fix(eval): use FeatureType enum comparison instead of string value

- Record raw env observations inline during rollout(), before
preprocess_observation() transforms them. Uses LeRobotDataset.create()
with add_frame()/save_episode().

- Supports vectorized envs: each env in the batch records independently,
with save_episode() called per env on termination. Each task gets its
own dataset under output_dir/recordings/{task_group}_{task_id}/.

Enabled via --eval.recording=true; disabled by default.

docs/source/hil_data_collection.mdx

@@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ The `lerobot-rollout --strategy.type=dagger` mode requires **teleoperators with
 
 **Compatible teleoperators:**
 
-- `bi_openarm_mini` - Bimanual OpenArm Mini
+- `openarm_mini` - OpenArm Mini
 - `so_leader` - SO100 / SO101 leader arm
 
 > [!IMPORTANT]
-> The provided commands default to `bi_openarm_follower` + `bi_openarm_mini`.
+> The provided commands default to `bi_openarm_follower` + `openarm_mini`.
 > `so_follower` + `so_leader` configs are also registered and can be used via CLI flags.
 
 ---
@@ -104,9 +104,9 @@ lerobot-rollout --strategy.type=dagger \
     --robot.right_arm_config.port=can0 \
     --robot.right_arm_config.side=right \
     --robot.cameras='{left_wrist: {type: opencv, index_or_path: "/dev/video0", width: 1280, height: 720, fps: 30}, right_wrist: {type: opencv, index_or_path: "/dev/video4", width: 1280, height: 720, fps: 30}, base: {type: opencv, index_or_path: "/dev/video2", width: 640, height: 480, fps: 30}}' \
-    --teleop.type=bi_openarm_mini \
-    --teleop.left_arm_config.port=/dev/ttyACM0 \
-    --teleop.right_arm_config.port=/dev/ttyACM1 \
+    --teleop.type=openarm_mini \
+    --teleop.port_left=/dev/ttyACM0 \
+    --teleop.port_right=/dev/ttyACM1 \
     --policy.path=outputs/pretrain/checkpoints/last/pretrained_model \
     --dataset.repo_id=your-username/rollout_hil_dataset \
     --dataset.single_task="Fold the T-shirt properly" \
@@ -131,9 +131,9 @@ lerobot-rollout --strategy.type=dagger \
     --robot.right_arm_config.port=can0 \
     --robot.right_arm_config.side=right \
     --robot.cameras='{left_wrist: {type: opencv, index_or_path: "/dev/video0", width: 1280, height: 720, fps: 30}, right_wrist: {type: opencv, index_or_path: "/dev/video4", width: 1280, height: 720, fps: 30}, base: {type: opencv, index_or_path: "/dev/video2", width: 640, height: 480, fps: 30}}' \
-    --teleop.type=bi_openarm_mini \
-    --teleop.left_arm_config.port=/dev/ttyACM0 \
-    --teleop.right_arm_config.port=/dev/ttyACM1 \
+    --teleop.type=openarm_mini \
+    --teleop.port_left=/dev/ttyACM0 \
+    --teleop.port_right=/dev/ttyACM1 \
     --policy.path=outputs/pretrain/checkpoints/last/pretrained_model \
     --dataset.repo_id=your-username/rollout_hil_rtc_dataset \
     --dataset.single_task="Fold the T-shirt properly" \

docs/source/inference.mdx

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ lerobot-rollout \
     --strategy.num_episodes=20 \
     --policy.path=outputs/pretrain/checkpoints/last/pretrained_model \
     --robot.type=bi_openarm_follower \
-    --teleop.type=bi_openarm_mini \
+    --teleop.type=openarm_mini \
     --dataset.repo_id=${HF_USER}/rollout_hil_data \
     --dataset.single_task="Fold the T-shirt"
 ```

src/lerobot/annotations/steerable_pipeline/writer.py

@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@ from typing import Any
 import pyarrow as pa
 import pyarrow.parquet as pq
 
-from lerobot.datasets.io_utils import write_table_one_row_group_per_episode
 from lerobot.datasets.language import (
     EVENT_ONLY_STYLES,
     LANGUAGE_EVENTS,
@@ -275,11 +274,12 @@ class LanguageColumnsWriter:
         new_table = self._materialize_table(
             table, per_row_persistent, per_row_events, drop_old=self.drop_existing_subtask_index
         )
-        # Re-emit one row group per episode (a bulk pq.write_table would collapse
-        # them into one). Write to a sibling tmp path and atomically rename so a
-        # crash mid-write can't leave a half-written shard.
+        # Atomic replace: write to a sibling tmp path and rename so a crash
+        # mid-write can't leave a half-written shard that ``pq.read_table``
+        # would then fail to open. ``Path.replace`` is atomic on POSIX +
+        # Windows when source and target sit on the same filesystem.
         tmp_path = path.with_suffix(path.suffix + ".tmp")
-        write_table_one_row_group_per_episode(new_table, tmp_path)
+        pq.write_table(new_table, tmp_path)
         tmp_path.replace(path)
 
     def _materialize_table(

src/lerobot/configs/default.py

@@ -73,6 +73,8 @@ class EvalConfig:
     # `use_async_envs` specifies whether to use asynchronous environments (multiprocessing).
     # Defaults to True; automatically downgraded to SyncVectorEnv when batch_size=1.
     use_async_envs: bool = True
+    # Whether to record eval rollouts as a LeRobot v3.0 dataset on disk.
+    recording: bool = False
 
     def __post_init__(self) -> None:
         if self.batch_size == 0:

src/lerobot/datasets/aggregate.py

@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ from .feature_utils import features_equal_for_merge, get_hf_features_from_featur
 from .io_utils import (
     get_file_size_in_mb,
     get_parquet_file_size_in_mb,
-    to_parquet_one_row_group_per_episode,
     to_parquet_with_hf_images,
     write_info,
     write_stats,
@@ -552,7 +551,6 @@ def aggregate_data(src_meta, dst_meta, data_idx, data_files_size_in_mb, chunk_si
             aggr_root=dst_meta.root,
             hf_features=hf_features,
             concatenate=concatenate_data,
-            one_row_group_per_episode=True,
         )
 
         # Record the mapping from source to actual destination
@@ -630,7 +628,6 @@ def append_or_create_parquet_file(
     aggr_root: Path = None,
     hf_features: datasets.Features | None = None,
     concatenate: bool = True,
-    one_row_group_per_episode: bool = False,
 ) -> tuple[dict[str, int], tuple[int, int]]:
     """Appends data to an existing parquet file or creates a new one based on size constraints.
 
@@ -648,8 +645,6 @@ def append_or_create_parquet_file(
         aggr_root: Root path for the aggregated dataset.
         hf_features: Optional HuggingFace Features schema for proper image typing.
         concatenate: When False, always rotate to a new file instead of appending to the current one.
-        one_row_group_per_episode: True for DATA parquet (emit one row group per episode); False for
-            the episodes-metadata parquet (already one row per episode).
 
     Returns:
         tuple: (updated_idx, (dst_chunk, dst_file)) where updated_idx is the index dict
@@ -662,8 +657,6 @@ def append_or_create_parquet_file(
         dst_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
         if contains_images:
             to_parquet_with_hf_images(df, dst_path, features=hf_features)
-        elif one_row_group_per_episode:
-            to_parquet_one_row_group_per_episode(df, dst_path)
         else:
             df.to_parquet(dst_path)
         return idx, (dst_chunk, dst_file)
@@ -690,8 +683,6 @@ def append_or_create_parquet_file(
 
     if contains_images:
         to_parquet_with_hf_images(final_df, target_path, features=hf_features)
-    elif one_row_group_per_episode:
-        to_parquet_one_row_group_per_episode(final_df, target_path)
     else:
         final_df.to_parquet(target_path)
 

src/lerobot/datasets/dataset_metadata.py

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 import contextlib
 from collections.abc import Callable
-from copy import deepcopy
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -710,7 +709,7 @@ class LeRobotDatasetMetadata:
 
         obj.root.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=False)
 
-        features = {**deepcopy(features), **DEFAULT_FEATURES}
+        features = {**features, **DEFAULT_FEATURES}
         _validate_feature_names(features)
 
         obj.tasks = None

src/lerobot/datasets/dataset_tools.py

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ import logging
 import shutil
 from collections.abc import Callable
 from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor, ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
-from copy import deepcopy
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import datasets
@@ -1102,9 +1101,7 @@ def _copy_episodes_metadata_and_stats(
     if dst_meta.video_keys and src_dataset.meta.video_keys:
         for key in dst_meta.video_keys:
             if key in src_dataset.meta.features:
-                dst_meta.info.features[key]["info"] = deepcopy(
-                    src_dataset.meta.info.features[key].get("info", {})
-                )
+                dst_meta.info.features[key]["info"] = src_dataset.meta.info.features[key].get("info", {})
 
     write_info(dst_meta.info, dst_meta.root)
 

src/lerobot/datasets/io_utils.py

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import datasets
 import numpy as np
 import pandas
 import pandas as pd
-import pyarrow as pa
 import pyarrow.dataset as pa_ds
 import pyarrow.parquet as pq
 import torch
@@ -271,49 +270,21 @@ def hf_transform_to_torch(items_dict: dict[str, list[Any]]) -> dict[str, list[to
     return items_dict
 
 
-def write_table_one_row_group_per_episode(table: pa.Table, path: Path) -> None:
-    """Write ``table`` with one parquet row group per episode (in episode order).
-
-    Keeps shards random-access friendly (``read_row_group(i)`` fetches episode i),
-    mirroring the recording writer. ``table`` must carry a contiguous
-    ``episode_index`` column.
-    """
-    episode_index = table.column("episode_index").to_numpy(zero_copy_only=False)
-    starts = np.concatenate(([0], np.nonzero(np.diff(episode_index))[0] + 1))
-    writer = pq.ParquetWriter(str(path), table.schema, compression="snappy", use_dictionary=True)
-    try:
-        for start, stop in zip(starts, np.append(starts[1:], len(episode_index)), strict=True):
-            writer.write_table(table.slice(start, stop - start))  # one episode -> one row group
-    finally:
-        writer.close()
-
-
 def to_parquet_with_hf_images(
     df: pandas.DataFrame, path: Path, features: datasets.Features | None = None
 ) -> None:
-    """Write a DataFrame with HF-encoded images to parquet, one row group per episode.
+    """This function correctly writes to parquet a panda DataFrame that contains images encoded by HF dataset.
+    This way, it can be loaded by HF dataset and correctly formatted images are returned.
 
-    Images are embedded into the arrow table first (``ParquetWriter.write_table``
-    does not embed external image files like ``Dataset.to_parquet`` does).
-    ``features`` types image columns as ``Image()`` in the parquet schema.
+    Args:
+        df: DataFrame to write to parquet.
+        path: Path to write the parquet file.
+        features: Optional HuggingFace Features schema. If provided, ensures image columns
+                  are properly typed as Image() in the parquet schema.
     """
+    # TODO(qlhoest): replace this weird synthax by `df.to_parquet(path)` only
     ds = datasets.Dataset.from_dict(df.to_dict(orient="list"), features=features)
-    ds = embed_images(ds)
-    table = ds.with_format("arrow")[:]
-    if "episode_index" in table.column_names:
-        write_table_one_row_group_per_episode(table, path)
-    else:
-        # No episode boundaries to align row groups to — keep a single write.
-        pq.write_table(table, str(path))
-
-
-def to_parquet_one_row_group_per_episode(df: pandas.DataFrame, path: Path) -> None:
-    """Write a (non-image) DataFrame to parquet with one row group per episode."""
