Merge branch 'main' into feature/add-multitask-dit

* fix(ci): skip HF log in (and tests) in forks and community PRs

* chore(test): remove comment about test meant to be only run locally

* fix(tests): no hf log in decorator for xvla

* fix(test): no decorator in yield

.github/workflows/fast_tests.yml

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ permissions:
 # Sets up the environment variables
 env:
   UV_VERSION: "0.8.0"
-  PYTHON_VERSION: "3.10"
+  PYTHON_VERSION: "3.12"
 
 # Ensures that only the latest commit for a PR or branch is built, canceling older runs.
 concurrency:
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ jobs:
       MUJOCO_GL: egl
       HF_HOME: /mnt/cache/.cache/huggingface
       HF_LEROBOT_HOME: /mnt/cache/.cache/huggingface/lerobot
+      HF_USER_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.LEROBOT_HF_USER }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
@@ -89,5 +90,11 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install lerobot with test extras
         run: uv sync --extra "test"
 
+      - name: Login to Hugging Face
+        if: env.HF_USER_TOKEN != ''
+        run: |
+          uv run hf auth login --token "$HF_USER_TOKEN" --add-to-git-credential
+          uv run hf auth whoami
+
       - name: Run pytest
         run: uv run pytest tests -vv --maxfail=10

.github/workflows/full_tests.yml

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ permissions:
 # Sets up the environment variables
 env:
   UV_VERSION: "0.8.0"
-  PYTHON_VERSION: "3.10"
+  PYTHON_VERSION: "3.12"
   DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME: huggingface/lerobot-gpu
 
 # Ensures that only the latest action is built, canceling older runs.
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ jobs:
       MUJOCO_GL: egl
       HF_HOME: /mnt/cache/.cache/huggingface
       HF_LEROBOT_HOME: /mnt/cache/.cache/huggingface/lerobot
+      HF_USER_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.LEROBOT_HF_USER }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
@@ -87,6 +88,12 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install lerobot with all extras
         run: uv sync --extra all # TODO(Steven): Make flash-attn optional
 
+      - name: Login to Hugging Face
+        if: env.HF_USER_TOKEN != ''
+        run: |
+          uv run hf auth login --token "$HF_USER_TOKEN" --add-to-git-credential
+          uv run hf auth whoami
+
       - name: Run pytest (all extras)
         run: uv run pytest tests -vv --maxfail=10
 
@@ -162,6 +169,7 @@ jobs:
       HF_LEROBOT_HOME: /home/user_lerobot/.cache/huggingface/lerobot
       TORCH_HOME: /home/user_lerobot/.cache/torch
       TRITON_CACHE_DIR: /home/user_lerobot/.cache/triton
+      HF_USER_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.LEROBOT_HF_USER }}
     container:
       image: ${{ needs.build-and-push-docker.outputs.image_tag }} # zizmor: ignore[unpinned-images]
       options: --gpus all --shm-size "16gb"
@@ -173,6 +181,13 @@ jobs:
         shell: bash
         working-directory: /lerobot
     steps:
+      - name: Login to Hugging Face
+        if: env.HF_USER_TOKEN != ''
+        run: |
+          hf auth login --token "$HF_USER_TOKEN" --add-to-git-credential
+          hf auth whoami
+      - name: Fix ptxas permissions
+        run: chmod +x /lerobot/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/triton/backends/nvidia/bin/ptxas
       - name: Run pytest on GPU
         run: pytest tests -vv --maxfail=10
       - name: Run end-to-end tests

.github/workflows/nightly.yml

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ on:
 # Sets up the environment variables
 env:
   UV_VERSION: "0.8.0"
-  PYTHON_VERSION: "3.10"
+  PYTHON_VERSION: "3.12"
   DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME_CPU: huggingface/lerobot-cpu:latest
   DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME_GPU: huggingface/lerobot-gpu:latest
 
@@ -119,6 +119,7 @@ jobs:
       HF_LEROBOT_HOME: /home/user_lerobot/.cache/huggingface/lerobot
       TORCH_HOME: /home/user_lerobot/.cache/torch
       TRITON_CACHE_DIR: /home/user_lerobot/.cache/triton
+      HF_USER_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.LEROBOT_HF_USER }}
     container:
       image: ${{ needs.build-docker-cpu-nightly.outputs.image_tag }} # zizmor: ignore[unpinned-images]
       options: --shm-size "16gb"
@@ -130,6 +131,11 @@ jobs:
         shell: bash
         working-directory: /lerobot
     steps:
+      - name: Login to Hugging Face
+        if: env.HF_USER_TOKEN != ''
+        run: |
+          hf auth login --token "$HF_USER_TOKEN" --add-to-git-credential
+          hf auth whoami
       - name: Run pytest on CPU
         run: pytest tests -vv --maxfail=10
       - name: Run end-to-end tests
@@ -146,6 +152,7 @@ jobs:
       HF_LEROBOT_HOME: /home/user_lerobot/.cache/huggingface/lerobot
       TORCH_HOME: /home/user_lerobot/.cache/torch
       TRITON_CACHE_DIR: /home/user_lerobot/.cache/triton
+      HF_USER_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.LEROBOT_HF_USER }}
     container:
       image: ${{ needs.build-docker-gpu-nightly.outputs.image_tag }} # zizmor: ignore[unpinned-images]
       options: --gpus all --shm-size "16gb"
@@ -157,6 +164,11 @@ jobs:
         shell: bash
         working-directory: /lerobot
     steps:
+      - name: Login to Hugging Face
+        if: env.HF_USER_TOKEN != ''
+        run: |
+          hf auth login --token "$HF_USER_TOKEN" --add-to-git-credential
+          hf auth whoami
       - name: Run pytest on GPU
         run: pytest tests -vv --maxfail=10
       - name: Run end-to-end tests
@@ -174,6 +186,7 @@ jobs:
       TORCH_HOME: /home/user_lerobot/.cache/torch
       TRITON_CACHE_DIR: /home/user_lerobot/.cache/triton
       CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES: "0,1,2,3"
+      HF_USER_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.LEROBOT_HF_USER }}
     container:
       image: ${{ needs.build-docker-gpu-nightly.outputs.image_tag }} # zizmor: ignore[unpinned-images]
       options: --gpus all --shm-size "16gb"
@@ -185,12 +198,15 @@ jobs:
         shell: bash
         working-directory: /lerobot
     steps:
+      - name: Login to Hugging Face
+        if: env.HF_USER_TOKEN != ''
+        run: |
+          hf auth login --token "$HF_USER_TOKEN" --add-to-git-credential
+          hf auth whoami
       - name: Verify GPU availability
         run: |
           nvidia-smi
           python -c "import torch; print(f'PyTorch CUDA available: {torch.cuda.is_available()}'); print(f'Number of GPUs: {torch.cuda.device_count()}')"
 
       - name: Run multi-GPU training tests
-      # TODO(Steven): Investigate why motors tests are failing in multi-GPU setup
-        run: pytest tests -vv --maxfail=10 --ignore=tests/motors/
-        timeout-minutes: 10
+        run: pytest -vv tests/training/

.github/workflows/quality.yml

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
-          python-version: '3.10'
+          python-version: '3.12'
 
       - name: Run pre-commit hooks
         uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.1 # zizmor: ignore[unpinned-uses]

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ on:
 # Sets up the environment variables
 env:
   UV_VERSION: "0.8.0"
-  PYTHON_VERSION: "3.10"
+  PYTHON_VERSION: "3.12"
 
 jobs:
   # This job builds the Python package and publishes it to PyPI
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
-          python-version: '3.10'
+          python-version: '3.12'
 
       - name: Extract Version
         id: extract_info
@@ -83,14 +83,6 @@ jobs:
             exit 1
           fi
 
-      - name: Remove Tags with Git dependencies
-        # TODO(Steven): Temporary patch to remove pi from PyPi 0.4.0 release due to its reliance on git dependencies.
-        run: |
-          echo "::info:: Checking for Git dependencies to remove from pyproject.toml..."
-          grep -E '@ git\+https|lerobot\[pi\]' pyproject.toml | sed 's/^/::warning:: Removing line: /' || true
-          sed -E -i '/@ git\+https|lerobot\[pi\]/d' pyproject.toml
-          echo "::info:: Git dependencies removed. Proceeding with build."
-
       - name: Install build dependencies
         run: python -m pip install build
 

.github/workflows/unbound_deps_tests.yml

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ permissions:
 # Sets up the environment variables
 env:
   UV_VERSION: "0.8.0"
-  PYTHON_VERSION: "3.10"
+  PYTHON_VERSION: "3.12"
   DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME: huggingface/lerobot-gpu:unbound
 
