|v)_proj|model\.({common_projections}))",
+            "modules_to_save": [],
+        }
+
+    return {"modules_to_save": None}
+
+
+def wrap_policy_in_peft_model(cfg, policy):
+    from peft import PEFT_TYPE_TO_CONFIG_MAPPING, PeftType, get_peft_model
+
+    # Disable all gradients because we'll only train the parameters selected by the PEFT method.
+    # Layers that should receive gradients anyway need to be listed in `modules_to_save`.
+    for p in policy.parameters():
+        p.requires_grad_(False)
+
+    if not cfg.policy.pretrained_path:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Training from scratch using PEFT. This is unlikely to yield good results. "
+            "Supply a `policy.path` to fine-tune an existing model."
+        )
+
+    if cfg.policy.type == "smolvla" and not cfg.policy.load_vlm_weights:
+        logging.warning(
+            "Training SmolVLA from scratch using PEFT. This is unlikely to yield good results. Set "
+            "`load_vlm_weights=True` to fine-tune the existing policy."
+        )
+
+    peft_config_policy = get_default_peft_configuration(cfg.policy.type)
+    peft_config_cli = dataclasses.asdict(cfg.peft) if cfg.peft else {}
+    peft_config_cli["modules_to_save"] = peft_config_cli["full_training_modules"]  # compatibility with PEFT
+    peft_method_type = PeftType[peft_config_cli["method_type"].upper()]
+    peft_config_cls = PEFT_TYPE_TO_CONFIG_MAPPING[peft_method_type]
+
+    # Handle specific CLI overrides
+    for key in ["target_modules", "modules_to_save", "r"]:
+        if peft_config_cli[key] is not None:
+            peft_config_policy[key] = peft_config_cli[key]
+
+    if "target_modules" not in peft_config_policy:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"There is no default `target_modules` value for policy {cfg.policy.type}. Please pass it manually."
+        )
+
+    # Init method depends on the used PEFT method, your specific PEFT method
+    # might not be considered here, in that case an error is raised.
+    if peft_config_cli["init_type"] is not None:
+        if peft_method_type == "LORA":
+            peft_config_policy["init_lora_weights"] = peft_config_cli["init_type"]
+        elif peft_method_type == "MISS":
+            peft_config_policy["init_weights"] = peft_config_cli["init_type"]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Init type {peft_config_cli['init_type']} unknown for PEFT method {peft_method_type}."
+            )
+
+    # PEFT uses this attribute to set adapter_config.base_name_or_path which we use for loading the
+    # correct base model in `make_policy` since in a PEFT loading setting we only get the path to the
+    # adapter, not the base model.
+    if policy.config.pretrained_path:
+        policy.name_or_path = str(policy.config.pretrained_path)
+
+    # Finally wrap the policy in a PEFT model
+    policy = get_peft_model(
+        policy,
+        peft_config_cls(**peft_config_policy),
+    )
+
+    # Make sure that the config is tagged as using PEFT so that the loading code can take the
+    # appropriate steps to use the adapter weights and the PEFT config instead of the full model weights.
+    policy.config.use_peft = True
+
+    return policy
+
+
 @parser.wrap()
 def train(cfg: TrainPipelineConfig, accelerator: Accelerator | None = None):
     """
@@ -230,6 +317,10 @@ def train(cfg: TrainPipelineConfig, accelerator: Accelerator | None = None):
         rename_map=cfg.rename_map,
     )
 
+    if cfg.peft is not None:
+        logging.info("Using PEFT! Wrapping model.")
+        policy = wrap_policy_in_peft_model(cfg, policy)
+
     # Wait for all processes to finish policy creation before continuing
     accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
 
@@ -502,7 +593,10 @@ def train(cfg: TrainPipelineConfig, accelerator: Accelerator | None = None):
 
         if cfg.policy.push_to_hub:
             unwrapped_policy = accelerator.unwrap_model(policy)
-            unwrapped_policy.push_model_to_hub(cfg)
+            if cfg.policy.use_peft:
+                unwrapped_policy.push_model_to_hub(cfg, peft_model=unwrapped_policy)
+            else:
+                unwrapped_policy.push_model_to_hub(cfg)
             preprocessor.push_to_hub(cfg.policy.repo_id)
             postprocessor.push_to_hub(cfg.policy.repo_id)
 