-    table = pa.Table.from_pandas(df, preserve_index=False)
-    if "episode_index" in table.column_names:
-        write_table_one_row_group_per_episode(table, path)
-    else:
-        pq.write_table(table, str(path))
+    ds.to_parquet(path)
 
 
 def item_to_torch(item: dict) -> dict:

src/lerobot/datasets/pipeline_features.py

@@ -70,21 +70,19 @@ def aggregate_pipeline_dataset_features(
     initial_features: dict[PipelineFeatureType, dict[str, Any]],
     *,
     use_videos: bool = True,
-    exclude_images: bool = False,
     patterns: Sequence[str] | None = None,
 ) -> dict[str, dict]:
     """
     Aggregates and filters pipeline features to create a dataset-ready features dictionary.
 
     This function transforms initial features using the pipeline, categorizes them as action or observations
-    (image or state), filters them based on `exclude_images` and `patterns`, and finally
+    (image or state), filters them based on `use_videos` and `patterns`, and finally
     formats them for use with a Hugging Face LeRobot Dataset.
 
     Args:
         pipeline: The DataProcessorPipeline to apply.
         initial_features: A dictionary of raw feature specs for actions and observations.
-        use_videos: Controls the storage dtype for image features. If True, images are stored as "video"; if False, they are stored as "image".
-        exclude_images: If True, image features are dropped entirely from the output.
+        use_videos: If False, image features are excluded.
         patterns: A sequence of regex patterns to filter action and state features.
                   Image features are not affected by this filter.
 
@@ -122,7 +120,7 @@ def aggregate_pipeline_dataset_features(
             )
 
             # 2. Apply filtering rules.
-            if is_image and exclude_images:
+            if is_image and not use_videos:
                 continue
             if not is_image and not should_keep(key, compiled_patterns):
                 continue

src/lerobot/robots/bi_openarm_follower/bi_openarm_follower.py

@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@ import logging
 from functools import cached_property
 
 from lerobot.types import RobotAction, RobotObservation
-from lerobot.utils.bimanual import BimanualMixin
-from lerobot.utils.decorators import check_if_not_connected
+from lerobot.utils.decorators import check_if_already_connected, check_if_not_connected
 
 from ..openarm_follower import OpenArmFollower, OpenArmFollowerConfig
 from ..robot import Robot
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ from .config_bi_openarm_follower import BiOpenArmFollowerConfig
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-class BiOpenArmFollower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
+class BiOpenArmFollower(Robot):
     """
     Bimanual OpenArm Follower Arms
     """
@@ -40,17 +39,15 @@ class BiOpenArmFollower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
         super().__init__(config)
         self.config = config
 
-        # Top-level cameras are opened by `left_arm` for convenience, but their
-        # keys stay unprefixed in observations (tracked via `_top_level_cam_keys`).
-        self._top_level_cam_keys = set(config.cameras)
-        _collisions = self._top_level_cam_keys & set(
-            config.left_arm_config.cameras
-        ) | self._top_level_cam_keys & set(config.right_arm_config.cameras)
-        if _collisions:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"Top-level camera names collide with per-arm camera names: {sorted(_collisions)}"
-            )
-        left_arm_cameras = {**config.left_arm_config.cameras, **config.cameras}
+        # Top-level cameras are distributed evenly: each arm's OpenArmFollower
+        # will only open the cameras assigned to it. Per-arm cameras are used
+        # as fallback when top-level cameras are empty.
+        if config.cameras:
+            left_cameras = config.cameras
+            right_cameras = {}
+        else:
+            left_cameras = config.left_arm_config.cameras
+            right_cameras = config.right_arm_config.cameras
 
         left_arm_config = OpenArmFollowerConfig(
             id=f"{config.id}_left" if config.id else None,
@@ -59,7 +56,7 @@ class BiOpenArmFollower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
             disable_torque_on_disconnect=config.left_arm_config.disable_torque_on_disconnect,
             use_velocity_and_torque=config.left_arm_config.use_velocity_and_torque,
             max_relative_target=config.left_arm_config.max_relative_target,
-            cameras=left_arm_cameras,
+            cameras=left_cameras,
             side=config.left_arm_config.side,
             can_interface=config.left_arm_config.can_interface,
             use_can_fd=config.left_arm_config.use_can_fd,
@@ -78,7 +75,7 @@ class BiOpenArmFollower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
             disable_torque_on_disconnect=config.right_arm_config.disable_torque_on_disconnect,
             use_velocity_and_torque=config.right_arm_config.use_velocity_and_torque,
             max_relative_target=config.right_arm_config.max_relative_target,
-            cameras=config.right_arm_config.cameras,
+            cameras=right_cameras,
             side=config.right_arm_config.side,
             can_interface=config.right_arm_config.can_interface,
             use_can_fd=config.right_arm_config.use_can_fd,
@@ -98,19 +95,22 @@ class BiOpenArmFollower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
 
     @property
     def _motors_ft(self) -> dict[str, type]:
+        left_arm_motors_ft = self.left_arm._motors_ft
+        right_arm_motors_ft = self.right_arm._motors_ft
+
+        # Right first, then left — matches the teleoperator (OpenArmMini) ordering
+        # and the dataset feature names recorded during data collection.
         return {
-            **{f"left_{k}": v for k, v in self.left_arm._motors_ft.items()},
-            **{f"right_{k}": v for k, v in self.right_arm._motors_ft.items()},
+            **{f"right_{k}": v for k, v in right_arm_motors_ft.items()},
+            **{f"left_{k}": v for k, v in left_arm_motors_ft.items()},
         }
 
     @property
     def _cameras_ft(self) -> dict[str, tuple]:
-        out: dict[str, tuple] = {}
-        for k, v in self.left_arm._cameras_ft.items():
-            out[k if k in self._top_level_cam_keys else f"left_{k}"] = v
-        for k, v in self.right_arm._cameras_ft.items():
-            out[f"right_{k}"] = v
-        return out
+        # Cameras already have unique user-chosen names (e.g. "left_wrist", "base",
+        # "right_wrist"), so we merge them directly — unlike motors which need the
+        # left_/right_ prefix to disambiguate identical per-arm joint names.
+        return {**self.left_arm._cameras_ft, **self.right_arm._cameras_ft}
 
     @cached_property
     def observation_features(self) -> dict[str, type | tuple]:
@@ -120,6 +120,27 @@ class BiOpenArmFollower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
     def action_features(self) -> dict[str, type]:
         return self._motors_ft
 
+    @property
+    def is_connected(self) -> bool:
+        return self.left_arm.is_connected and self.right_arm.is_connected
+
+    @check_if_already_connected
+    def connect(self, calibrate: bool = True) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.connect(calibrate)
+        self.right_arm.connect(calibrate)
+
+    @property
+    def is_calibrated(self) -> bool:
+        return self.left_arm.is_calibrated and self.right_arm.is_calibrated
+
+    def calibrate(self) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.calibrate()
+        self.right_arm.calibrate()
+
+    def configure(self) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.configure()
+        self.right_arm.configure()
+
     def setup_motors(self) -> None:
         raise NotImplementedError(
             "Motor ID configuration is typically done via manufacturer tools for CAN motors."
@@ -127,15 +148,21 @@ class BiOpenArmFollower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
 
     @check_if_not_connected
     def get_observation(self) -> RobotObservation:
-        obs_dict: RobotObservation = {}
+        obs_dict = {}
 
-        # Add "left_" prefix to per-arm keys; keep top-level camera keys unprefixed.
-        for key, value in self.left_arm.get_observation().items():
-            obs_dict[key if key in self._top_level_cam_keys else f"left_{key}"] = value
+        # Camera keys that should NOT get the arm prefix (they already have unique names)
+        left_cam_keys = set(self.left_arm.cameras.keys())
+        right_cam_keys = set(self.right_arm.cameras.keys())
 
-        # Add "right_" prefix
-        for key, value in self.right_arm.get_observation().items():
-            obs_dict[f"right_{key}"] = value
+        # Right first, then left — matches the teleoperator (OpenArmMini) ordering
+        # and the dataset feature names recorded during data collection.
+        right_obs = self.right_arm.get_observation()
+        for key, value in right_obs.items():
+            obs_dict[key if key in right_cam_keys else f"right_{key}"] = value
+
+        left_obs = self.left_arm.get_observation()
+        for key, value in left_obs.items():
+            obs_dict[key if key in left_cam_keys else f"left_{key}"] = value
 
         return obs_dict
 
@@ -162,4 +189,9 @@ class BiOpenArmFollower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
         prefixed_sent_action_left = {f"left_{key}": value for key, value in sent_action_left.items()}
         prefixed_sent_action_right = {f"right_{key}": value for key, value in sent_action_right.items()}
 
-        return {**prefixed_sent_action_left, **prefixed_sent_action_right}
+        return {**prefixed_sent_action_right, **prefixed_sent_action_left}
+
+    @check_if_not_connected
+    def disconnect(self):
+        self.left_arm.disconnect()
+        self.right_arm.disconnect()

src/lerobot/robots/bi_openarm_follower/config_bi_openarm_follower.py

@@ -32,7 +32,5 @@ class BiOpenArmFollowerConfig(RobotConfig):
     left_arm_config: OpenArmFollowerConfigBase
     right_arm_config: OpenArmFollowerConfigBase
 
-    # Top-level cameras not attached to a specific side. Keys are kept as-is in
-    # observations (no `left_`/`right_` prefix). Per-arm cameras (declared on
-    # `{left,right}_arm_config.cameras`) are prefixed.
+    # Top-level cameras shared across both arms.
     cameras: dict[str, CameraConfig] = field(default_factory=dict)

src/lerobot/robots/bi_rebot_b601_follower/bi_rebot_b601_follower.py

@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@ import logging
 from functools import cached_property
 
 from lerobot.types import RobotAction, RobotObservation
-from lerobot.utils.bimanual import BimanualMixin
-from lerobot.utils.decorators import check_if_not_connected
+from lerobot.utils.decorators import check_if_already_connected, check_if_not_connected
 
 from ..rebot_b601_follower import RebotB601Follower, RebotB601FollowerRobotConfig
 from ..robot import Robot
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ from .config_bi_rebot_b601_follower import BiRebotB601FollowerConfig
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-class BiRebotB601Follower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
+class BiRebotB601Follower(Robot):
     """Bimanual Seeed Studio reBot B601-DM follower.
 
     Composes two single-arm :class:`RebotB601Follower` instances. Observation and
@@ -42,18 +41,6 @@ class BiRebotB601Follower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
         super().__init__(config)
         self.config = config
 
-        # Top-level cameras are opened by `left_arm` for convenience, but their
-        # keys stay unprefixed in observations (tracked via `_top_level_cam_keys`).