 # Ensures that only the latest action is built, canceling older runs.
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ jobs:
       MUJOCO_GL: egl
       HF_HOME: /mnt/cache/.cache/huggingface
       HF_LEROBOT_HOME: /mnt/cache/.cache/huggingface/lerobot
+      HF_USER_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.LEROBOT_HF_USER }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
@@ -79,7 +80,11 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Install lerobot with all extras
         run: uv sync --extra all # TODO(Steven): Make flash-attn optional
-
+      - name: Login to Hugging Face
+        if: env.HF_USER_TOKEN != ''
+        run: |
+          uv run hf auth login --token "$HF_USER_TOKEN" --add-to-git-credential
+          uv run hf auth whoami
       - name: Run pytest (all extras)
         run: uv run pytest tests -vv
 
@@ -137,6 +142,7 @@ jobs:
       HF_LEROBOT_HOME: /home/user_lerobot/.cache/huggingface/lerobot
       TORCH_HOME: /home/user_lerobot/.cache/torch
       TRITON_CACHE_DIR: /home/user_lerobot/.cache/triton
+      HF_USER_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.LEROBOT_HF_USER }}
     container:
       image: ${{ needs.build-and-push-docker.outputs.image_tag }} # zizmor: ignore[unpinned-images]
       options: --gpus all --shm-size "16gb"
@@ -148,6 +154,11 @@ jobs:
         shell: bash
         working-directory: /lerobot
     steps:
+      - name: Login to Hugging Face
+        if: env.HF_USER_TOKEN != ''
+        run: |
+          hf auth login --token "$HF_USER_TOKEN" --add-to-git-credential
+          hf auth whoami
       - name: Run pytest on GPU
         run: pytest tests -vv
       - name: Run end-to-end tests

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 default_language_version:
-    python: python3.10
+    python: python3.12
 
 exclude: "tests/artifacts/.*\\.safetensors$"
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ repos:
     rev: v3.21.0
     hooks:
     -   id: pyupgrade
-        args: [--py310-plus]
+        args: [--py312-plus]
 
   ##### Markdown Quality #####
   - repo: https://github.com/rbubley/mirrors-prettier

AI_POLICY.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# AI Usage Policy
+
+The LeRobot project welcomes contributions from everyone, and we have a few guidelines regarding AI usage to ensure high code quality, clear communication, and a healthy open-source ecosystem:
+
+- **Please disclose significant AI assistance.** If you used AI tools (e.g., Copilot, Claude, Cursor, ChatGPT) to generate a substantial portion of your code or text, let us know in your PR description. Transparency helps us review your changes more effectively.
+- **Own your code (The Human-in-the-Loop).** You must fully understand all the changes you are proposing. If you cannot explain what your AI-assisted code does or how it interacts with LeRobot's broader architecture, please take the time to learn and test it before submitting.
+- **Keep issues and discussions focused.** You are welcome to use AI to help draft issues or PR descriptions, but please review and edit them carefully before posting. AI can often be overly verbose; trimming the noise and getting straight to the point helps our maintainers address your needs faster.
+
+Our core maintainers also use AI tools to aid their workflows, but they do so while bringing deep contextual knowledge of the LeRobot codebase to validate the output. We ask all contributors to apply that same level of rigor.
+
+## Remember the Human Maintainers
+
+Please remember that LeRobot is maintained by a dedicated team of humans.
+
+Every discussion, issue, and pull request is read and reviewed by real people. While AI tools can generate thousands of lines of code in seconds, reviewing that code still takes human time and energy. Submitting unverified or low-effort AI output puts an unfair burden on our maintainers.
+
+Today, the quality of the AI output still heavily depends on the developer driving the tool. We ask that you respect our maintainers' time by thoroughly vetting, testing, and refining your submissions.
+
+## AI is Welcome Here
+
+LeRobot operates at the cutting edge of AI and robotics, and many of our maintainers actively embrace AI coding assistants as valuable productivity tools. We are a pro-AI project!
+
+Our reason for having an AI policy is not an anti-AI stance. Rather, it exists to ensure that AI is used to enhance human contributions, not replace them with unverified noise. It's about how the tools are used, not the tools themselves.
+
+We value the unique human insight you bring to the LeRobot community. Let AI empower your workflow, but always let your own judgment take the wheel.

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 Everyone is welcome to contribute, and we value everybody's contribution. Code is not the only way to help the community. Answering questions, helping others, reaching out, and improving the documentation are immensely valuable.
 
-Whichever way you choose to contribute, please be mindful to respect our [code of conduct](./CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
+Whichever way you choose to contribute, please be mindful to respect our [code of conduct](./CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md) and our [AI policy](./AI_POLICY.md).
 
 ## Ways to Contribute
 

MANIFEST.in

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 include src/lerobot/templates/lerobot_modelcard_template.md
 include src/lerobot/datasets/card_template.md
+include src/lerobot/envs/metaworld_config.json