src/lerobot/utils/train_utils.py

@@ -99,6 +99,10 @@ def save_checkpoint(
     pretrained_dir = checkpoint_dir / PRETRAINED_MODEL_DIR
     policy.save_pretrained(pretrained_dir)
     cfg.save_pretrained(pretrained_dir)
+    if cfg.peft is not None:
+        # When using PEFT, policy.save_pretrained will only write the adapter weights + config, not the
+        # policy config which we need for loading the model. In this case we'll write it ourselves.
+        policy.config.save_pretrained(pretrained_dir)
     if preprocessor is not None:
         preprocessor.save_pretrained(pretrained_dir)
     if postprocessor is not None:

tests/test_cli.py

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+import importlib
+import os
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+from safetensors.torch import load_file
+
+from .utils import require_package
+
+
+def run_command(cmd, module, args):
+    module = importlib.import_module(f"lerobot.scripts.{module}")
+    with patch("sys.argv", [cmd] + args):
+        module.main()
+
+
+def lerobot_train(args):
+    return run_command(cmd="lerobot-train", module="lerobot_train", args=args)
+
+
+def lerobot_record(args):
+    return run_command(cmd="lerobot-record", module="lerobot_record", args=args)
+
+
+def resolve_model_id_for_peft_training(policy_type):
+    """PEFT training needs pretrained models, this finds the pretrained model of a policy type for PEFT training."""
+    if policy_type == "smolvla":
+        return "lerobot/smolvla_base"
+
+    raise ValueError(f"No pretrained model known for {policy_type}. PEFT training will not work.")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("policy_type", ["smolvla"])
+@require_package("peft")
+def test_peft_training_push_to_hub_works(policy_type, tmp_path):
+    """Ensure that push to hub stores PEFT only the adapter, not the full model weights."""
+    output_dir = tmp_path / f"output_{policy_type}"
+    upload_folder_contents = set()
+
+    model_id = resolve_model_id_for_peft_training(policy_type)
+
+    def mock_upload_folder(*args, **kwargs):
+        folder_path = kwargs["folder_path"]
+        # we include more than is actually uploaded since we ignore {allow,ignore}_patterns of upload_folders()
+        upload_folder_contents.update(os.listdir(folder_path))
+        return MagicMock()
+
+    with (
+        patch("huggingface_hub.HfApi.create_repo"),
+        patch("huggingface_hub.HfApi.upload_folder", mock_upload_folder),
+    ):
+        lerobot_train(
+            [
+                f"--policy.path={model_id}",
+                "--policy.push_to_hub=true",
+                "--policy.repo_id=foo/bar",
+                "--policy.input_features=null",
+                "--policy.output_features=null",
+                "--peft.method=LORA",
+                "--dataset.repo_id=lerobot/pusht",
+                "--dataset.episodes=[0, 1]",
+                "--steps=1",
+                f"--output_dir={output_dir}",
+            ]
+        )
+
+        assert "adapter_model.safetensors" in upload_folder_contents
+        assert "config.json" in upload_folder_contents
+        assert "adapter_config.json" in upload_folder_contents
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("policy_type", ["smolvla"])
+@require_package("peft")
+def test_peft_training_works(policy_type, tmp_path):
+    """Check whether the standard case of fine-tuning a (partially) pre-trained policy with PEFT works."""
+    output_dir = tmp_path / f"output_{policy_type}"
+    model_id = resolve_model_id_for_peft_training(policy_type)
+
+    lerobot_train(
+        [
+            f"--policy.path={model_id}",
+            "--policy.push_to_hub=false",
+            "--policy.input_features=null",
+            "--policy.output_features=null",
+            "--peft.method=LORA",
+            "--dataset.repo_id=lerobot/pusht",
+            "--dataset.episodes=[0, 1]",
+            "--steps=1",
+            f"--output_dir={output_dir}",
+        ]
+    )
+
+    policy_dir = output_dir / "checkpoints" / "last" / "pretrained_model"
+
+    for file in ["adapter_config.json", "adapter_model.safetensors", "config.json"]:
+        assert (policy_dir / file).exists()
+
+    # This is the default case where we train a pre-trained policy from scratch with new data.
+    # We assume that we target policy-specific modules but fully fine-tune action and state projections
+    # so these must be part of the trained state dict.
+    state_dict = load_file(policy_dir / "adapter_model.safetensors")
+
+    adapted_keys = [
+        "state_proj",
+        "action_in_proj",
+        "action_out_proj",
+        "action_time_mlp_in",
+        "action_time_mlp_out",
+    ]
+
+    found_keys = [
+        module_key
+        for module_key in adapted_keys
+        for state_dict_key in state_dict