-        self._top_level_cam_keys = set(config.cameras)
-        _collisions = self._top_level_cam_keys & set(
-            config.left_arm_config.cameras
-        ) | self._top_level_cam_keys & set(config.right_arm_config.cameras)
-        if _collisions:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"Top-level camera names collide with per-arm camera names: {sorted(_collisions)}"
-            )
-        left_arm_cameras = {**config.left_arm_config.cameras, **config.cameras}
-
         left_arm_config = RebotB601FollowerRobotConfig(
             id=f"{config.id}_left" if config.id else None,
             calibration_dir=config.calibration_dir,
@@ -62,7 +49,7 @@ class BiRebotB601Follower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
             dm_serial_baud=config.left_arm_config.dm_serial_baud,
             disable_torque_on_disconnect=config.left_arm_config.disable_torque_on_disconnect,
             max_relative_target=config.left_arm_config.max_relative_target,
-            cameras=left_arm_cameras,
+            cameras=config.left_arm_config.cameras,
             motor_can_ids=config.left_arm_config.motor_can_ids,
             pos_vel_velocity=config.left_arm_config.pos_vel_velocity,
             gripper_torque_ratio=config.left_arm_config.gripper_torque_ratio,
@@ -99,12 +86,10 @@ class BiRebotB601Follower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
 
     @property
     def _cameras_ft(self) -> dict[str, tuple]:
-        out: dict[str, tuple] = {}
-        for k, v in self.left_arm._cameras_ft.items():
-            out[k if k in self._top_level_cam_keys else f"left_{k}"] = v
-        for k, v in self.right_arm._cameras_ft.items():
-            out[f"right_{k}"] = v
-        return out
+        return {
+            **{f"left_{k}": v for k, v in self.left_arm._cameras_ft.items()},
+            **{f"right_{k}": v for k, v in self.right_arm._cameras_ft.items()},
+        }
 
     @cached_property
     def observation_features(self) -> dict[str, type | tuple]:
@@ -114,13 +99,32 @@ class BiRebotB601Follower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
     def action_features(self) -> dict[str, type]:
         return self._motors_ft
 
+    @property
+    def is_connected(self) -> bool:
+        return self.left_arm.is_connected and self.right_arm.is_connected
+
+    @check_if_already_connected
+    def connect(self, calibrate: bool = True) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.connect(calibrate)
+        self.right_arm.connect(calibrate)
+
+    @property
+    def is_calibrated(self) -> bool:
+        return self.left_arm.is_calibrated and self.right_arm.is_calibrated
+
+    def calibrate(self) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.calibrate()
+        self.right_arm.calibrate()
+
+    def configure(self) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.configure()
+        self.right_arm.configure()
+
     @check_if_not_connected
     def get_observation(self) -> RobotObservation:
-        obs_dict: RobotObservation = {}
-        for k, v in self.left_arm.get_observation().items():
-            obs_dict[k if k in self._top_level_cam_keys else f"left_{k}"] = v
-        for k, v in self.right_arm.get_observation().items():
-            obs_dict[f"right_{k}"] = v
+        obs_dict = {}
+        obs_dict.update({f"left_{k}": v for k, v in self.left_arm.get_observation().items()})
+        obs_dict.update({f"right_{k}": v for k, v in self.right_arm.get_observation().items()})
         return obs_dict
 
     @check_if_not_connected
@@ -139,3 +143,8 @@ class BiRebotB601Follower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
             **{f"left_{k}": v for k, v in sent_action_left.items()},
             **{f"right_{k}": v for k, v in sent_action_right.items()},
         }
+
+    @check_if_not_connected
+    def disconnect(self) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.disconnect()
+        self.right_arm.disconnect()

src/lerobot/robots/bi_rebot_b601_follower/config_bi_rebot_b601_follower.py

@@ -14,9 +14,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-
-from lerobot.cameras import CameraConfig
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 
 from ..config import RobotConfig
 from ..rebot_b601_follower import RebotB601FollowerConfig
@@ -29,8 +27,3 @@ class BiRebotB601FollowerConfig(RobotConfig):
 
     left_arm_config: RebotB601FollowerConfig
     right_arm_config: RebotB601FollowerConfig
-
-    # Top-level cameras not attached to a specific side. Keys are kept as-is in
-    # observations (no `left_`/`right_` prefix). Per-arm cameras (declared on
-    # `{left,right}_arm_config.cameras`) are prefixed.
-    cameras: dict[str, CameraConfig] = field(default_factory=dict)

src/lerobot/robots/bi_so_follower/bi_so_follower.py

@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@ import logging
 from functools import cached_property
 
 from lerobot.types import RobotAction, RobotObservation
-from lerobot.utils.bimanual import BimanualMixin
-from lerobot.utils.decorators import check_if_not_connected
+from lerobot.utils.decorators import check_if_already_connected, check_if_not_connected
 
 from ..robot import Robot
 from ..so_follower import SOFollower, SOFollowerRobotConfig
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ from .config_bi_so_follower import BiSOFollowerConfig
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-class BiSOFollower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
+class BiSOFollower(Robot):
     """
     [Bimanual SO Follower Arms](https://github.com/TheRobotStudio/SO-ARM100) designed by TheRobotStudio
     """
@@ -40,18 +39,6 @@ class BiSOFollower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
         super().__init__(config)
         self.config = config
 
-        # Top-level cameras are opened by `left_arm` for convenience, but their
-        # keys stay unprefixed in observations (tracked via `_top_level_cam_keys`).
-        self._top_level_cam_keys = set(config.cameras)
-        _collisions = self._top_level_cam_keys & set(
-            config.left_arm_config.cameras
-        ) | self._top_level_cam_keys & set(config.right_arm_config.cameras)
-        if _collisions:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"Top-level camera names collide with per-arm camera names: {sorted(_collisions)}"
-            )
-        left_arm_cameras = {**config.left_arm_config.cameras, **config.cameras}
-
         left_arm_config = SOFollowerRobotConfig(
             id=f"{config.id}_left" if config.id else None,
             calibration_dir=config.calibration_dir,
@@ -59,7 +46,7 @@ class BiSOFollower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
             disable_torque_on_disconnect=config.left_arm_config.disable_torque_on_disconnect,
             max_relative_target=config.left_arm_config.max_relative_target,
             use_degrees=config.left_arm_config.use_degrees,
-            cameras=left_arm_cameras,
+            cameras=config.left_arm_config.cameras,
         )
 
         right_arm_config = SOFollowerRobotConfig(
@@ -90,12 +77,13 @@ class BiSOFollower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
 
     @property
     def _cameras_ft(self) -> dict[str, tuple]:
-        out: dict[str, tuple] = {}
-        for k, v in self.left_arm._cameras_ft.items():
-            out[k if k in self._top_level_cam_keys else f"left_{k}"] = v
-        for k, v in self.right_arm._cameras_ft.items():
-            out[f"right_{k}"] = v
-        return out
+        left_arm_cameras_ft = self.left_arm._cameras_ft
+        right_arm_cameras_ft = self.right_arm._cameras_ft
+
+        return {
+            **{f"left_{k}": v for k, v in left_arm_cameras_ft.items()},
+            **{f"right_{k}": v for k, v in right_arm_cameras_ft.items()},
+        }
 
     @cached_property
     def observation_features(self) -> dict[str, type | tuple]:
@@ -105,21 +93,42 @@ class BiSOFollower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
     def action_features(self) -> dict[str, type]:
         return self._motors_ft
 
+    @property
+    def is_connected(self) -> bool:
+        return self.left_arm.is_connected and self.right_arm.is_connected
+
+    @check_if_already_connected
+    def connect(self, calibrate: bool = True) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.connect(calibrate)
+        self.right_arm.connect(calibrate)
+
+    @property
+    def is_calibrated(self) -> bool:
+        return self.left_arm.is_calibrated and self.right_arm.is_calibrated
+
+    def calibrate(self) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.calibrate()
+        self.right_arm.calibrate()
+
+    def configure(self) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.configure()
+        self.right_arm.configure()
+
     def setup_motors(self) -> None:
         self.left_arm.setup_motors()
         self.right_arm.setup_motors()
 
     @check_if_not_connected
     def get_observation(self) -> RobotObservation:
-        obs_dict: RobotObservation = {}
+        obs_dict = {}
 
-        # Add "left_" prefix to per-arm keys; keep top-level camera keys unprefixed.
-        for key, value in self.left_arm.get_observation().items():
-            obs_dict[key if key in self._top_level_cam_keys else f"left_{key}"] = value
+        # Add "left_" prefix
+        left_obs = self.left_arm.get_observation()
+        obs_dict.update({f"left_{key}": value for key, value in left_obs.items()})
 
         # Add "right_" prefix
-        for key, value in self.right_arm.get_observation().items():
-            obs_dict[f"right_{key}"] = value
+        right_obs = self.right_arm.get_observation()
+        obs_dict.update({f"right_{key}": value for key, value in right_obs.items()})
 
         return obs_dict
 
@@ -142,3 +151,8 @@ class BiSOFollower(BimanualMixin, Robot):
         prefixed_sent_action_right = {f"right_{key}": value for key, value in sent_action_right.items()}
 
         return {**prefixed_sent_action_left, **prefixed_sent_action_right}
+
+    @check_if_not_connected
+    def disconnect(self):
+        self.left_arm.disconnect()
+        self.right_arm.disconnect()

src/lerobot/robots/bi_so_follower/config_bi_so_follower.py

@@ -14,9 +14,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-
-from lerobot.cameras import CameraConfig
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 
 from ..config import RobotConfig
 from ..so_follower import SOFollowerConfig
@@ -29,8 +27,3 @@ class BiSOFollowerConfig(RobotConfig):
 
     left_arm_config: SOFollowerConfig
     right_arm_config: SOFollowerConfig
-
-    # Top-level cameras not attached to a specific side. Keys are kept as-is in
-    # observations (no `left_`/`right_` prefix). Per-arm cameras (declared on
-    # `{left,right}_arm_config.cameras`) are prefixed.
-    cameras: dict[str, CameraConfig] = field(default_factory=dict)

src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_calibrate.py

@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@ from lerobot.teleoperators import (  # noqa: F401
     Teleoperator,
     TeleoperatorConfig,
     bi_openarm_leader,
-    bi_openarm_mini,
     bi_rebot_102_leader,
     bi_so_leader,
     homunculus,

src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_eval.py

@@ -72,8 +72,9 @@ from termcolor import colored
 from torch import Tensor, nn
 from tqdm import trange
 
-from lerobot.configs import parser
+from lerobot.configs import FeatureType, parser
 from lerobot.configs.eval import EvalPipelineConfig
+from lerobot.datasets.lerobot_dataset import LeRobotDataset
 from lerobot.envs import (
     check_env_attributes_and_types,
     close_envs,
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ from lerobot.envs import (
 from lerobot.policies import PreTrainedPolicy, make_policy, make_pre_post_processors
 from lerobot.processor import PolicyProcessorPipeline
 from lerobot.types import PolicyAction
-from lerobot.utils.constants import ACTION, DONE, OBS_STR, REWARD
+from lerobot.utils.constants import ACTION, DONE, OBS_IMAGE, OBS_IMAGES, OBS_STR, REWARD
 from lerobot.utils.device_utils import get_safe_torch_device
 from lerobot.utils.import_utils import register_third_party_plugins
 from lerobot.utils.io_utils import write_video
@@ -95,6 +96,81 @@ from lerobot.utils.utils import (
 )
 
 
+def _env_features_to_dataset_features(env_features: dict, raw_obs: dict | None = None) -> dict:
+    """Convert EnvConfig.features (PolicyFeature objects) to the plain dict format for LeRobotDataset.create().
+
+    If raw_obs is provided, visual feature shapes are inferred from the actual observation
+    to avoid mismatches between the env config and the real observation resolution.