README.md

@@ -100,11 +100,11 @@ lerobot-train \
   --dataset.repo_id=lerobot/aloha_mobile_cabinet
 ```
 
-| Category                   | Models                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
-| -------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
-| **Imitation Learning**     | [ACT](./docs/source/policy_act_README.md), [Diffusion](./docs/source/policy_diffusion_README.md), [VQ-BeT](./docs/source/policy_vqbet_README.md)                                                             |
-| **Reinforcement Learning** | [HIL-SERL](./docs/source/hilserl.mdx), [TDMPC](./docs/source/policy_tdmpc_README.md) & QC-FQL (coming soon)                                                                                                  |
-| **VLAs Models**            | [Pi0Fast](./docs/source/pi0fast.mdx), [Pi0.5](./docs/source/pi05.mdx), [GR00T N1.5](./docs/source/policy_groot_README.md), [SmolVLA](./docs/source/policy_smolvla_README.md), [XVLA](./docs/source/xvla.mdx) |
+| Category                   | Models                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
+| -------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| **Imitation Learning**     | [ACT](./docs/source/policy_act_README.md), [Diffusion](./docs/source/policy_diffusion_README.md), [VQ-BeT](./docs/source/policy_vqbet_README.md), [Multitask DiT Policy](./docs/source/policy_multi_task_dit_README.md) |
+| **Reinforcement Learning** | [HIL-SERL](./docs/source/hilserl.mdx), [TDMPC](./docs/source/policy_tdmpc_README.md) & QC-FQL (coming soon)                                                                                                             |
+| **VLAs Models**            | [Pi0Fast](./docs/source/pi0fast.mdx), [Pi0.5](./docs/source/pi05.mdx), [GR00T N1.5](./docs/source/policy_groot_README.md), [SmolVLA](./docs/source/policy_smolvla_README.md), [XVLA](./docs/source/xvla.mdx)            |
 
 Similarly to the hardware, you can easily implement your own policy & leverage LeRobot's data collection, training, and visualization tools, and share your model to the HF Hub
 

benchmarks/tokens/README.md

@@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
-# Action tokenizer benchmark
-
-## Questions
-
-What is the trade-off between:
-
-- **Compression**: how many tokens are needed to represent an action chunk (e.g. horizon × action_dim floats)?
-- **Reconstruction quality**: how well does encode-then-decode preserve the original actions?
-- **Speed**: how long does encoding and decoding take per chunk?
-
-How to choose an action tokenizer?
-
-- Which tokenizer architecture (e.g. dct + BPE, DCT + BPE)?
-- Which **action horizon** and **encoded dimensions** to use?
-- Which **normalization** (QUANTILES, MEAN_STD, MIN_MAX) and **delta transform** (relative vs absolute actions)?
-- How do reconstruction error and compression ratio vary across datasets and tokenizer settings?
-
-This benchmark loads action chunks from a LeRobot dataset using the same pipeline as `lerobot-train-tokenizer`, runs a trained action tokenizer in encode/decode mode, and reports reconstruction error, compression stats, and timing. Results are saved as JSON under `outputs/` for comparison and analysis.
-
-## Variables
-
-**Dataset & chunking**
-
-- **repo_id**: LeRobot dataset (e.g. `lerobot/pusht`). Action statistics and normalization are taken from the dataset metadata when available.
-- **action_horizon**: Number of future steps per action chunk (must match the tokenizer’s training).
-- **encoded_dims**: Dimension ranges to encode (e.g. `0:6` or `0:6,7:14`). Must match the tokenizer.
-- **max_episodes**: Cap on episodes to load (default: all).
-- **sample_fraction**: Fraction of chunks to sample per episode (default `0.2`) to keep runtime manageable.
-
-**Transform & normalization**
-
-- **normalization_mode**: `IDENTITY`, `MEAN_STD`, `MIN_MAX`, `QUANTILES`, `QUANTILE10`. Should match the tokenizer’s training.
-- **delta_dims**: Comma-separated dimension indices for delta (relative) transform.
-- **use_delta_transform**: Whether to convert actions to relative to current state for those dimensions.
-- **state_key**: Dataset key for state (e.g. `observation.state`) used when applying delta transform.
-
-**Tokenizer & evaluation**
-
-- **action_tokenizer_path**: Path or HuggingFace repo id of the trained tokenizer (e.g. `outputs/wavetoken`).
-- **max_chunks_for_reconstruction**: Max number of chunks to use for reconstruction and timing (default `500`) to limit runtime.
-
-### Main parameters
-
-| parameter                        | default                      | description                                      |
-| -------------------------------- | ---------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ |
-| **action_tokenizer_path**        | (required)                   | Path or Hub id of the trained action tokenizer.  |
-| **repo_id**                      | (required)                   | LeRobot dataset repo id.                         |
-| **action_horizon**               | `10`                         | Future steps per chunk.                          |
-| **encoded_dims**                 | `0:6`                        | Dimension ranges to encode (e.g. `0:6,7:14`).   |
-| **normalization_mode**           | `QUANTILES`                  | Normalization mode for actions.                  |
-| **max_episodes**                 | all                          | Max episodes to load.                            |
-| **sample_fraction**              | `0.2`                        | Fraction of chunks sampled per episode.          |
-| **max_chunks_for_reconstruction**| `500`                        | Chunks used for reconstruction and timing.       |
-| **output_dir**                   | `outputs/action_tokenizer_benchmark` | Directory for results JSON.              |
-
-## Metrics
-
-**Reconstruction (lower is better)**
-
-- **reconstruction_mae**: Mean absolute error between original and decoded action chunks.
-- **reconstruction_mse**: Mean squared error.
-- **reconstruction_rmse**: Root mean squared error.
-- **reconstruction_max_abs_error**: Maximum absolute error over all dimensions and samples.
-- **per_dimension_mae**: MAE per action dimension (list of length `action_dim`).
-
-**Compression**
-
-- **compression_ratio**: Ratio (action_horizon × action_dim) / mean number of tokens. Higher means more compression.
-- **mean_token_length**, **std_token_length**: Mean and standard deviation of token count per chunk.
-- **min_token_length**, **max_token_length**: Min and max token count.
-- **p50_token_length**, **p99_token_length**: 50th and 99th percentile token counts.
-
-**Timing (seconds per chunk)**
-
-- **mean_encode_time_sec**: Mean time to encode one chunk.
-- **mean_decode_time_sec**: Mean time to decode one chunk.
-
-The JSON output also includes **num_chunks_evaluated** and **total_chunks_available** for context.
-
-## How the benchmark works
-
-1. **Load dataset**: LeRobot dataset is loaded for the given `repo_id` and `root`.
-2. **Build action chunks**: For each episode (up to `max_episodes`), action chunks are built with the same logic as `lerobot-train-tokenizer`: sliding window of length `action_horizon`, optional delta transform, and per-episode sampling with `sample_fraction`.
-3. **Extract and normalize**: Only `encoded_dims` are kept. Normalization is applied using the dataset’s action stats when available, according to `normalization_mode`.
-4. **Encode / decode**: A random sample of chunks (size `max_chunks_for_reconstruction`) is encoded and then decoded with the tokenizer. Encode and decode times are recorded per chunk.
-5. **Compute metrics**: Reconstruction metrics are computed between original and decoded chunks; compression and timing stats are aggregated.
-6. **Save results**: A JSON file is written to `output_dir` with name `{timestamp}_{repo_id}_action_tokenizer_results.json`, containing the full config and all metrics.
-
-The pipeline (chunking, dimensions, normalization, delta) must match how the tokenizer was trained; otherwise reconstruction error can be large or the tokenizer may raise.
-
-## Caveats
-
-- The tokenizer’s **action_horizon** and **action_dim** (and optionally DCT settings) are fixed at training time. The benchmark infers dimensions from the dataset and encoded dims; the tokenizer path must correspond to a model trained with the same horizon and encoded dimensions.
-- Reconstruction is evaluated in **normalized space** (the same space the tokenizer sees). For interpretation in raw action space, you would need to invert normalization outside this script.
-- Only one tokenizer and one dataset are evaluated per run. To compare tokenizers or datasets, run the script multiple times and compare the saved JSON files.
-
-## Example
-
-Quick run with a local tokenizer and a small number of episodes:
-
-```bash
-python benchmarks/tokens/run_action_tokenizer_benchmark.py \
-    --action-tokenizer-path=outputs/wavetoken \
-    --repo-id=lerobot/pusht \
-    --action-horizon=10 \
-    --max-episodes=50 \
-    --output-dir=outputs/action_tokenizer_benchmark
-```
-
-With delta transform and custom encoded dimensions:
-
-```bash
-python benchmarks/tokens/run_action_tokenizer_benchmark.py \
-    --action-tokenizer-path=outputs/wavetoken \
-    --repo-id=lerobot/pusht \
-    --action-horizon=10 \
-    --encoded-dims=0:6,7:14 \
-    --delta-dims=0,1,2,3,4,5 \
-    --use-delta-transform \
-    --normalization-mode=QUANTILES \
-    --max-chunks-for-reconstruction=500 \
-    --output-dir=outputs/action_tokenizer_benchmark
-```
-
-Results are written to e.g. `outputs/action_tokenizer_benchmark/2026-02-12_14-30-00_lerobot_pusht_action_tokenizer_results.json`.
-
-## Results
-
-Results are stored as JSON in the directory given by `--output-dir` (default: `outputs/action_tokenizer_benchmark`). Each file contains:
-
-- **config**: All script arguments (tokenizer path, repo_id, action_horizon, encoded_dims, normalization_mode, etc.) for reproducibility.
-- **metrics**: All reconstruction, compression, and timing metrics described above.
-
-To compare runs, load and diff or aggregate these JSON files with your own scripts or notebooks.

benchmarks/tokens/run_action_tokenizer_benchmark.py

@@ -1,442 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-# Copyright 2026 The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-"""Benchmark action tokenization: reconstruction error, compression ratio, and timing.
-
-Loads action chunks from a LeRobot dataset, encodes/decodes them with a trained action
-tokenizer, and reports:
-- Reconstruction: MAE, MSE, RMSE, max absolute error, per-dimension MAE
-- Jerk: mean absolute jerk (original and reconstructed), jerk reconstruction MAE
-- Compression: ratio (input size / mean tokens), token length stats
-- Timing: mean encode/decode time per chunk
-
-Results are saved to outputs/action_tokenizer_benchmark/<timestamp>_results.json.
-
-Example:
-
-```bash
-python benchmarks/tokens/run_action_tokenizer_benchmark.py \
-    --action-tokenizer-path=outputs/wavetoken \
-    --repo-id=lerobot/pusht \
-    --action-horizon=10 \
-    --max-episodes=50 \
-    --output-dir=outputs/action_tokenizer_benchmark
-```
-"""
-
-import argparse
-import json
-import time
-from pathlib import Path
-
-import numpy as np
-
-from lerobot.configs.types import NormalizationMode
-from lerobot.datasets.lerobot_dataset import LeRobotDataset
-from lerobot.utils.constants import ACTION, OBS_STATE
-
-# Optional: use same helpers as train script if we want to avoid duplication
-from lerobot.scripts.lerobot_train_tokenizer import (
-    apply_normalization,
-    process_episode,
-)
-
-
-def load_action_chunks(
-    repo_id: str,
-    root: str | None,
-    action_horizon: int,
-    max_episodes: int | None,
-    sample_fraction: float,
-    encoded_dims: str,
-    delta_dims: str | None,
-    use_delta_transform: bool,
-    state_key: str,
-    normalization_mode: NormalizationMode,
-):
-    """Load and normalize action chunks from a LeRobot dataset (same pipeline as training)."""
-    dataset = LeRobotDataset(repo_id=repo_id, root=root)
-    num_episodes = dataset.num_episodes