+        if f".{module_key}." in state_dict_key
+    ]
+
+    assert set(found_keys) == set(adapted_keys)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("policy_type", ["smolvla"])
+@require_package("peft")
+def test_peft_training_params_are_fewer(policy_type, tmp_path):
+    """Check whether the standard case of fine-tuning a (partially) pre-trained policy with PEFT works."""
+    output_dir = tmp_path / f"output_{policy_type}"
+    model_id = resolve_model_id_for_peft_training(policy_type)
+
+    def dummy_update_policy(
+        train_metrics, policy, batch, optimizer, grad_clip_norm: float, accelerator, **kwargs
+    ):
+        params_total = sum(p.numel() for p in policy.parameters())
+        params_trainable = sum(p.numel() for p in policy.parameters() if p.requires_grad)
+
+        assert params_total > params_trainable
+
+        return train_metrics, {}
+
+    with patch("lerobot.scripts.lerobot_train.update_policy", dummy_update_policy):
+        lerobot_train(
+            [
+                f"--policy.path={model_id}",
+                "--policy.push_to_hub=false",
+                "--policy.input_features=null",
+                "--policy.output_features=null",
+                "--peft.method=LORA",
+                "--dataset.repo_id=lerobot/pusht",
+                "--dataset.episodes=[0, 1]",
+                "--steps=1",
+                f"--output_dir={output_dir}",
+            ]
+        )
+
+
+class DummyRobot:
+    name = "dummy"
+    cameras = []
+    action_features = {"foo": 1.0, "bar": 2.0}
+    observation_features = {"obs1": 1.0, "obs2": 2.0}
+    is_connected = True
+
+    def connect(self, *args):
+        pass
+
+    def disconnect(self):
+        pass
+
+
+def dummy_make_robot_from_config(*args, **kwargs):
+    return DummyRobot()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("policy_type", ["smolvla"])
+@require_package("peft")
+def test_peft_record_loads_policy(policy_type, tmp_path):
+    """Train a policy with PEFT and attempt to load it with `lerobot-record`."""
+    from peft import PeftModel
+
+    output_dir = tmp_path / f"output_{policy_type}"
+    model_id = resolve_model_id_for_peft_training(policy_type)
+
+    lerobot_train(
+        [
+            f"--policy.path={model_id}",
+            "--policy.push_to_hub=false",
+            "--policy.input_features=null",
+            "--policy.output_features=null",
+            "--peft.method=LORA",
+            "--dataset.repo_id=lerobot/pusht",
+            "--dataset.episodes=[0, 1]",
+            "--steps=1",
+            f"--output_dir={output_dir}",
+        ]
+    )
+
+    policy_dir = output_dir / "checkpoints" / "last" / "pretrained_model"
+    dataset_dir = tmp_path / "eval_pusht"
+    single_task = "move the table"
+    loaded_policy = None
+
+    def dummy_record_loop(*args, **kwargs):
+        nonlocal loaded_policy
+
+        if "dataset" not in kwargs:
+            return
+
+        dataset = kwargs["dataset"]
+        dataset.add_frame({"task": single_task})
+        loaded_policy = kwargs["policy"]
+
+    with (
+        patch("lerobot.robots.make_robot_from_config", dummy_make_robot_from_config),
+        # disable record loop since we're only interested in successful loading of the policy.
+        patch("lerobot.scripts.lerobot_record.record_loop", dummy_record_loop),
+        # disable speech output
+        patch("lerobot.utils.utils.say"),
+    ):
+        lerobot_record(
+            [
+                f"--policy.path={policy_dir}",
+                "--robot.type=so101_follower",
+                "--robot.port=/dev/null",
+                "--dataset.repo_id=lerobot/eval_pusht",
+                f'--dataset.single_task="{single_task}"',
+                f"--dataset.root={dataset_dir}",
+                "--dataset.push_to_hub=false",
+            ]
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(loaded_policy, PeftModel)

tests/utils/test_train_utils.py

@@ -82,6 +82,20 @@ def test_save_checkpoint(mock_save_training_state, tmp_path, optimizer):
     mock_save_training_state.assert_called_once()
 
 
+@patch("lerobot.utils.train_utils.save_training_state")
+def test_save_checkpoint_peft(mock_save_training_state, tmp_path, optimizer):
+    policy = Mock()
+    policy.config = Mock()
+    policy.config.save_pretrained = Mock()
+    cfg = Mock()
+    cfg.use_peft = True
+    save_checkpoint(tmp_path, 10, cfg, policy, optimizer)
+    policy.save_pretrained.assert_called_once()
+    cfg.save_pretrained.assert_called_once()
+    policy.config.save_pretrained.assert_called_once()
+    mock_save_training_state.assert_called_once()
+
+
 def test_save_training_state(tmp_path, optimizer, scheduler):
     save_training_state(tmp_path, 10, optimizer, scheduler)
     assert (tmp_path / TRAINING_STATE_DIR).is_dir()