+    """
+    features = {}
+    for key, ft in env_features.items():
+        if ft.type is FeatureType.VISUAL:
+            shape = tuple(ft.shape)
+            if raw_obs is not None and key in raw_obs and isinstance(raw_obs[key], np.ndarray):
+                shape = raw_obs[key].shape[1:]  # strip batch dim
+            elif raw_obs is not None and "pixels" in raw_obs:
+                pixels = raw_obs["pixels"]
+                if isinstance(pixels, dict):
+                    for cam_name, img in pixels.items():
+                        if key == f"{OBS_IMAGES}.{cam_name}" or key == cam_name:
+                            shape = img.shape[1:]  # strip batch dim
+                elif key in ("pixels", OBS_IMAGE):
+                    shape = pixels.shape[1:]  # strip batch dim
+            features[key] = {"dtype": "video", "shape": shape, "names": ["height", "width", "channel"]}
+        else:
+            shape = tuple(ft.shape)
+            if raw_obs is not None and key in raw_obs and isinstance(raw_obs[key], np.ndarray):
+                shape = raw_obs[key].shape[1:]  # strip batch dim
+            features[key] = {"dtype": "float32", "shape": shape, "names": None}
+    features["next.reward"] = {"dtype": "float32", "shape": (1,), "names": None}
+    features["next.success"] = {"dtype": "bool", "shape": (1,), "names": None}
+    features["next.done"] = {"dtype": "bool", "shape": (1,), "names": None}
+    return features
+
+
+def _build_raw_frame(
+    raw_obs: dict,
+    env_idx: int,
+    action: np.ndarray,
+    reward: float,
+    success: bool,
+    done: bool,
+    task: str,
+    env_features: dict,
+) -> dict:
+    """Build a dataset frame from raw env observations for one env index.
+
+    Keys in the frame match the keys in env_features so they align with the
+    dataset schema created by _env_features_to_dataset_features().
+    """
+    frame: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    for key in env_features:
+        if key == ACTION:
+            continue
+        if "pixels" in raw_obs and isinstance(raw_obs["pixels"], dict):
+            for cam_name, img in raw_obs["pixels"].items():
+                candidate = f"{OBS_IMAGES}.{cam_name}"
+                if candidate == key:
+                    frame[key] = img[env_idx]
+            if key in frame:
+                continue
+        if "pixels" in raw_obs and not isinstance(raw_obs["pixels"], dict) and key in ("pixels", OBS_IMAGE):
+            frame[key] = raw_obs["pixels"][env_idx]
+            continue
+        raw_key = key
+        if raw_key in raw_obs and isinstance(raw_obs[raw_key], np.ndarray):
+            val = raw_obs[raw_key][env_idx]
+            if val.dtype == np.float64:
+                val = val.astype(np.float32)
+            frame[key] = val
+    frame[ACTION] = action
+    frame["next.reward"] = np.atleast_1d(np.float32(reward))
+    frame["next.success"] = np.atleast_1d(np.bool_(success))
+    frame["next.done"] = np.atleast_1d(np.bool_(done))
+    frame["task"] = task
+    return frame
+
+
 def rollout(
     env: gym.vector.VectorEnv,
     policy: PreTrainedPolicy,
@@ -105,6 +181,7 @@ def rollout(
     seeds: list[int] | None = None,
     return_observations: bool = False,
     render_callback: Callable[[gym.vector.VectorEnv], None] | None = None,
+    recording_dataset: Any | None = None,
 ) -> dict:
     """Run a batched policy rollout once through a batch of environments.
 
@@ -145,6 +222,14 @@ def rollout(
     if render_callback is not None:
         render_callback(env)
 
+    raw_observation = deepcopy(observation) if recording_dataset is not None else None
+    task_desc = ""
+    if recording_dataset is not None:
+        try:
+            task_desc = list(env.call("task_description"))[0]
+        except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError):
+            task_desc = ""
+
     all_observations = []
     all_actions = []
     all_rewards = []
@@ -217,6 +302,26 @@ def rollout(
         else:
             successes = [False] * env.num_envs
 
+        if recording_dataset is not None and raw_observation is not None:
+            prev_done = done.copy()
+            for env_idx in range(env.num_envs):
+                if prev_done[env_idx]:
+                    continue
+                frame = _build_raw_frame(
+                    raw_observation,
+                    env_idx,
+                    action_numpy[env_idx],
+                    reward[env_idx],
+                    successes[env_idx],
+                    bool(terminated[env_idx] | truncated[env_idx]),
+                    task_desc,
+                    recording_dataset.features,
+                )
+                recording_dataset.add_frame(frame)
+                if terminated[env_idx] or truncated[env_idx]:
+                    recording_dataset.save_episode()
+            raw_observation = deepcopy(observation)
+
         # Keep track of which environments are done so far.
         # Mark the episode as done if we reach the maximum step limit.
         # This ensures that the rollout always terminates cleanly at `max_steps`,
@@ -273,6 +378,7 @@ def eval_policy(
     videos_dir: Path | None = None,
     return_episode_data: bool = False,
     start_seed: int | None = None,
+    recording_dataset: Any | None = None,
 ) -> dict:
     """
     Args:
@@ -361,6 +467,7 @@ def eval_policy(
             seeds=list(seeds) if seeds else None,
             return_observations=return_episode_data,
             render_callback=render_frame if max_episodes_rendered > 0 else None,
+            recording_dataset=recording_dataset,
         )
 
         # Figure out where in each rollout sequence the first done condition was encountered (results after
@@ -563,6 +670,10 @@ def eval_main(cfg: EvalPipelineConfig):
     # Create environment-specific preprocessor and postprocessor (e.g., for LIBERO environments)
     env_preprocessor, env_postprocessor = make_env_pre_post_processors(env_cfg=cfg.env, policy_cfg=cfg.policy)
 
+    recording_dir = Path(cfg.output_dir) / "recordings" if cfg.eval.recording else None
+    max_episodes_rendered = 0 if cfg.eval.recording else 10
+    videos_dir = None if cfg.eval.recording else Path(cfg.output_dir) / "videos"
+
     with torch.no_grad(), torch.autocast(device_type=device.type) if cfg.policy.use_amp else nullcontext():
         info = eval_policy_all(
             envs=envs,
@@ -572,10 +683,13 @@ def eval_main(cfg: EvalPipelineConfig):
             preprocessor=preprocessor,
             postprocessor=postprocessor,
             n_episodes=cfg.eval.n_episodes,
-            max_episodes_rendered=10,
-            videos_dir=Path(cfg.output_dir) / "videos",
+            max_episodes_rendered=max_episodes_rendered,
+            videos_dir=videos_dir,
+            return_episode_data=False,
             start_seed=cfg.seed,
             max_parallel_tasks=cfg.env.max_parallel_tasks,
+            recording_dir=recording_dir,
+            env_features=cfg.env.features if cfg.eval.recording else None,
         )
         print("Overall Aggregated Metrics:")
         print(info["overall"])
@@ -618,6 +732,7 @@ def eval_one(
     videos_dir: Path | None,
     return_episode_data: bool,
     start_seed: int | None,
+    recording_dataset: Any | None = None,
 ) -> TaskMetrics:
     """Evaluates one task_id of one suite using the provided vec env."""
 
@@ -635,6 +750,7 @@ def eval_one(
         videos_dir=task_videos_dir,
         return_episode_data=return_episode_data,
         start_seed=start_seed,
+        recording_dataset=recording_dataset,
     )
 
     per_episode = task_result["per_episode"]
@@ -661,6 +777,8 @@ def run_one(
     videos_dir: Path | None,
     return_episode_data: bool,
     start_seed: int | None,
+    recording_dir: Path | None = None,
+    env_features: dict | None = None,
 ):
     """
     Run eval_one for a single (task_group, task_id, env).
@@ -672,21 +790,39 @@ def run_one(
         task_videos_dir = videos_dir / f"{task_group}_{task_id}"
         task_videos_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
 
-    # Call the existing eval_one (assumed to return TaskMetrics-like dict)
-    metrics = eval_one(
-        env,
-        policy=policy,
-        env_preprocessor=env_preprocessor,
-        env_postprocessor=env_postprocessor,
-        preprocessor=preprocessor,
-        postprocessor=postprocessor,
-        n_episodes=n_episodes,
-        max_episodes_rendered=max_episodes_rendered,
-        videos_dir=task_videos_dir,
-        return_episode_data=return_episode_data,
-        start_seed=start_seed,
-    )
-    # ensure we always provide video_paths key to simplify accumulation
+    recording_dataset = None
+    if recording_dir is not None and env_features is not None:
+        task_recording_dir = recording_dir / f"{task_group}_{task_id}"
+        fps = env.unwrapped.metadata.get("render_fps", 30)
+        sample_obs, _ = env.reset()
+        features = _env_features_to_dataset_features(env_features, raw_obs=sample_obs)
+        recording_dataset = LeRobotDataset.create(
+            repo_id=f"eval_{task_group}_{task_id}",
+            fps=fps,
+            features=features,
+            root=str(task_recording_dir),
+            use_videos=True,
+        )
+
+    try:
+        metrics = eval_one(
+            env,
+            policy=policy,
+            env_preprocessor=env_preprocessor,
+            env_postprocessor=env_postprocessor,
+            preprocessor=preprocessor,
+            postprocessor=postprocessor,
+            n_episodes=n_episodes,
+            max_episodes_rendered=max_episodes_rendered,
+            videos_dir=task_videos_dir,
+            return_episode_data=return_episode_data,
+            start_seed=start_seed,
+            recording_dataset=recording_dataset,
+        )
+    finally:
+        if recording_dataset is not None:
+            recording_dataset.finalize()
+
     if max_episodes_rendered > 0:
         metrics.setdefault("video_paths", [])
     return task_group, task_id, metrics
@@ -702,6 +838,8 @@ def eval_policy_all(
     n_episodes: int,
     *,
     max_episodes_rendered: int = 0,
+    recording_dir: Path | None = None,
+    env_features: dict | None = None,
     videos_dir: Path | None = None,
     return_episode_data: bool = False,
     start_seed: int | None = None,
@@ -761,6 +899,8 @@ def eval_policy_all(
         videos_dir=videos_dir,
         return_episode_data=return_episode_data,
         start_seed=start_seed,
+        recording_dir=recording_dir,
+        env_features=env_features,
     )
 
     if max_parallel_tasks <= 1:

src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_find_joint_limits.py

@@ -57,7 +57,6 @@ from lerobot.robots import (  # noqa: F401
 from lerobot.teleoperators import (  # noqa: F401
     TeleoperatorConfig,
     bi_openarm_leader,
-    bi_openarm_mini,
     bi_rebot_102_leader,
     bi_so_leader,
     gamepad,

src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_record.py

@@ -137,7 +137,6 @@ from lerobot.teleoperators import (  # noqa: F401
     Teleoperator,
     TeleoperatorConfig,
     bi_openarm_leader,
-    bi_openarm_mini,
     bi_rebot_102_leader,
     bi_so_leader,
     homunculus,

src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_rollout.py

@@ -174,7 +174,6 @@ from lerobot.teleoperators import (  # noqa: F401
     Teleoperator,
     TeleoperatorConfig,
     bi_openarm_leader,
-    bi_openarm_mini,
     bi_rebot_102_leader,
     bi_so_leader,
     homunculus,

src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_setup_motors.py

@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ from lerobot.robots import (  # noqa: F401
 )
 from lerobot.teleoperators import (  # noqa: F401
     TeleoperatorConfig,
-    bi_openarm_mini,
     bi_rebot_102_leader,
     bi_so_leader,
     koch_leader,

src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_teleoperate.py

@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ from lerobot.teleoperators import (  # noqa: F401
     Teleoperator,
     TeleoperatorConfig,
     bi_openarm_leader,
-    bi_openarm_mini,
     bi_rebot_102_leader,
     bi_so_leader,
     gamepad,

src/lerobot/teleoperators/bi_openarm_leader/bi_openarm_leader.py

@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@ import logging
 from functools import cached_property
 
 from lerobot.types import RobotAction
-from lerobot.utils.bimanual import BimanualMixin
-from lerobot.utils.decorators import check_if_not_connected
+from lerobot.utils.decorators import check_if_already_connected, check_if_not_connected
 
 from ..openarm_leader import OpenArmLeader, OpenArmLeaderConfig
 from ..teleoperator import Teleoperator
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ from .config_bi_openarm_leader import BiOpenArmLeaderConfig
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-class BiOpenArmLeader(BimanualMixin, Teleoperator):
+class BiOpenArmLeader(Teleoperator):
     """
     Bimanual OpenArm Leader Arms
     """
@@ -87,6 +86,27 @@ class BiOpenArmLeader(BimanualMixin, Teleoperator):
     def feedback_features(self) -> dict[str, type]:
         return {}
 
+    @property
+    def is_connected(self) -> bool:
+        return self.left_arm.is_connected and self.right_arm.is_connected
+
+    @check_if_already_connected
+    def connect(self, calibrate: bool = True) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.connect(calibrate)
+        self.right_arm.connect(calibrate)
+
+    @property
+    def is_calibrated(self) -> bool:
+        return self.left_arm.is_calibrated and self.right_arm.is_calibrated
+
+    def calibrate(self) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.calibrate()
+        self.right_arm.calibrate()
+
+    def configure(self) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.configure()
+        self.right_arm.configure()
+
     def setup_motors(self) -> None:
         raise NotImplementedError(
             "Motor ID configuration is typically done via manufacturer tools for CAN motors."