-    if max_episodes is not None:
-        num_episodes = min(max_episodes, num_episodes)
-
-    # Parse encoded dims
-    encoded_dim_ranges = []
-    for range_str in encoded_dims.split(","):
-        start, end = map(int, range_str.strip().split(":"))
-        encoded_dim_ranges.append((start, end))
-    total_encoded_dims = sum(end - start for start, end in encoded_dim_ranges)
-
-    delta_dim_list = None
-    if delta_dims is not None and delta_dims.strip():
-        delta_dim_list = [int(d.strip()) for d in delta_dims.split(",")]
-
-    all_chunks = []
-    for ep_idx in range(num_episodes):
-        chunks = process_episode(
-            (
-                dataset,
-                ep_idx,
-                action_horizon,
-                delta_dim_list,
-                sample_fraction,
-                state_key,
-                use_delta_transform,
-            )
-        )
-        if chunks is not None:
-            all_chunks.append(chunks)
-
-    if not all_chunks:
-        raise ValueError("No action chunks collected. Check action_horizon and dataset.")
-
-    all_chunks = np.concatenate(all_chunks, axis=0)
-
-    # Extract encoded dimensions only
-    encoded_chunks = []
-    for start, end in encoded_dim_ranges:
-        encoded_chunks.append(all_chunks[:, :, start:end])
-    encoded_chunks = np.concatenate(encoded_chunks, axis=-1)
-
-    # Normalize
-    norm_stats = dataset.meta.stats
-    if norm_stats is not None and ACTION in norm_stats:
-        action_stats = norm_stats[ACTION]
-        encoded_dim_indices = []
-        for start, end in encoded_dim_ranges:
-            encoded_dim_indices.extend(range(start, end))
-        encoded_dim_indices = np.array(encoded_dim_indices)
-        encoded_stats = {}
-        for stat_name, stat_values in action_stats.items():
-            if isinstance(stat_values, (list, np.ndarray)):
-                stat_array = np.array(stat_values)
-                if len(stat_array) > max(encoded_dim_indices):
-                    encoded_stats[stat_name] = stat_array[encoded_dim_indices]
-        if encoded_stats:
-            try:
-                encoded_chunks = apply_normalization(
-                    encoded_chunks, encoded_stats, normalization_mode, eps=1e-8
-                )
-            except ValueError:
-                pass
-
-    return encoded_chunks, total_encoded_dims, action_horizon, dataset.repo_id
-
-
-def compute_reconstruction_metrics(original: np.ndarray, reconstructed: np.ndarray):
-    """Compute reconstruction error metrics (original and reconstructed same shape [N, T, D])."""
-    diff = reconstructed - original
-    mae = float(np.mean(np.abs(diff)))
-    mse = float(np.mean(diff**2))
-    rmse = float(np.sqrt(mse))
-    max_abs_err = float(np.max(np.abs(diff)))
-
-    # Per-dimension MAE (over N and T)
-    per_dim_mae = np.mean(np.abs(diff), axis=(0, 1))
-    per_dim_mae = per_dim_mae.tolist()
-
-    return {
-        "reconstruction_mae": mae,
-        "reconstruction_mse": mse,
-        "reconstruction_rmse": rmse,
-        "reconstruction_max_abs_error": max_abs_err,
-        "per_dimension_mae": per_dim_mae,
-    }
-
-
-def compute_jerk_metrics(original: np.ndarray, reconstructed: np.ndarray) -> dict:
-    """Compute jerk (3rd derivative of action w.r.t. time) metrics.
-
-    Args:
-        original: Action chunks [N, T, D].
-        reconstructed: Reconstructed action chunks [N, T, D].
-
-    Returns:
-        Dict with mean absolute jerk for original, reconstructed, and jerk reconstruction MAE.
-    """
-    # Jerk = 3rd discrete difference along time axis; need T >= 4
-    if original.shape[1] < 4:
-        return {}
-    jerk_orig = np.diff(original, n=3, axis=1)  # (N, T-3, D)
-    jerk_recon = np.diff(reconstructed, n=3, axis=1)
-    mae_jerk_orig = float(np.mean(np.abs(jerk_orig)))
-    mae_jerk_recon = float(np.mean(np.abs(jerk_recon)))
-    jerk_reconstruction_mae = float(np.mean(np.abs(jerk_recon - jerk_orig)))
-    return {
-        "jerk_mae_original": mae_jerk_orig,
-        "jerk_mae_reconstructed": mae_jerk_recon,
-        "jerk_reconstruction_mae": jerk_reconstruction_mae,
-    }
-
-
-def run_benchmark(
-    action_chunks: np.ndarray,
-    action_horizon: int,
-    action_dim: int,
-    tokenizer_path: str,
-    max_chunks_for_reconstruction: int | None = 500,
-):
-    """Encode/decode action chunks and compute metrics."""
-    from transformers import AutoProcessor
-
-    processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(tokenizer_path, trust_remote_code=True)
-
-    n_chunks = len(action_chunks)
-    sample_size = n_chunks
-    if max_chunks_for_reconstruction is not None:
-        sample_size = min(max_chunks_for_reconstruction, n_chunks)
-    rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
-    indices = rng.choice(n_chunks, size=sample_size, replace=False)
-    sample_chunks = action_chunks[indices]
-
-    # Encode
-    token_lengths = []
-    encode_times = []
-    all_tokens = []
-    for i in range(len(sample_chunks)):
-        chunk = sample_chunks[i : i + 1]
-        t0 = time.perf_counter()
-        tokens = processor(chunk)[0]
-        encode_times.append(time.perf_counter() - t0)
-        if isinstance(tokens, list):
-            token_lengths.append(len(tokens))
-            all_tokens.append(tokens)
-        else:
-            n = tokens.shape[0] if hasattr(tokens, "shape") else len(tokens)
-            token_lengths.append(n)
-            all_tokens.append(tokens.tolist() if hasattr(tokens, "tolist") else list(tokens))
-
-    # Decode (processor keeps time_horizon/action_dim from encode)
-    decoded_list = []
-    decode_times = []
-    for i, tok_list in enumerate(all_tokens):
-        t0 = time.perf_counter()
-        recon = processor.decode(
-            [tok_list],
-            time_horizon=action_horizon,
-            action_dim=action_dim,
-        )
-        decode_times.append(time.perf_counter() - t0)
-        decoded_list.append(recon)
-    decoded = np.concatenate(decoded_list, axis=0)
-
-    # Reconstruction metrics
-    metrics = compute_reconstruction_metrics(sample_chunks, decoded)
-
-    # Jerk metrics (3rd derivative along time)
-    jerk_metrics = compute_jerk_metrics(sample_chunks, decoded)
-    metrics.update(jerk_metrics)
-
-    # Compression
-    token_lengths = np.array(token_lengths)
-    input_size = action_horizon * action_dim
-    compression_ratio = input_size / float(np.mean(token_lengths))
-    metrics["compression_ratio"] = compression_ratio
-    metrics["mean_token_length"] = float(np.mean(token_lengths))
-    metrics["std_token_length"] = float(np.std(token_lengths))
-    metrics["min_token_length"] = int(np.min(token_lengths))
-    metrics["max_token_length"] = int(np.max(token_lengths))
-    metrics["p50_token_length"] = float(np.percentile(token_lengths, 50))
-    metrics["p99_token_length"] = float(np.percentile(token_lengths, 99))
-
-    # Timing (seconds per chunk)
-    metrics["mean_encode_time_sec"] = float(np.mean(encode_times))
-    metrics["mean_decode_time_sec"] = float(np.mean(decode_times))
-    metrics["num_chunks_evaluated"] = sample_size
-    metrics["total_chunks_available"] = n_chunks
-
-    return metrics
-
-
-def main(
-    action_tokenizer_path: str,
-    repo_id: str,
-    root: str | None = None,
-    action_horizon: int = 10,
-    max_episodes: int | None = 100,
-    sample_fraction: float = 0.2,
-    encoded_dims: str = "0:6",
-    delta_dims: str | None = None,
-    use_delta_transform: bool = False,
-    state_key: str = OBS_STATE,
-    normalization_mode: str = "QUANTILES",
-    max_chunks_for_reconstruction: int | None = 500,
-    output_dir: str | None = None,
-):
-    if output_dir is None:
-        output_dir = "outputs/action_tokenizer_benchmark"
-    output_path = Path(output_dir)
-    output_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-    try:
-        norm_mode = NormalizationMode(normalization_mode)
-    except ValueError:
-        norm_mode = NormalizationMode.QUANTILES
-
-    print("Loading action chunks...")
-    encoded_chunks, action_dim, horizon, _ = load_action_chunks(
-        repo_id=repo_id,
-        root=root,
-        action_horizon=action_horizon,
-        max_episodes=max_episodes,
-        sample_fraction=sample_fraction,
-        encoded_dims=encoded_dims,
-        delta_dims=delta_dims,
-        use_delta_transform=use_delta_transform,
-        state_key=state_key,
-        normalization_mode=norm_mode,
-    )
-    print(f"Loaded {len(encoded_chunks)} chunks, shape {encoded_chunks.shape} (H={horizon}, D={action_dim})")
-
-    print("Running tokenizer benchmark...")
-    metrics = run_benchmark(
-        action_chunks=encoded_chunks,
-        action_horizon=horizon,
-        action_dim=action_dim,
-        tokenizer_path=action_tokenizer_path,
-        max_chunks_for_reconstruction=max_chunks_for_reconstruction,
-    )
-
-    # Attach config for reproducibility
-    results = {
-        "config": {
-            "action_tokenizer_path": action_tokenizer_path,
-            "repo_id": repo_id,
-            "action_horizon": action_horizon,
-            "max_episodes": max_episodes,
-            "sample_fraction": sample_fraction,
-            "encoded_dims": encoded_dims,
-            "delta_dims": delta_dims,
-            "use_delta_transform": use_delta_transform,
-            "state_key": state_key,
-            "normalization_mode": normalization_mode,
-        },
-        "metrics": metrics,
-    }
-
-    timestamp = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S")
-    safe_repo = repo_id.replace("/", "_")
-    out_file = output_path / f"{timestamp}_{safe_repo}_action_tokenizer_results.json"
-    with open(out_file, "w") as f:
-        json.dump(results, f, indent=2)
-
-    print(f"Results saved to {out_file}")
-    print("Metrics:")
-    for k, v in metrics.items():
-        if isinstance(v, list):
-            print(f"  {k}: (length {len(v)})")
-        else:
-            print(f"  {k}: {v}")
-
-    return results
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-        description="Benchmark action tokenization (reconstruction error, compression, timing)."
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--action-tokenizer-path",
-        type=str,
-        required=True,
-        help="Path or HuggingFace repo id of the trained action tokenizer (e.g. outputs/wavetoken).",
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--repo-id",
-        type=str,
-        required=True,
-        help="LeRobot dataset repo id (e.g. lerobot/pusht).",
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--root",
-        type=str,
-        default=None,
-        help="Root directory for LeRobot datasets.",
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--action-horizon",
-        type=int,
-        default=10,
-        help="Number of future steps per action chunk.",
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--max-episodes",
-        type=int,
-        default=None,
-        help="Max episodes to use (default: all).",
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--sample-fraction",
-        type=float,
-        default=0.2,
-        help="Fraction of chunks to sample per episode.",
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--encoded-dims",
-        type=str,
-        default="0:6",
-        help="Dimension ranges to encode (e.g. 0:6,7:14).",
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--delta-dims",
-        type=str,
-        default=None,
-        help="Comma-separated dimensions for delta transform.",
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--use-delta-transform",
-        action="store_true",
-        help="Apply delta (relative) transform to specified dimensions.",
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--state-key",
-        type=str,
-        default=OBS_STATE,
-        help="Dataset key for state (for delta transform).",
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--normalization-mode",
-        type=str,
-        default="QUANTILES",
-        choices=[m.value for m in NormalizationMode],
-        help="Normalization mode for actions.",
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--max-chunks-for-reconstruction",
-        type=int,
-        default=500,
-        help="Max chunks to use for reconstruction metrics (default: 500).",
-    )
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--output-dir",
-        type=str,
-        default="outputs/action_tokenizer_benchmark",
-        help="Directory to save results JSON (default: outputs/action_tokenizer_benchmark).",
-    )
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-    main(
-        action_tokenizer_path=args.action_tokenizer_path,
-        repo_id=args.repo_id,
-        root=args.root,
-        action_horizon=args.action_horizon,
-        max_episodes=args.max_episodes,
-        sample_fraction=args.sample_fraction,
-        encoded_dims=args.encoded_dims,
-        delta_dims=args.delta_dims,
-        use_delta_transform=args.use_delta_transform,
-        state_key=args.state_key,
-        normalization_mode=args.normalization_mode,
-        max_chunks_for_reconstruction=args.max_chunks_for_reconstruction,
-        output_dir=args.output_dir,
-    )

benchmarks/video/README.md

@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ We don't expect the same optimal settings for a dataset of images from a simulat
 For these reasons, we run this benchmark on four representative datasets:
 
 - `lerobot/pusht_image`: (96 x 96 pixels) simulation with simple geometric shapes, fixed camera.
-- `aliberts/aloha_mobile_shrimp_image`: (480 x 640 pixels) real-world indoor, moving camera.
-- `aliberts/paris_street`: (720 x 1280 pixels) real-world outdoor, moving camera.
-- `aliberts/kitchen`: (1080 x 1920 pixels) real-world indoor, fixed camera.
+- `lerobot/aloha_mobile_shrimp_image`: (480 x 640 pixels) real-world indoor, moving camera.
+- `lerobot/paris_street`: (720 x 1280 pixels) real-world outdoor, moving camera.
+- `lerobot/kitchen`: (1080 x 1920 pixels) real-world indoor, fixed camera.
 
 Note: The datasets used for this benchmark need to be image datasets, not video datasets.
 
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ python benchmark/video/run_video_benchmark.py \
     --output-dir outputs/video_benchmark \
     --repo-ids \
         lerobot/pusht_image \
-        aliberts/aloha_mobile_shrimp_image \
+        lerobot/aloha_mobile_shrimp_image \
     --vcodec libx264 libx265 \
     --pix-fmt yuv444p yuv420p \
     --g 2 20 None \
@@ -203,9 +203,9 @@ python benchmark/video/run_video_benchmark.py \
     --output-dir outputs/video_benchmark \
     --repo-ids \
         lerobot/pusht_image \
-        aliberts/aloha_mobile_shrimp_image \
-        aliberts/paris_street \
-        aliberts/kitchen \
+        lerobot/aloha_mobile_shrimp_image \
+        lerobot/paris_street \
+        lerobot/kitchen \
     --vcodec libx264 libx265 \
     --pix-fmt yuv444p yuv420p \
     --g 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 15 20 40 None \
@@ -221,9 +221,9 @@ python benchmark/video/run_video_benchmark.py \
     --output-dir outputs/video_benchmark \
     --repo-ids \
         lerobot/pusht_image \
-        aliberts/aloha_mobile_shrimp_image \
-        aliberts/paris_street \
-        aliberts/kitchen \
+        lerobot/aloha_mobile_shrimp_image \
+        lerobot/paris_street \
+        lerobot/kitchen \
     --vcodec libsvtav1 \
     --pix-fmt yuv420p \
     --g 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 15 20 40 None \
@@ -252,37 +252,37 @@ Since we're using av1 encoding, we're choosing the `pyav` decoder as `video_read
 
 These tables show the results for `g=2` and `crf=30`, using `timestamps-modes=6_frames` and `backend=pyav`
 
-| video_images_size_ratio            | vcodec     | pix_fmt |           |           |           |
-| ---------------------------------- | ---------- | ------- | --------- | --------- | --------- |
-|                                    | libx264    |         | libx265   |           | libsvtav1 |
-| repo_id                            | yuv420p    | yuv444p | yuv420p   | yuv444p   | yuv420p   |
-| lerobot/pusht_image                | **16.97%** | 17.58%  | 18.57%    | 18.86%    | 22.06%    |
-| aliberts/aloha_mobile_shrimp_image | 2.14%      | 2.11%   | 1.38%     | **1.37%** | 5.59%     |
-| aliberts/paris_street              | 2.12%      | 2.13%   | **1.54%** | **1.54%** | 4.43%     |
-| aliberts/kitchen                   | 1.40%      | 1.39%   | **1.00%** | **1.00%** | 2.52%     |
+| video_images_size_ratio           | vcodec     | pix_fmt |           |           |           |
+| --------------------------------- | ---------- | ------- | --------- | --------- | --------- |
+|                                   | libx264    |         | libx265   |           | libsvtav1 |
+| repo_id                           | yuv420p    | yuv444p | yuv420p   | yuv444p   | yuv420p   |
+| lerobot/pusht_image               | **16.97%** | 17.58%  | 18.57%    | 18.86%    | 22.06%    |
+| lerobot/aloha_mobile_shrimp_image | 2.14%      | 2.11%   | 1.38%     | **1.37%** | 5.59%     |
+| lerobot/paris_street              | 2.12%      | 2.13%   | **1.54%** | **1.54%** | 4.43%     |
+| lerobot/kitchen                   | 1.40%      | 1.39%   | **1.00%** | **1.00%** | 2.52%     |
 
-| video_images_load_time_ratio       | vcodec  | pix_fmt |          |         |           |
-| ---------------------------------- | ------- | ------- | -------- | ------- | --------- |
-|                                    | libx264 |         | libx265  |         | libsvtav1 |
-| repo_id                            | yuv420p | yuv444p | yuv420p  | yuv444p | yuv420p   |
-| lerobot/pusht_image                | 6.45    | 5.19    | **1.90** | 2.12    | 2.47      |
-| aliberts/aloha_mobile_shrimp_image | 11.80   | 7.92    | 0.71     | 0.85    | **0.48**  |
-| aliberts/paris_street              | 2.21    | 2.05    | 0.36     | 0.49    | **0.30**  |
-| aliberts/kitchen                   | 1.46    | 1.46    | 0.28     | 0.51    | **0.26**  |
+| video_images_load_time_ratio      | vcodec  | pix_fmt |          |         |           |
+| --------------------------------- | ------- | ------- | -------- | ------- | --------- |
+|                                   | libx264 |         | libx265  |         | libsvtav1 |
+| repo_id                           | yuv420p | yuv444p | yuv420p  | yuv444p | yuv420p   |
+| lerobot/pusht_image               | 6.45    | 5.19    | **1.90** | 2.12    | 2.47      |
+| lerobot/aloha_mobile_shrimp_image | 11.80   | 7.92    | 0.71     | 0.85    | **0.48**  |
+| lerobot/paris_street              | 2.21    | 2.05    | 0.36     | 0.49    | **0.30**  |
+| lerobot/kitchen                   | 1.46    | 1.46    | 0.28     | 0.51    | **0.26**  |
 
-|                                    |          | vcodec   | pix_fmt      |          |           |              |
-| ---------------------------------- | -------- | -------- | ------------ | -------- | --------- | ------------ |
-|                                    |          | libx264  |              | libx265  |           | libsvtav1    |
-| repo_id                            | metric   | yuv420p  | yuv444p      | yuv420p  | yuv444p   | yuv420p      |
-| lerobot/pusht_image                | avg_mse  | 2.90E-04 | **2.03E-04** | 3.13E-04 | 2.29E-04  | 2.19E-04     |
-|                                    | avg_psnr | 35.44    | 37.07        | 35.49    | **37.30** | 37.20        |
-|                                    | avg_ssim | 98.28%   | **98.85%**   | 98.31%   | 98.84%    | 98.72%       |
-| aliberts/aloha_mobile_shrimp_image | avg_mse  | 2.76E-04 | 2.59E-04     | 3.17E-04 | 3.06E-04  | **1.30E-04** |
-|                                    | avg_psnr | 35.91    | 36.21        | 35.88    | 36.09     | **40.17**    |
-|                                    | avg_ssim | 95.19%   | 95.18%       | 95.00%   | 95.05%    | **97.73%**   |
-| aliberts/paris_street              | avg_mse  | 6.89E-04 | 6.70E-04     | 4.03E-03 | 4.02E-03  | **3.09E-04** |
-|                                    | avg_psnr | 33.48    | 33.68        | 32.05    | 32.15     | **35.40**    |
-|                                    | avg_ssim | 93.76%   | 93.75%       | 89.46%   | 89.46%    | **95.46%**   |
-| aliberts/kitchen                   | avg_mse  | 2.50E-04 | 2.24E-04     | 4.28E-04 | 4.18E-04  | **1.53E-04** |
-|                                    | avg_psnr | 36.73    | 37.33        | 36.56    | 36.75     | **39.12**    |
-|                                    | avg_ssim | 95.47%   | 95.58%       | 95.52%   | 95.53%    | **96.82%**   |
+|                                   |          | vcodec   | pix_fmt      |          |           |              |
+| --------------------------------- | -------- | -------- | ------------ | -------- | --------- | ------------ |
+|                                   |          | libx264  |              | libx265  |           | libsvtav1    |
+| repo_id                           | metric   | yuv420p  | yuv444p      | yuv420p  | yuv444p   | yuv420p      |
+| lerobot/pusht_image               | avg_mse  | 2.90E-04 | **2.03E-04** | 3.13E-04 | 2.29E-04  | 2.19E-04     |
+|                                   | avg_psnr | 35.44    | 37.07        | 35.49    | **37.30** | 37.20        |
+|                                   | avg_ssim | 98.28%   | **98.85%**   | 98.31%   | 98.84%    | 98.72%       |
+| lerobot/aloha_mobile_shrimp_image | avg_mse  | 2.76E-04 | 2.59E-04     | 3.17E-04 | 3.06E-04  | **1.30E-04** |
+|                                   | avg_psnr | 35.91    | 36.21        | 35.88    | 36.09     | **40.17**    |
+|                                   | avg_ssim | 95.19%   | 95.18%       | 95.00%   | 95.05%    | **97.73%**   |
+| lerobot/paris_street              | avg_mse  | 6.89E-04 | 6.70E-04     | 4.03E-03 | 4.02E-03  | **3.09E-04** |
+|                                   | avg_psnr | 33.48    | 33.68        | 32.05    | 32.15     | **35.40**    |
+|                                   | avg_ssim | 93.76%   | 93.75%       | 89.46%   | 89.46%    | **95.46%**   |
+| lerobot/kitchen                   | avg_mse  | 2.50E-04 | 2.24E-04     | 4.28E-04 | 4.18E-04  | **1.53E-04** |
+|                                   | avg_psnr | 36.73    | 37.33        | 36.56    | 36.75     | **39.12**    |
+|                                   | avg_ssim | 95.47%   | 95.58%       | 95.52%   | 95.53%    | **96.82%**   |

docker/Dockerfile.internal

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ ARG OS_VERSION=22.04
 FROM nvidia/cuda:${CUDA_VERSION}-base-ubuntu${OS_VERSION}
 
 # Define Python version argument
-ARG PYTHON_VERSION=3.10
+ARG PYTHON_VERSION=3.12
 
 # Configure environment variables
 ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive \
@@ -85,6 +85,8 @@ RUN if [ "$UNBOUND_DEPS" = "true" ]; then \
 
 RUN uv pip install --no-cache ".[all]"
 
+RUN chmod +x /lerobot/.venv/lib/python${PYTHON_VERSION}/site-packages/triton/backends/nvidia/bin/ptxas
+
 # Copy the rest of the application source code
 # Make sure to have the git-LFS files for testing
 COPY --chown=user_lerobot:user_lerobot . .

docker/Dockerfile.user

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 # docker run -it --rm lerobot-user
 
 # Configure the base image
-ARG PYTHON_VERSION=3.10
+ARG PYTHON_VERSION=3.12
 FROM python:${PYTHON_VERSION}-slim
 
 # Configure environment variables

docs/source/_toctree.yml

@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@
     title: Using the Dataset Tools
   - local: dataset_subtask
     title: Using Subtasks in the Dataset
+  - local: streaming_video_encoding
+    title: Streaming Video Encoding
   title: "Datasets"
 - sections:
   - local: act
@@ -45,6 +47,8 @@
     title: NVIDIA GR00T N1.5
   - local: xvla
     title: X-VLA
+  - local: multi_task_dit
+    title: Multitask DiT Policy
   - local: walloss
     title: WALL-OSS
   title: "Policies"

docs/source/act.mdx

@@ -88,5 +88,8 @@ lerobot-record \
   --dataset.repo_id=${HF_USER}/eval_act_your_dataset \
   --dataset.num_episodes=10 \
   --dataset.single_task="Your task description" \
+  --dataset.streaming_encoding=true \
+  --dataset.encoder_threads=2 \
+  # --dataset.vcodec=auto \
   --policy.path=${HF_USER}/act_policy
 ```