@@ -109,3 +129,8 @@ class BiOpenArmLeader(BimanualMixin, Teleoperator):
     def send_feedback(self, feedback: dict[str, float]) -> None:
         # TODO: Implement force feedback
         raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @check_if_not_connected
+    def disconnect(self) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.disconnect()
+        self.right_arm.disconnect()

src/lerobot/teleoperators/bi_openarm_leader/config_bi_openarm_leader.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ from ..openarm_leader import OpenArmLeaderConfigBase
 @TeleoperatorConfig.register_subclass("bi_openarm_leader")
 @dataclass
 class BiOpenArmLeaderConfig(TeleoperatorConfig):
-    """Configuration class for Bi OpenArm Leader teleoperators."""
+    """Configuration class for Bi OpenArm Follower robots."""
 
     left_arm_config: OpenArmLeaderConfigBase
     right_arm_config: OpenArmLeaderConfigBase

src/lerobot/teleoperators/bi_openarm_mini/__init__.py

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-
-# Copyright 2026 The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-from .bi_openarm_mini import BiOpenArmMini
-from .config_bi_openarm_mini import BiOpenArmMiniConfig
-
-__all__ = ["BiOpenArmMini", "BiOpenArmMiniConfig"]

src/lerobot/teleoperators/bi_openarm_mini/bi_openarm_mini.py

@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-
-# Copyright 2026 The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-import logging
-from functools import cached_property
-
-from lerobot.types import RobotAction
-from lerobot.utils.bimanual import BimanualMixin
-from lerobot.utils.decorators import check_if_not_connected
-
-from ..openarm_mini import OpenArmMini, OpenArmMiniConfig
-from ..teleoperator import Teleoperator
-from .config_bi_openarm_mini import BiOpenArmMiniConfig
-
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-
-class BiOpenArmMini(BimanualMixin, Teleoperator):
-    """Bimanual OpenArm Mini teleoperator.
-
-    Composes two single-arm :class:`OpenArmMini` instances. Action and feedback
-    keys of each arm are namespaced with a ``left_`` / ``right_`` prefix, so a
-    bimanual leader can teleoperate a bimanual OpenArm follower.
-    """
-
-    config_class = BiOpenArmMiniConfig
-    name = "bi_openarm_mini"
-
-    def __init__(self, config: BiOpenArmMiniConfig):
-        super().__init__(config)
-        self.config = config
-
-        # `side` is forced to match left/right regardless of what the user passed
-        # on the per-arm base config — the bimanual wrapper owns the side semantics.
-        left_arm_config = OpenArmMiniConfig(
-            id=f"{config.id}_left" if config.id else None,
-            calibration_dir=config.calibration_dir,
-            port=config.left_arm_config.port,
-            side="left",
-            use_degrees=config.left_arm_config.use_degrees,
-        )
-
-        right_arm_config = OpenArmMiniConfig(
-            id=f"{config.id}_right" if config.id else None,
-            calibration_dir=config.calibration_dir,
-            port=config.right_arm_config.port,
-            side="right",
-            use_degrees=config.right_arm_config.use_degrees,
-        )
-
-        self.left_arm = OpenArmMini(left_arm_config)
-        self.right_arm = OpenArmMini(right_arm_config)
-
-    @cached_property
-    def action_features(self) -> dict[str, type]:
-        return {
-            **{f"left_{k}": v for k, v in self.left_arm.action_features.items()},
-            **{f"right_{k}": v for k, v in self.right_arm.action_features.items()},
-        }
-
-    @cached_property
-    def feedback_features(self) -> dict[str, type]:
-        return {
-            **{f"left_{k}": v for k, v in self.left_arm.feedback_features.items()},
-            **{f"right_{k}": v for k, v in self.right_arm.feedback_features.items()},
-        }
-
-    def setup_motors(self) -> None:
-        self.left_arm.setup_motors()
-        self.right_arm.setup_motors()
-
-    @check_if_not_connected
-    def get_action(self) -> RobotAction:
-        action: RobotAction = {}
-        for k, v in self.left_arm.get_action().items():
-            action[f"left_{k}"] = v
-        for k, v in self.right_arm.get_action().items():
-            action[f"right_{k}"] = v
-        return action
-
-    @check_if_not_connected
-    def send_feedback(self, feedback: dict[str, float]) -> None:
-        left_fb = {k.removeprefix("left_"): v for k, v in feedback.items() if k.startswith("left_")}
-        right_fb = {k.removeprefix("right_"): v for k, v in feedback.items() if k.startswith("right_")}
-        if left_fb:
-            self.left_arm.send_feedback(left_fb)
-        if right_fb:
-            self.right_arm.send_feedback(right_fb)

src/lerobot/teleoperators/bi_openarm_mini/config_bi_openarm_mini.py

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-
-# Copyright 2026 The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-
-from ..config import TeleoperatorConfig
-from ..openarm_mini import OpenArmMiniConfigBase
-
-
-@TeleoperatorConfig.register_subclass("bi_openarm_mini")
-@dataclass
-class BiOpenArmMiniConfig(TeleoperatorConfig):
-    """Configuration class for Bi OpenArm Mini teleoperators."""
-
-    left_arm_config: OpenArmMiniConfigBase
-    right_arm_config: OpenArmMiniConfigBase

src/lerobot/teleoperators/bi_rebot_102_leader/__init__.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-from .bi_rebot_102_leader import BiRebot102Leader
-from .config_bi_rebot_102_leader import BiRebot102LeaderConfig
+from .bi_rebot_102_leader import BiRebotArm102Leader
+from .config_bi_rebot_102_leader import BiRebotArm102LeaderConfig
 
-__all__ = ["BiRebot102Leader", "BiRebot102LeaderConfig"]
+__all__ = ["BiRebotArm102Leader", "BiRebotArm102LeaderConfig"]

src/lerobot/teleoperators/bi_rebot_102_leader/bi_rebot_102_leader.py

@@ -18,17 +18,16 @@ import logging
 from functools import cached_property
 
 from lerobot.types import RobotAction
-from lerobot.utils.bimanual import BimanualMixin
-from lerobot.utils.decorators import check_if_not_connected
+from lerobot.utils.decorators import check_if_already_connected, check_if_not_connected
 
 from ..rebot_102_leader import RebotArm102Leader, RebotArm102LeaderTeleopConfig
 from ..teleoperator import Teleoperator
-from .config_bi_rebot_102_leader import BiRebot102LeaderConfig
+from .config_bi_rebot_102_leader import BiRebotArm102LeaderConfig
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-class BiRebot102Leader(BimanualMixin, Teleoperator):
+class BiRebotArm102Leader(Teleoperator):
     """Bimanual Seeed Studio StarArm102 / reBot Arm 102 leader.
 
     Composes two single-arm :class:`RebotArm102Leader` instances. Action keys of
@@ -36,10 +35,10 @@ class BiRebot102Leader(BimanualMixin, Teleoperator):
     leader can teleoperate a bimanual reBot B601 follower.
     """
 
-    config_class = BiRebot102LeaderConfig
+    config_class = BiRebotArm102LeaderConfig
     name = "bi_rebot_102_leader"
 
-    def __init__(self, config: BiRebot102LeaderConfig):
+    def __init__(self, config: BiRebotArm102LeaderConfig):
         super().__init__(config)
         self.config = config
 
@@ -77,6 +76,27 @@ class BiRebot102Leader(BimanualMixin, Teleoperator):
     def feedback_features(self) -> dict[str, type]:
         return {}
 
+    @property
+    def is_connected(self) -> bool:
+        return self.left_arm.is_connected and self.right_arm.is_connected
+
+    @check_if_already_connected
+    def connect(self, calibrate: bool = True) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.connect(calibrate)
+        self.right_arm.connect(calibrate)
+
+    @property
+    def is_calibrated(self) -> bool:
+        return self.left_arm.is_calibrated and self.right_arm.is_calibrated
+
+    def calibrate(self) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.calibrate()
+        self.right_arm.calibrate()
+
+    def configure(self) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.configure()
+        self.right_arm.configure()
+
     @check_if_not_connected
     def get_action(self) -> RobotAction:
         action_dict = {}
@@ -86,3 +106,8 @@ class BiRebot102Leader(BimanualMixin, Teleoperator):
 
     def send_feedback(self, feedback: dict[str, float]) -> None:
         raise NotImplementedError("Feedback is not implemented for the reBot Arm 102 leader.")
+
+    @check_if_not_connected
+    def disconnect(self) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.disconnect()
+        self.right_arm.disconnect()

src/lerobot/teleoperators/bi_rebot_102_leader/config_bi_rebot_102_leader.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from ..rebot_102_leader import RebotArm102LeaderConfig
 
 @TeleoperatorConfig.register_subclass("bi_rebot_102_leader")
 @dataclass
-class BiRebot102LeaderConfig(TeleoperatorConfig):
+class BiRebotArm102LeaderConfig(TeleoperatorConfig):
     """Configuration class for the bimanual reBot Arm 102 leader teleoperator."""