docs/source/async.mdx

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ python -m lerobot.async_inference.robot_client \
     --task="dummy" \ # POLICY: The task to run the policy on (`Fold my t-shirt`). Not necessarily defined for all policies, such as `act`
     --policy_type=your_policy_type \ # POLICY: the type of policy to run (smolvla, act, etc)
     --pretrained_name_or_path=user/model \ # POLICY: the model name/path on server to the checkpoint to run (e.g., lerobot/smolvla_base)
-    --policy_device=mps \ # POLICY: the device to run the policy on, on the server
+    --policy_device=mps \ # POLICY: the device to run the policy on, on the server (cuda, mps, xpu, cpu)
     --actions_per_chunk=50 \ # POLICY: the number of actions to output at once
     --chunk_size_threshold=0.5 \ # CLIENT: the threshold for the chunk size before sending a new observation to the server
     --aggregate_fn_name=weighted_average \ # CLIENT: the function to aggregate actions on overlapping portions

docs/source/bring_your_own_policies.mdx

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
     # your policy-specific dependencies
 ]
-requires-python = ">= 3.11"
+requires-python = ">= 3.12"
 
 [build-system]
 build-backend = # your-build-backend
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ Create your policy implementation by inheriting from LeRobot's base `PreTrainedP
 # modeling_my_custom_policy.py
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
-from typing import Dict, Any
+from typing import Any
 
 from lerobot.policies.pretrained import PreTrainedPolicy
 from .configuration_my_custom_policy import MyCustomPolicyConfig
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class MyCustomPolicy(PreTrainedPolicy):
     config_class = MyCustomPolicyConfig
     name = "my_custom_policy"
 
-    def __init__(self, config: MyCustomPolicyConfig, dataset_stats: Dict[str, Any] = None):
+    def __init__(self, config: MyCustomPolicyConfig, dataset_stats: dict[str, Any] = None):
         super().__init__(config, dataset_stats)
         ...
 ```
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ Create processor functions:
 
 ```python
 # processor_my_custom_policy.py
-from typing import Dict, Any
+from typing import Any
 import torch
 
 

docs/source/earthrover_mini_plus.mdx

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ The EarthRover Mini Plus is a fully open source mobile robot that connects throu
 ### Hardware
 
 - EarthRover Mini robot
-- Computer with Python 3.10 or newer
+- Computer with Python 3.12 or newer
 - Internet connection
 
 ### Setting Up the Frodobots SDK
@@ -170,13 +170,13 @@ Once you can drive the robot well, you can start recording data to train AI mode
 We use Hugging Face to store your data online. First, log in with your token from [Hugging Face settings](https://huggingface.co/settings/tokens):
 
 ```bash
-huggingface-cli login --token ${HUGGINGFACE_TOKEN} --add-to-git-credential
+hf auth login --token ${HUGGINGFACE_TOKEN} --add-to-git-credential
 ```
 
 Store your Hugging Face username:
 
 ```bash
-HF_USER=$(huggingface-cli whoami | head -n 1)
+HF_USER=$(hf auth whoami | awk -F': *' 'NR==1 {print $2}')
 echo $HF_USER
 ```
 
@@ -185,13 +185,16 @@ echo $HF_USER
 Use the standard recording command:
 
 ```bash
-python src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_record.py \
+lerobot-record \
     --robot.type=earthrover_mini_plus \
     --teleop.type=keyboard_rover \
     --dataset.repo_id=your_username/dataset_name \
     --dataset.num_episodes=2 \
     --dataset.fps=10 \
     --dataset.single_task="Navigate around obstacles" \
+    --dataset.streaming_encoding=true \
+    --dataset.encoder_threads=2 \
+    # --dataset.vcodec=auto \
     --display_data=true
 ```
 

docs/source/envhub.mdx

@@ -155,10 +155,10 @@ Upload your repository to Hugging Face:
 pip install huggingface_hub
 
 # Login to Hugging Face
-huggingface-cli login
+hf auth login
 
 # Create a new repository
-huggingface-cli repo create my-custom-env --type space --org my-org
+hf repo create my-org/my-custom-env
 
 # Initialize git and push
 git init

docs/source/groot.mdx

@@ -120,9 +120,12 @@ lerobot-record \
   --display_data=true \
   --dataset.repo_id=<user>/eval_groot-bimanual  \
   --dataset.num_episodes=10 \
-  --dataset.single_task="Grab and handover the red cube to the other arm"
-  --policy.path=<user>/groot-bimanual # your trained model
-  --dataset.episode_time_s=30
+  --dataset.single_task="Grab and handover the red cube to the other arm" \
+  --dataset.streaming_encoding=true \
+  --dataset.encoder_threads=2 \
+  # --dataset.vcodec=auto \
+  --policy.path=<user>/groot-bimanual \ # your trained model
+  --dataset.episode_time_s=30 \
   --dataset.reset_time_s=10
 ```
 

docs/source/hope_jr.mdx

@@ -224,12 +224,15 @@ lerobot-record \
     --teleop.port=/dev/tty.usbmodem1201 \
     --teleop.id=right \
     --teleop.side=right \
-    --dataset.repo_id=nepyope/hand_record_test_with_video_data \
+    --dataset.repo_id=<USER>/hand_record_test_with_video_data \
     --dataset.single_task="Hand recording test with video data" \
     --dataset.num_episodes=1 \
     --dataset.episode_time_s=5 \
     --dataset.push_to_hub=true \
     --dataset.private=true \
+    --dataset.streaming_encoding=true \
+    --dataset.encoder_threads=2 \
+    # --dataset.vcodec=auto \
     --display_data=true
 ```
 
@@ -241,7 +244,7 @@ lerobot-replay \
     --robot.port=/dev/tty.usbmodem58760432281 \
     --robot.id=right \
     --robot.side=right \
-    --dataset.repo_id=nepyope/hand_record_test_with_camera \
+    --dataset.repo_id=<USER>/hand_record_test_with_camera \
     --dataset.episode=0
 ```
 
@@ -249,13 +252,13 @@ lerobot-replay \
 
 ```bash
 lerobot-train \
-  --dataset.repo_id=nepyope/hand_record_test_with_video_data \
+  --dataset.repo_id=<USER>/hand_record_test_with_video_data \
   --policy.type=act \
   --output_dir=outputs/train/hopejr_hand \
   --job_name=hopejr \
   --policy.device=mps \
   --wandb.enable=true \
-  --policy.repo_id=nepyope/hand_test_policy
+  --policy.repo_id=<USER>/hand_test_policy
 ```
 
 ### Evaluate
@@ -270,8 +273,11 @@ lerobot-record \
   --robot.side=right \
   --robot.cameras='{"main": {"type": "opencv", "index_or_path": 0, "width": 640, "height": 480, "fps": 30}}' \
   --display_data=false \
-  --dataset.repo_id=nepyope/eval_hopejr \
+  --dataset.repo_id=<USER>/eval_hopejr \
   --dataset.single_task="Evaluate hopejr hand policy" \
   --dataset.num_episodes=10 \
+  --dataset.streaming_encoding=true \
+  --dataset.encoder_threads=2 \
+  # --dataset.vcodec=auto \
   --policy.path=outputs/train/hopejr_hand/checkpoints/last/pretrained_model
 ```

docs/source/il_robots.mdx

@@ -159,13 +159,13 @@ We use the Hugging Face hub features for uploading your dataset. If you haven't
 Add your token to the CLI by running this command:
 
 ```bash
-huggingface-cli login --token ${HUGGINGFACE_TOKEN} --add-to-git-credential
+hf auth login --token ${HUGGINGFACE_TOKEN} --add-to-git-credential
 ```
 
 Then store your Hugging Face repository name in a variable:
 
 ```bash
-HF_USER=$(hf auth whoami | head -n 1)
+HF_USER=$(hf auth whoami | awk -F': *' 'NR==1 {print $2}')
 echo $HF_USER
 ```
 
@@ -185,7 +185,10 @@ lerobot-record \
     --display_data=true \
     --dataset.repo_id=${HF_USER}/record-test \
     --dataset.num_episodes=5 \
-    --dataset.single_task="Grab the black cube"
+    --dataset.single_task="Grab the black cube" \
+    --dataset.streaming_encoding=true \
+    # --dataset.vcodec=auto \
+    --dataset.encoder_threads=2
 ```
 </hfoption>
 <hfoption id="API example">
@@ -324,7 +327,7 @@ You can look for other LeRobot datasets on the hub by searching for `LeRobot` [t
 You can also push your local dataset to the Hub manually, running:
 
 ```bash
-huggingface-cli upload ${HF_USER}/record-test ~/.cache/huggingface/lerobot/{repo-id} --repo-type dataset
+hf upload ${HF_USER}/record-test ~/.cache/huggingface/lerobot/{repo-id} --repo-type dataset
 ```
 
 #### Record function
@@ -488,7 +491,7 @@ If your local computer doesn't have a powerful GPU you could utilize Google Cola
 Once training is done, upload the latest checkpoint with:
 
 ```bash
-huggingface-cli upload ${HF_USER}/act_so101_test \
+hf upload ${HF_USER}/act_so101_test \
   outputs/train/act_so101_test/checkpoints/last/pretrained_model
 ```
 
@@ -496,7 +499,7 @@ You can also upload intermediate checkpoints with:
 
 ```bash
 CKPT=010000
-huggingface-cli upload ${HF_USER}/act_so101_test${CKPT} \
+hf upload ${HF_USER}/act_so101_test${CKPT} \
   outputs/train/act_so101_test/checkpoints/${CKPT}/pretrained_model
 ```
 
@@ -515,6 +518,9 @@ lerobot-record  \
   --display_data=false \
   --dataset.repo_id=${HF_USER}/eval_so100 \
   --dataset.single_task="Put lego brick into the transparent box" \
+  --dataset.streaming_encoding=true \
+  --dataset.encoder_threads=2 \
+  # --dataset.vcodec=auto \
   # <- Teleop optional if you want to teleoperate in between episodes \
   # --teleop.type=so100_leader \
   # --teleop.port=/dev/ttyACM0 \

docs/source/installation.mdx

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Installation
 
-This guide uses conda (via miniforge) to manage environments. If you prefer another environment manager (e.g. `uv`, `venv`), ensure you have Python >=3.10 and ffmpeg installed with the `libsvtav1` encoder, then skip ahead to [Install LeRobot](#step-3-install-lerobot-).
+This guide uses conda (via miniforge) to manage environments. If you prefer another environment manager (e.g. `uv`, `venv`), ensure you have Python >=3.12 and ffmpeg installed with the `libsvtav1` encoder, then skip ahead to [Install LeRobot](#step-3-install-lerobot-).
 
 ## Step 1: Install [`miniforge`](https://conda-forge.org/download/)
 
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ bash Miniforge3-$(uname)-$(uname -m).sh
 
 ## Step 2: Environment Setup
 
-Create a virtual environment with Python 3.10, using conda:
+Create a virtual environment with Python 3.12, using conda:
 
 ```bash
-conda create -y -n lerobot python=3.10
+conda create -y -n lerobot python=3.12
 ```
 
 Then activate your conda environment, you have to do this each time you open a shell to use lerobot:
@@ -40,6 +40,13 @@ conda install ffmpeg -c conda-forge
 >
 > - _[On Linux only]_ If you want to bring your own ffmpeg: Install [ffmpeg build dependencies](https://trac.ffmpeg.org/wiki/CompilationGuide/Ubuntu#GettheDependencies) and [compile ffmpeg from source with libsvtav1](https://trac.ffmpeg.org/wiki/CompilationGuide/Ubuntu#libsvtav1), and make sure you use the corresponding ffmpeg binary to your install with `which ffmpeg`.
 
+> [!NOTE]
+> When installing LeRobot inside WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux), make sure to install `evdev` with the following command:
+>
+> ```bash
+> conda install evdev -c conda-forge
+> ```
+
 ## Step 3: Install LeRobot 🤗
 
 ### From Source
@@ -83,9 +90,6 @@ _Replace `[...]` with your desired features._
 For a full list of optional dependencies, see:
 https://pypi.org/project/lerobot/
 
-> [!NOTE]
-> For lerobot 0.4.0, if you want to install pi, you will have to do: `pip install "lerobot[pi]@git+https://github.com/huggingface/lerobot.git"`
-
 ### Troubleshooting
 
 If you encounter build errors, you may need to install additional dependencies: `cmake`, `build-essential`, and `ffmpeg libs`.

docs/source/lekiwi.mdx

@@ -279,13 +279,13 @@ We use the Hugging Face hub features for uploading your dataset. If you haven't
 Add your token to the CLI by running this command:
 