 
     left_arm_config: RebotArm102LeaderConfig

src/lerobot/teleoperators/bi_so_leader/bi_so_leader.py

@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@
 import logging
 from functools import cached_property
 
-from lerobot.types import RobotAction
-from lerobot.utils.bimanual import BimanualMixin
-from lerobot.utils.decorators import check_if_not_connected
+from lerobot.utils.decorators import check_if_already_connected, check_if_not_connected
 
 from ..so_leader import SOLeader, SOLeaderTeleopConfig
 from ..teleoperator import Teleoperator
@@ -28,7 +26,7 @@ from .config_bi_so_leader import BiSOLeaderConfig
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-class BiSOLeader(BimanualMixin, Teleoperator):
+class BiSOLeader(Teleoperator):
     """
     [Bimanual SO Leader Arms](https://github.com/TheRobotStudio/SO-ARM100) designed by TheRobotStudio
     """
@@ -69,12 +67,33 @@ class BiSOLeader(BimanualMixin, Teleoperator):
     def feedback_features(self) -> dict[str, type]:
         return {}
 
+    @property
+    def is_connected(self) -> bool:
+        return self.left_arm.is_connected and self.right_arm.is_connected
+
+    @check_if_already_connected
+    def connect(self, calibrate: bool = True) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.connect(calibrate)
+        self.right_arm.connect(calibrate)
+
+    @property
+    def is_calibrated(self) -> bool:
+        return self.left_arm.is_calibrated and self.right_arm.is_calibrated
+
+    def calibrate(self) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.calibrate()
+        self.right_arm.calibrate()
+
+    def configure(self) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.configure()
+        self.right_arm.configure()
+
     def setup_motors(self) -> None:
         self.left_arm.setup_motors()
         self.right_arm.setup_motors()
 
     @check_if_not_connected
-    def get_action(self) -> RobotAction:
+    def get_action(self) -> dict[str, float]:
         action_dict = {}
 
         # Add "left_" prefix
@@ -90,3 +109,8 @@ class BiSOLeader(BimanualMixin, Teleoperator):
     def send_feedback(self, feedback: dict[str, float]) -> None:
         # TODO: Implement force feedback
         raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @check_if_not_connected
+    def disconnect(self) -> None:
+        self.left_arm.disconnect()
+        self.right_arm.disconnect()

src/lerobot/teleoperators/openarm_mini/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 
-# Copyright 2026 The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
+# Copyright 2025 The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-from .config_openarm_mini import OpenArmMiniConfig, OpenArmMiniConfigBase
+from .config_openarm_mini import OpenArmMiniConfig
 from .openarm_mini import OpenArmMini
 
-__all__ = ["OpenArmMini", "OpenArmMiniConfig", "OpenArmMiniConfigBase"]
+__all__ = ["OpenArmMini", "OpenArmMiniConfig"]

src/lerobot/teleoperators/openarm_mini/config_openarm_mini.py

@@ -19,21 +19,12 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass
 from ..config import TeleoperatorConfig
 
 
-@dataclass
-class OpenArmMiniConfigBase:
-    """Base configuration for the OpenArm Mini teleoperator (Feetech STS3215, 7DOF + gripper)."""
-
-    # Serial port for the Feetech bus (e.g., "/dev/ttyUSB0").
-    port: str
-
-    # Side of the arm: "left" or "right". Controls per-joint direction flips applied
-    # during readout. If `None`, no flipping is applied.
-    side: str | None = None
-
-    use_degrees: bool = True
-
-
 @TeleoperatorConfig.register_subclass("openarm_mini")
 @dataclass
-class OpenArmMiniConfig(TeleoperatorConfig, OpenArmMiniConfigBase):
-    pass
+class OpenArmMiniConfig(TeleoperatorConfig):
+    """Configuration for OpenArm Mini teleoperator with Feetech motors (dual arms)."""
+
+    port_right: str = "/dev/ttyUSB0"
+    port_left: str = "/dev/ttyUSB1"
+
+    use_degrees: bool = True

src/lerobot/teleoperators/openarm_mini/openarm_mini.py

@@ -31,22 +31,22 @@ from .config_openarm_mini import OpenArmMiniConfig
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-# Per-side motor direction flips applied during readout.
-SIDE_MOTORS_TO_FLIP: dict[str, list[str]] = {
-    "left": ["joint_1", "joint_3", "joint_4", "joint_5", "joint_6", "joint_7"],
-    "right": ["joint_1", "joint_2", "joint_3", "joint_4", "joint_5", "joint_7"],
-}
+# Motors whose direction is inverted during readout
+RIGHT_MOTORS_TO_FLIP = ["joint_1", "joint_2", "joint_3", "joint_4", "joint_5", "joint_7"]
+LEFT_MOTORS_TO_FLIP = ["joint_1", "joint_3", "joint_4", "joint_5", "joint_6", "joint_7"]
 
-# Leader joint 6 ↔ follower joint 7 (symmetric — its own inverse).
+# Leader joint 6 maps to follower joint 7 and vice versa
 JOINT_REMAP = {"joint_6": "joint_7", "joint_7": "joint_6"}
+JOINT_REMAP_REVERSE = {"joint_7": "joint_6", "joint_6": "joint_7"}
 
 GRIPPER_TELEOP_TO_DEGREES = -0.65
 
 
 class OpenArmMini(Teleoperator):
-    """OpenArm Mini single-arm teleoperator (Feetech STS3215, 7DOF + gripper).
+    """
+    OpenArm Mini Teleoperator with dual Feetech-based arms (8 motors per arm).
 
-    For the bimanual setup, see :class:`BiOpenArmMini` which composes two of these.
+    Each arm has 7 joints plus a gripper, using Feetech STS3215 servos.
     """
 
     config_class = OpenArmMiniConfig
@@ -56,12 +56,9 @@ class OpenArmMini(Teleoperator):
         super().__init__(config)
         self.config = config
 
-        if config.side is not None and config.side not in SIDE_MOTORS_TO_FLIP:
-            raise ValueError(f"Invalid side '{config.side}'; expected 'left', 'right', or None.")
-        self._motors_to_flip: list[str] = SIDE_MOTORS_TO_FLIP.get(config.side, []) if config.side else []
-
         norm_mode_body = MotorNormMode.DEGREES
-        motors = {
+
+        motors_right = {
             "joint_1": Motor(1, "sts3215", norm_mode_body),
             "joint_2": Motor(2, "sts3215", norm_mode_body),
             "joint_3": Motor(3, "sts3215", norm_mode_body),
@@ -72,15 +69,46 @@ class OpenArmMini(Teleoperator):
             "gripper": Motor(8, "sts3215", MotorNormMode.RANGE_0_100),
         }
 
-        self.bus = FeetechMotorsBus(
-            port=self.config.port,
-            motors=motors,
-            calibration=self.calibration,
+        motors_left = {
+            "joint_1": Motor(1, "sts3215", norm_mode_body),
+            "joint_2": Motor(2, "sts3215", norm_mode_body),
+            "joint_3": Motor(3, "sts3215", norm_mode_body),
+            "joint_4": Motor(4, "sts3215", norm_mode_body),
+            "joint_5": Motor(5, "sts3215", norm_mode_body),
+            "joint_6": Motor(6, "sts3215", norm_mode_body),
+            "joint_7": Motor(7, "sts3215", norm_mode_body),
+            "gripper": Motor(8, "sts3215", MotorNormMode.RANGE_0_100),
+        }
+
+        cal_right = {
+            k.replace("right_", ""): v for k, v in (self.calibration or {}).items() if k.startswith("right_")
+        }
+        cal_left = {
+            k.replace("left_", ""): v for k, v in (self.calibration or {}).items() if k.startswith("left_")
+        }
+
+        self.bus_right = FeetechMotorsBus(
+            port=self.config.port_right,
+            motors=motors_right,
+            calibration=cal_right,
+        )
+
+        self.bus_left = FeetechMotorsBus(
+            port=self.config.port_left,
+            motors=motors_left,
+            calibration=cal_left,
         )
 
     @property
     def action_features(self) -> dict[str, type]:
-        return {f"{motor}.pos": float for motor in self.bus.motors}
+        # Right first, then left — matches the robot (BiOpenArmFollower) ordering
+        # and the dataset feature names recorded during data collection.
+        features: dict[str, type] = {}
+        for motor in self.bus_right.motors:
+            features[f"right_{motor}.pos"] = float
+        for motor in self.bus_left.motors:
+            features[f"left_{motor}.pos"] = float
+        return features
 
     @property
     def feedback_features(self) -> dict[str, type]:
@@ -88,12 +116,14 @@ class OpenArmMini(Teleoperator):
 
     @property
     def is_connected(self) -> bool:
-        return self.bus.is_connected
+        return self.bus_right.is_connected and self.bus_left.is_connected
 
     @check_if_already_connected
     def connect(self, calibrate: bool = True) -> None:
-        logger.info(f"Connecting arm on {self.config.port}...")
-        self.bus.connect()
+        logger.info(f"Connecting right arm on {self.config.port_right}...")
+        self.bus_right.connect()
+        logger.info(f"Connecting left arm on {self.config.port_left}...")
+        self.bus_left.connect()
 
         if calibrate:
             self.calibrate()
@@ -103,14 +133,14 @@ class OpenArmMini(Teleoperator):
 
     @property
     def is_calibrated(self) -> bool:
-        return self.bus.is_calibrated
+        return self.bus_right.is_calibrated and self.bus_left.is_calibrated
 
     def calibrate(self) -> None:
         """
-        Run calibration procedure for a single OpenArm Mini arm.
+        Run calibration procedure for OpenArm Mini.
 
         1. Disable torque
-        2. Ask user to position arm in hanging position with gripper closed
+        2. Ask user to position arms in hanging position with grippers closed
         3. Set this as zero position via half-turn homing
         4. Interactive gripper calibration (open/close positions)
         5. Save calibration
@@ -122,51 +152,70 @@ class OpenArmMini(Teleoperator):
             )
             if user_input.strip().lower() != "c":
                 logger.info(f"Using existing calibration for {self.id}")
-                self.bus.write_calibration(self.calibration)
+                cal_right = {
+                    k.replace("right_", ""): v for k, v in self.calibration.items() if k.startswith("right_")
+                }
+                cal_left = {
+                    k.replace("left_", ""): v for k, v in self.calibration.items() if k.startswith("left_")
+                }
+                self.bus_right.write_calibration(cal_right)
+                self.bus_left.write_calibration(cal_left)
                 return
 
         logger.info(f"\nRunning calibration for {self}")
 
-        self.bus.disable_torque()
+        self._calibrate_arm("right", self.bus_right)
+        self._calibrate_arm("left", self.bus_left)
 
-        logger.info("Setting Phase to 12 for all motors...")
-        for motor in self.bus.motors:
-            self.bus.write("Phase", motor, 12)
+        self._save_calibration()
+        print(f"\nCalibration complete and saved to {self.calibration_fpath}")
 
-        for motor in self.bus.motors:
-            self.bus.write("Operating_Mode", motor, OperatingMode.POSITION.value)
+    def _calibrate_arm(self, arm_name: str, bus: FeetechMotorsBus) -> None:
+        """Calibrate a single arm with Feetech motors."""
+        logger.info(f"\n=== Calibrating {arm_name.upper()} arm ===")
+
+        bus.disable_torque()
+
+        logger.info(f"Setting Phase to 12 for all motors in {arm_name.upper()} arm...")
+        for motor in bus.motors:
+            bus.write("Phase", motor, 12)
+
+        for motor in bus.motors:
+            bus.write("Operating_Mode", motor, OperatingMode.POSITION.value)
 
         input(
-            "\nCalibration: Zero Position\n"
+            f"\nCalibration: Zero Position ({arm_name.upper()} arm)\n"
             "Position the arm in the following configuration:\n"
             "  - Arm hanging straight down\n"
             "  - Gripper closed\n"
             "Press ENTER when ready..."
         )
 
-        homing_offsets = self.bus.set_half_turn_homings()
-        logger.info("Arm zero position set.")
+        homing_offsets = bus.set_half_turn_homings()
+        logger.info(f"{arm_name.capitalize()} arm zero position set.")
 
-        print("\nSetting motor ranges\n")
+        print(f"\nSetting motor ranges for {arm_name.upper()} arm\n")
 
         if self.calibration is None:
             self.calibration = {}
 
-        motor_resolution = self.bus.model_resolution_table[list(self.bus.motors.values())[0].model]
+        motor_resolution = bus.model_resolution_table[list(bus.motors.values())[0].model]
         max_res = motor_resolution - 1
 
-        for motor_name, motor in self.bus.motors.items():
+        for motor_name, motor in bus.motors.items():
+            prefixed_name = f"{arm_name}_{motor_name}"
+
             if motor_name == "gripper":
                 input(
-                    "\nGripper Calibration\n"
-                    "Step 1: CLOSE the gripper fully\n"
-                    "Press ENTER when gripper is closed..."
+                    f"\nGripper Calibration ({arm_name.upper()} arm)\n"
+                    f"Step 1: CLOSE the gripper fully\n"
+                    f"Press ENTER when gripper is closed..."
                 )
-                closed_pos = self.bus.read("Present_Position", motor_name, normalize=False)
+                closed_pos = bus.read("Present_Position", motor_name, normalize=False)
                 logger.info(f"  Gripper closed position recorded: {closed_pos}")
 
                 input("\nStep 2: OPEN the gripper fully\nPress ENTER when gripper is fully open...")
-                open_pos = self.bus.read("Present_Position", motor_name, normalize=False)
+                open_pos = bus.read("Present_Position", motor_name, normalize=False)
                 logger.info(f"  Gripper open position recorded: {open_pos}")
 
                 if closed_pos < open_pos:
@@ -179,16 +228,16 @@ class OpenArmMini(Teleoperator):
                     drive_mode = 1
 
                 logger.info(
-                    f"  {motor_name}: range set to [{range_min}, {range_max}] "
+                    f"  {prefixed_name}: range set to [{range_min}, {range_max}] "
                     f"(0=closed, 100=open, drive_mode={drive_mode})"
                 )
             else:
                 range_min = 0
                 range_max = max_res
                 drive_mode = 0
-                logger.info(f"  {motor_name}: range set to [0, {max_res}] (full motor range)")
+                logger.info(f"  {prefixed_name}: range set to [0, {max_res}] (full motor range)")
 
-            self.calibration[motor_name] = MotorCalibration(
+            self.calibration[prefixed_name] = MotorCalibration(
                 id=motor.id,
                 drive_mode=drive_mode,
                 homing_offset=homing_offsets[motor_name],
@@ -196,68 +245,108 @@ class OpenArmMini(Teleoperator):
                 range_max=range_max,
             )
 
-        self.bus.write_calibration(self.calibration)
-        self._save_calibration()
-        print(f"\nCalibration complete and saved to {self.calibration_fpath}")
+        cal_for_bus = {
+            k.replace(f"{arm_name}_", ""): v
+            for k, v in self.calibration.items()
+            if k.startswith(f"{arm_name}_")
+        }
+        bus.write_calibration(cal_for_bus)
 
     def configure(self) -> None:
-        self.bus.disable_torque()
-        self.bus.configure_motors()
-        for motor in self.bus.motors:
-            self.bus.write("Operating_Mode", motor, OperatingMode.POSITION.value)
+        self.bus_right.disable_torque()
+        self.bus_right.configure_motors()
+        for motor in self.bus_right.motors:
+            self.bus_right.write("Operating_Mode", motor, OperatingMode.POSITION.value)
+
+        self.bus_left.disable_torque()
+        self.bus_left.configure_motors()
+        for motor in self.bus_left.motors:
+            self.bus_left.write("Operating_Mode", motor, OperatingMode.POSITION.value)
 
     def setup_motors(self) -> None:
-        for motor in reversed(self.bus.motors):
-            input(f"Connect the controller board to the '{motor}' motor only and press enter.")
-            self.bus.setup_motor(motor)
-            print(f"'{motor}' motor id set to {self.bus.motors[motor].id}")
+        print("\nSetting up RIGHT arm motors...")
+        for motor in reversed(self.bus_right.motors):
+            input(f"Connect the controller board to the RIGHT '{motor}' motor only and press enter.")
+            self.bus_right.setup_motor(motor)
+            print(f"RIGHT '{motor}' motor id set to {self.bus_right.motors[motor].id}")
+
+        print("\nSetting up LEFT arm motors...")
+        for motor in reversed(self.bus_left.motors):
+            input(f"Connect the controller board to the LEFT '{motor}' motor only and press enter.")
+            self.bus_left.setup_motor(motor)
+            print(f"LEFT '{motor}' motor id set to {self.bus_left.motors[motor].id}")
 
     @check_if_not_connected
     def get_action(self) -> RobotAction:
-        """Get current action (read positions from all motors)."""
+        """Get current action from both arms (read positions from all motors)."""
         start = time.perf_counter()
 
-        positions = self.bus.sync_read("Present_Position")
+        right_positions = self.bus_right.sync_read("Present_Position")
+        left_positions = self.bus_left.sync_read("Present_Position")
 
+        # Right first, then left — matches the robot (BiOpenArmFollower) ordering
+        # and the dataset feature names recorded during data collection.
         # Joint 6↔7 remap: leader joint_6 → follower joint_7 and vice versa.
-        # Per-side direction flip is applied based on the configured `side`.
         action: dict[str, Any] = {}
-        for motor, val in positions.items():
+        for motor, val in right_positions.items():
             target = JOINT_REMAP.get(motor, motor)
             if motor == "gripper":
                 # Convert gripper from teleop 0-100 to openarms degrees: 0→0°, 100→-65°
-                action[f"{target}.pos"] = val * GRIPPER_TELEOP_TO_DEGREES
+                action[f"right_{target}.pos"] = val * GRIPPER_TELEOP_TO_DEGREES
             else:
-                action[f"{target}.pos"] = -val if motor in self._motors_to_flip else val
+                action[f"right_{target}.pos"] = -val if motor in RIGHT_MOTORS_TO_FLIP else val
+        for motor, val in left_positions.items():
+            target = JOINT_REMAP.get(motor, motor)
+            if motor == "gripper":
+                action[f"left_{target}.pos"] = val * GRIPPER_TELEOP_TO_DEGREES
+            else:
+                action[f"left_{target}.pos"] = -val if motor in LEFT_MOTORS_TO_FLIP else val
 
         dt_ms = (time.perf_counter() - start) * 1e3
         logger.debug(f"{self} read action: {dt_ms:.1f}ms")
         return action
 
     def enable_torque(self) -> None:
-        self.bus.enable_torque()
+        """Enable torque on both arms for position control."""
+        self.bus_right.enable_torque()
+        self.bus_left.enable_torque()
 
     def disable_torque(self) -> None:
-        self.bus.disable_torque()
+        """Disable torque on both arms for free movement."""
+        self.bus_right.disable_torque()
+        self.bus_left.disable_torque()
 
     def write_goal_positions(self, positions: dict[str, float]) -> None:
         """Write goal positions to motors (inverse of get_action flip/gripper/remap logic)."""
-        goals: dict[str, float] = {}
+        right_goals: dict[str, float] = {}
+        left_goals: dict[str, float] = {}
+
         for key, val in positions.items():
             if not key.endswith(".pos"):
                 continue
-            base = key.removesuffix(".pos")
-            # JOINT_REMAP is symmetric (its own inverse).
-            target = JOINT_REMAP.get(base, base)
-            if base == "gripper":
-                # Convert robot degrees to teleop 0-100: 0°→0, -65°→100
-                goals[target] = val / GRIPPER_TELEOP_TO_DEGREES
-            else:
-                # Un-flip using the ORIGINAL motor name (target = leader motor)
-                goals[target] = -val if target in self._motors_to_flip else val
+            motor_name = key.removesuffix(".pos")
+            if motor_name.startswith("right_"):
+                base = motor_name.removeprefix("right_")
+                # Reverse remap: follower joint_7 → leader joint_6 and vice versa
+                target = JOINT_REMAP_REVERSE.get(base, base)
+                if base == "gripper":
+                    # Convert robot degrees to teleop 0-100: 0°→0, -65°→100
+                    right_goals[target] = val / GRIPPER_TELEOP_TO_DEGREES
+                else:
+                    # Un-flip using the ORIGINAL motor name (target = leader motor)
+                    right_goals[target] = -val if target in RIGHT_MOTORS_TO_FLIP else val
+            elif motor_name.startswith("left_"):
+                base = motor_name.removeprefix("left_")
+                target = JOINT_REMAP_REVERSE.get(base, base)
+                if base == "gripper":
+                    left_goals[target] = val / GRIPPER_TELEOP_TO_DEGREES
+                else:
+                    left_goals[target] = -val if target in LEFT_MOTORS_TO_FLIP else val
 
-        if goals:
-            self.bus.sync_write("Goal_Position", goals)
+        if right_goals:
+            self.bus_right.sync_write("Goal_Position", right_goals)
+        if left_goals:
+            self.bus_left.sync_write("Goal_Position", left_goals)
 
     @check_if_not_connected
     def send_feedback(self, feedback: dict[str, float]) -> None:
@@ -265,5 +354,6 @@ class OpenArmMini(Teleoperator):
 
     @check_if_not_connected
     def disconnect(self) -> None:
-        self.bus.disconnect()
+        self.bus_right.disconnect()
+        self.bus_left.disconnect()
         logger.info(f"{self} disconnected.")

src/lerobot/teleoperators/utils.py

@@ -99,18 +99,14 @@ def make_teleoperator_from_config(config: TeleoperatorConfig) -> "Teleoperator":
         from .openarm_mini import OpenArmMini
 
         return OpenArmMini(config)
-    elif config.type == "bi_openarm_mini":
-        from .bi_openarm_mini import BiOpenArmMini
-
-        return BiOpenArmMini(config)
     elif config.type == "rebot_102_leader":
         from .rebot_102_leader import RebotArm102Leader
 
         return RebotArm102Leader(config)
     elif config.type == "bi_rebot_102_leader":
-        from .bi_rebot_102_leader import BiRebot102Leader
+        from .bi_rebot_102_leader import BiRebotArm102Leader
 
-        return BiRebot102Leader(config)
+        return BiRebotArm102Leader(config)
     else:
         try:
             return cast("Teleoperator", make_device_from_device_class(config))

src/lerobot/utils/bimanual.py

@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-
-# Copyright 2026 The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-from typing import Any
-
-from lerobot.utils.decorators import check_if_already_connected, check_if_not_connected
-
-
-class BimanualMixin:
-    """Lifecycle delegation for bimanual robots and teleoperators.
-
-    Concrete subclasses must populate ``self.left_arm`` and ``self.right_arm`` in
-    their own ``__init__``. They retain ownership of feature dicts and the
-    data-routing methods (``get_action`` / ``send_action`` / ``get_observation`` /
-    ``send_feedback``), which vary per-embodiment.
-
-    Inherit before the ``Robot`` / ``Teleoperator`` base so the mixin's methods
-    take precedence in the MRO::
-
-        class BiFooFollower(BimanualMixin, Robot): ...
-    """
-
-    left_arm: Any
-    right_arm: Any
-
-    @property
-    def is_connected(self) -> bool:
-        return self.left_arm.is_connected and self.right_arm.is_connected
-
-    @property
-    def is_calibrated(self) -> bool:
-        return self.left_arm.is_calibrated and self.right_arm.is_calibrated
-
-    @check_if_already_connected
-    def connect(self, calibrate: bool = True) -> None:
-        self.left_arm.connect(calibrate)
-        self.right_arm.connect(calibrate)
-
-    def calibrate(self) -> None:
-        self.left_arm.calibrate()
-        self.right_arm.calibrate()
-
-    def configure(self) -> None:
-        self.left_arm.configure()
-        self.right_arm.configure()
-
-    @check_if_not_connected
-    def disconnect(self) -> None:
-        self.left_arm.disconnect()
-        self.right_arm.disconnect()

tests/annotations/test_writer.py

@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ import pytest
 pytest.importorskip("datasets", reason="datasets is required (install lerobot[dataset])")
 pytest.importorskip("pandas", reason="pandas is required (install lerobot[dataset])")
 
-import pandas as pd  # noqa: E402
 import pyarrow.parquet as pq  # noqa: E402
 
 from lerobot.annotations.steerable_pipeline.reader import iter_episodes  # noqa: E402
@@ -345,78 +344,6 @@ def test_annotation_metadata_sync_allows_non_streaming_load(
     assert len(dataset) == 24
 
 
-def _build_packed_dataset(root: Path, episode_lengths: list[int], *, fps: int = 10) -> Path:
-    """Pack several episodes into a single shard (vs build_annotation_dataset's one-per-file),
-    so the writer's rewrite must re-emit one row group per episode instead of collapsing them."""
-    from lerobot.datasets.io_utils import write_tasks
-    from lerobot.utils.io_utils import write_json
-
-    data_dir = root / "data" / "chunk-000"
-    data_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-    episode_index, frame_index, timestamp, task_index, subtask_index = [], [], [], [], []
-    for ep, length in enumerate(episode_lengths):
-        episode_index += [ep] * length
-        frame_index += list(range(length))
-        timestamp += [round(i / fps, 6) for i in range(length)]
-        task_index += [0] * length
-        subtask_index += [0] * length  # legacy column the writer must drop
-    pd.DataFrame(
-        {
-            "episode_index": episode_index,
-            "frame_index": frame_index,
-            "timestamp": timestamp,
-            "task_index": task_index,
-            "subtask_index": subtask_index,
-        }
-    ).to_parquet(data_dir / "file-000.parquet", index=False)
-
-    tasks_df = pd.DataFrame({"task_index": [0]}, index=pd.Index(["do the thing"], name="task"))
-    write_tasks(tasks_df, root)
-    write_json(
-        {"codebase_version": "v3.1", "fps": fps, "features": {}, "total_episodes": len(episode_lengths)},
-        root / "meta" / "info.json",
-    )
-    return root
-
-
-def test_writer_one_row_group_per_episode(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
-    """Rewriting a packed shard must keep one row group per episode, not collapse
-    every episode into a single giant row group."""
-    episode_lengths = [4, 6, 5]  # unequal lengths, all in one shard
-    root = _build_packed_dataset(tmp_path / "ds", episode_lengths)
-    shard = root / "data" / "chunk-000" / "file-000.parquet"
-    assert pq.ParquetFile(shard).metadata.num_row_groups == 1, "fixture should start collapsed"
-
-    staging_dir = tmp_path / "stage"
-    for ep in range(len(episode_lengths)):
-        _stage_episode(
-            staging_dir,
-            ep,
-            plan=[
-                {
-                    "role": "assistant",
-                    "content": f"subtask for ep {ep}",
-                    "style": "subtask",
-                    "timestamp": 0.0,
-                    "tool_calls": None,
-                }
-            ],
-        )
-
-    records = list(iter_episodes(root))
-    LanguageColumnsWriter().write_all(records, staging_dir, root)
-
-    # One row group per episode, with row counts matching the episode lengths.
-    md = pq.ParquetFile(shard).metadata
-    assert md.num_row_groups == len(episode_lengths)
-    assert [md.row_group(i).num_rows for i in range(md.num_row_groups)] == episode_lengths
-    # Language columns are still present after the per-episode rewrite.
-    table = pq.read_table(shard)
-    assert "language_persistent" in table.column_names
-    assert "language_events" in table.column_names
-
-
 def test_speech_atom_shape_matches_plan_spec() -> None:
     atom = speech_atom(2.5, "I'm cleaning up!")
     assert atom["role"] == "assistant"

tests/datasets/test_aggregate.py

@@ -32,26 +32,6 @@ from lerobot.datasets.lerobot_dataset import LeRobotDataset
 from tests.fixtures.constants import DUMMY_REPO_ID
 
 
-def assert_data_shards_one_row_group_per_episode(root):
-    """Every aggregated DATA shard must have exactly one parquet row group per episode."""
-    import pyarrow.parquet as pq
-
-    shards = sorted((root / "data").rglob("*.parquet"))
-    assert shards, f"no data shards found under {root}/data"
-    n_episodes = 0
-    for shard in shards:
-        pf = pq.ParquetFile(shard)
-        episodes = pf.read(columns=["episode_index"]).column("episode_index").to_pylist()
-        assert pf.metadata.num_row_groups == len(set(episodes)), shard
-        for i in range(pf.metadata.num_row_groups):
-            rg_episodes = set(
-                pf.read_row_group(i, columns=["episode_index"]).column("episode_index").to_pylist()
-            )
-            assert len(rg_episodes) == 1, f"{shard} row group {i} spans episodes {rg_episodes}"
-        n_episodes += len(set(episodes))
-    return n_episodes
-
-
 def assert_episode_and_frame_counts(aggr_ds, expected_episodes, expected_frames):
     """Test that total number of episodes and frames are correctly aggregated."""
     assert aggr_ds.num_episodes == expected_episodes, (
@@ -586,41 +566,6 @@ def assert_image_frames_integrity(aggr_ds, ds_0, ds_1):
             )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("use_videos", [True, False], ids=["video", "image"])
-def test_aggregate_one_row_group_per_episode(tmp_path, lerobot_dataset_factory, use_videos):
-    """Aggregated DATA shards keep one row group per episode (not one collapsed group).
-
-    Covers both the non-image (``df.to_parquet``) and image
-    (``to_parquet_with_hf_images``) write branches, including the merge-into-
-    existing-file branch via a low file-size threshold that forces packing.
-    """
-    ds_0 = lerobot_dataset_factory(
-        root=tmp_path / "rg_0",
-        repo_id=f"{DUMMY_REPO_ID}_rg_0",
-        total_episodes=3,
-        total_frames=60,
-        use_videos=use_videos,
-    )
-    ds_1 = lerobot_dataset_factory(
-        root=tmp_path / "rg_1",
-        repo_id=f"{DUMMY_REPO_ID}_rg_1",
-        total_episodes=4,
-        total_frames=80,
-        use_videos=use_videos,
-    )
-
-    aggr_root = tmp_path / "rg_aggr"
-    aggregate_datasets(
-        repo_ids=[ds_0.repo_id, ds_1.repo_id],
-        roots=[ds_0.root, ds_1.root],
-        aggr_repo_id=f"{DUMMY_REPO_ID}_rg_aggr",
-        aggr_root=aggr_root,
-    )
-
-    n_episodes = assert_data_shards_one_row_group_per_episode(aggr_root)
-    assert n_episodes == ds_0.num_episodes + ds_1.num_episodes
-
-
 def test_aggregate_image_datasets(tmp_path, lerobot_dataset_factory):
     """Test aggregation of image-based datasets preserves HuggingFace Image schema.
 

tests/datasets/test_datasets.py

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ from lerobot.robots import make_robot_from_config
 from lerobot.transforms import ImageTransforms, ImageTransformsConfig
 from lerobot.utils.constants import ACTION, DONE, OBS_IMAGES, OBS_STATE, OBS_STR, REWARD
 from lerobot.utils.feature_utils import hw_to_dataset_features
-from tests.fixtures.constants import DUMMY_CHW, DUMMY_HWC, DUMMY_MOTOR_FEATURES, DUMMY_REPO_ID
+from tests.fixtures.constants import DUMMY_CHW, DUMMY_HWC, DUMMY_REPO_ID
 from tests.mocks.mock_robot import MockRobotConfig
 from tests.utils import require_x86_64_kernel
 
@@ -133,21 +133,6 @@ def test_dataset_feature_with_forward_slash_raises_error():
         )
 
 
-def test_create_does_not_mutate_input_features(tmp_path, empty_lerobot_dataset_factory):
-    # ``create`` must deep-copy features so a dataset built from another's features stays independent.
-    dataset = empty_lerobot_dataset_factory(
-        root=tmp_path / "ds1", features=DUMMY_MOTOR_FEATURES, use_videos=False
-    )
-    dataset_copy = empty_lerobot_dataset_factory(
-        root=tmp_path / "ds2", features=dataset.meta.features, use_videos=False
-    )
-
-    original_shape = dataset.meta.info.features["state"]["shape"]
-    dataset_copy.meta.info.features["state"]["shape"] = (999,)
-
-    assert dataset.meta.info.features["state"]["shape"] == original_shape
-
-
 def test_add_frame_missing_task(tmp_path, empty_lerobot_dataset_factory):
     features = {"state": {"dtype": "float32", "shape": (1,), "names": None}}
     dataset = empty_lerobot_dataset_factory(root=tmp_path / "test", features=features)

tests/processor/test_pipeline.py

@@ -2370,32 +2370,14 @@ def test_aggregate_images_when_use_videos_false():
     out = aggregate_pipeline_dataset_features(
         pipeline=rp,
         initial_features={PipelineFeatureType.ACTION: {}, PipelineFeatureType.OBSERVATION: initial},
-        use_videos=False,  # images kept, stored as "image" dtype
+        use_videos=False,  # expect "image" dtype
         patterns=None,
     )
 
     key = f"{OBS_IMAGES}.back"
     key_front = f"{OBS_IMAGES}.front"
-    assert key in out
-    assert key_front in out
-    assert out[key]["dtype"] == "image"
-    assert out[key_front]["dtype"] == "image"
-    assert out[key]["shape"] == initial["back"]
-
-
-def test_aggregate_images_excluded():
-    rp = DataProcessorPipeline([AddObservationStateFeatures(add_front_image=True)])
-    initial = {"back": (480, 640, 3)}
-
-    out = aggregate_pipeline_dataset_features(
-        pipeline=rp,
-        initial_features={PipelineFeatureType.ACTION: {}, PipelineFeatureType.OBSERVATION: initial},
-        exclude_images=True,
-        patterns=None,
-    )
-
-    assert f"{OBS_IMAGES}.back" not in out
-    assert f"{OBS_IMAGES}.front" not in out
+    assert key not in out
+    assert key_front not in out
 
 
 def test_aggregate_images_when_use_videos_true():

tests/teleoperators/test_rebot_102_leader.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
 
 import pytest
 
-from lerobot.teleoperators.bi_rebot_102_leader import BiRebot102Leader, BiRebot102LeaderConfig
+from lerobot.teleoperators.bi_rebot_102_leader import BiRebotArm102Leader, BiRebotArm102LeaderConfig
 from lerobot.teleoperators.rebot_102_leader import (
     RebotArm102Leader,
     RebotArm102LeaderConfig,
@@ -91,11 +91,11 @@ def test_send_feedback_not_implemented(leader):
 
 def test_bimanual_prefixes_features():
     with patch(f"{_MODULE}.require_package", lambda *a, **kw: None):
-        cfg = BiRebot102LeaderConfig(
+        cfg = BiRebotArm102LeaderConfig(
             left_arm_config=RebotArm102LeaderConfig(port="/dev/null0"),
             right_arm_config=RebotArm102LeaderConfig(port="/dev/null1"),
         )
-        teleop = BiRebot102Leader(cfg)
+        teleop = BiRebotArm102Leader(cfg)
     assert any(k.startswith("left_") for k in teleop.action_features)
     assert any(k.startswith("right_") for k in teleop.action_features)
     assert "left_gripper.pos" in teleop.action_features