 ```bash
-huggingface-cli login --token ${HUGGINGFACE_TOKEN} --add-to-git-credential
+hf auth login --token ${HUGGINGFACE_TOKEN} --add-to-git-credential
 ```
 
 Then store your Hugging Face repository name in a variable:
 
 ```bash
-HF_USER=$(huggingface-cli whoami | head -n 1)
+HF_USER=$(hf auth whoami | awk -F': *' 'NR==1 {print $2}')
 echo $HF_USER
 ```
 

docs/source/lerobot-dataset-v3.mdx

@@ -41,7 +41,10 @@ lerobot-record \
   --display_data=true \
   --dataset.repo_id=${HF_USER}/record-test \
   --dataset.num_episodes=5 \
-  --dataset.single_task="Grab the black cube"
+  --dataset.single_task="Grab the black cube" \
+  --dataset.streaming_encoding=true \
+  # --dataset.vcodec=auto \
+  --dataset.encoder_threads=2
 ```
 
 See the [recording guide](./il_robots#record-a-dataset) for more details.

docs/source/multi_task_dit.mdx

@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+# Multitask DiT Policy
+
+Multitask Diffusion Transformer (DiT) Policy is an evolution of the original Diffusion Policy architecture, which leverages a large DiT with text and vision conditioning for multitask robot learning. This implementation supports both diffusion and flow matching objectives for action generation, enabling robots to perform diverse manipulation tasks conditioned on language instructions.
+
+## Model Overview
+
+The model uses:
+
+- **CLIP Vision Encoder**: Processes RGB images from multiple camera views
+- **CLIP Text Encoder**: Encodes language task instructions (frozen weights with learnable projection)
+- **Diffusion Transformer**: Predicts action sequences conditioned on observations and language
+- **Two Objectives**: Supports both diffusion (DDPM/DDIM) and flow matching for action generation
+
+This model is exciting because you can achieve extremely high dexterity, competitive with multi-billion parameter
+VLAs, with only ~450M parameters and significantly less training.
+
+## Installation Requirements
+
+Multitask DiT Policy has additional dependencies. Install it with:
+
+```bash
+pip install lerobot[multi_task_dit]
+```
+
+This will install all necessary dependencies including the HuggingFace Transformers library for CLIP models.
+
+## Usage
+
+To use Multitask DiT in your LeRobot configuration, specify the policy type as:
+
+```python
+policy.type=multi_task_dit
+```
+
+## Training
+
+### Basic Training Command
+
+Here's a complete training command for training Multitask DiT on your dataset:
+
+```bash
+lerobot-train \
+  --dataset.repo_id=YOUR_DATASET \
+  --output_dir=./outputs/multitask_dit_training \
+  --batch_size=32 \
+  --steps=5000 \
+  --save_freq=500 \
+  --log_freq=100 \
+  --policy.type=multi_task_dit \
+  --policy.device=cuda \
+  --policy.repo_id="HF_USER/multitask-dit-your-robot" \
+  --wandb.enable=true
+```
+
+### Recommended Hyperparameters and Dataset Details (30Hz Control Frequency)
+
+For reliable performance, start with these suggested default hyperparameters:
+
+```bash
+lerobot-train \
+  --dataset.repo_id=YOUR_DATASET \
+  --output_dir=./outputs/mutitask_dit_training \
+  --batch_size=320 \
+  --steps=30000 \
+  --policy.type=multi_task_dit \
+  --policy.device=cuda \
+  --policy.horizon=32 \
+  --policy.n_action_steps=24 \
+  --policy.objective=diffusion \
+  --policy.noise_scheduler_type=DDPM \
+  --policy.num_train_timesteps=100 \
+  --policy.repo_id="HF_USER/multitask-dit-your-robot" \
+  --wandb.enable=true
+```
+
+**Key Parameters:**
+
+- **Batch Size**: 192-320 - If you have access to a GPU that can support this, you will get the best training dynamics
+- **Horizon**: 32 - number of action steps to predict, ~1.0 sec at 30Hz
+- **n_action_steps**: 24 - ~0.8 seconds at 30Hz
+- **Objective**: `diffusion` - start with diffusion and experiment with flow matching if generation quality is poor
+- **Training Steps**: >30k steps recommended for a single task
+
+### Training Configuration Parameters
+
+#### Objective Selection
+
+Choose between diffusion and flow matching:
+
+```bash
+# Diffusion objective (default)
+--policy.objective=diffusion \
+--policy.noise_scheduler_type=DDPM \  # or "DDIM"
+--policy.num_train_timesteps=100 \
+--policy.num_inference_steps=10 \  # For faster inference
+--policy.beta_schedule=squaredcos_cap_v2 \  # Noise schedule type
+--policy.prediction_type=epsilon \  # "epsilon" (predict noise) or "sample" (predict clean)
+--policy.clip_sample=true \  # Clip samples during denoising
+--policy.clip_sample_range=1.0  # Clipping range [-x, x]
+
+# Flow matching objective
+--policy.objective=flow_matching \
+--policy.timestep_sampling_strategy=beta \  # or "uniform" | the beta sampling strategy performance appears much better in practice
+--policy.num_integration_steps=100 \
+--policy.integration_method=euler \  # or "rk4"
+--policy.sigma_min=0.0  # Minimum noise in flow interpolation path
+```
+
+#### Transformer Architecture
+
+Adjust model capacity based on dataset size:
+
+```bash
+# Small datasets (< 100 examples)
+--policy.num_layers=4 \
+--policy.hidden_dim=512 \
+--policy.num_heads=8  # should ideally be hidden_dim // 64
+
+# Medium datasets (100-5k examples) - default
+--policy.num_layers=6 \
+--policy.hidden_dim=512 \
+--policy.num_heads=8  # should ideally be hidden_dim // 64
+
+# Large datasets (> 5k examples)
+--policy.num_layers=8 \
+--policy.hidden_dim=512 \
+--policy.num_heads=8   # should ideally be hidden_dim // 64
+```
+
+**Positional Encoding Options:**
+
+The model supports two positional encoding methods for action sequences:
+
+```bash
+# Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) - default, recommended
+--policy.use_rope=true \
+--policy.rope_base=10000.0  # Base frequency for RoPE
+
+# Absolute positional encoding
+--policy.use_positional_encoding=true  # Disables RoPE when true
+```
+
+**Other Transformer Parameters:**
+
+```bash
+--policy.dropout=0.1  # Dropout rate for DiT blocks (0.0-1.0)
+--policy.timestep_embed_dim=256  # Timestep embedding dimension
+```
+
+#### Vision Encoder Configuration
+
+```bash
+# Use different CLIP model for more expressivity at the cost of inference time
+# experiment with larger or smaller models depending on the complexity of your tasks and size of dataset
+--policy.vision_encoder_name=openai/clip-vit-large-patch14
+
+# Use separate vision encoder per camera
+# This may be useful when cameras have significantly different characteristics, but
+# be wary of increased VRAM footprint.
+--policy.use_separate_rgb_encoder_per_camera=true
+
+# Image preprocessing
+--policy.image_resize_shape=[XXX,YYY] \ # you may need to resize your images for inference speed ups
+--policy.image_crop_shape=[224,224] \
+--policy.image_crop_is_random=true  # Random during training, center at inference
+```
+
+#### Text Encoder Configuration
+
+```bash
+# Use different CLIP text encoder model
+# same as vision: experiment with larger or smaller models depending on the
+# complexity of your tasks and size of dataset
+--policy.text_encoder_name=openai/clip-vit-large-patch14
+```
+
+#### Learning Rate Configuration
+
+The vision encoder uses a separate learning rate multiplier, where 1/10th is suggested to be the ideal staritng point:
+
+```bash
+--policy.optimizer_lr=2e-5 \
+--policy.vision_encoder_lr_multiplier=0.1  # Vision encoder LR = 0.1 * optimizer_lr
+```
+
+### Training Tuning Guidelines
+
+#### 1. Flow Matching with Beta Sampling
+
+The original diffusion implementation here is based on the work described in [TRI's LBM paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.05331)
+
+Additionally, we have implemented a flow-matching objective, which is described at a high-level in [Boston Dynamics blog post](https://bostondynamics.com/blog/large-behavior-models-atlas-find-new-footing/).
+
+Consider testing the flow-matching objective and evaluating performance differences for your task:
+
+```bash
+--policy.objective=flow_matching \
+--policy.timestep_sampling_strategy=beta \
+--policy.timestep_sampling_alpha=1.5 \
+--policy.timestep_sampling_beta=1.0 \
+--policy.timestep_sampling_s=0.999
+```
+
+This hasn't been shown to be a silver bullet across every user case, but it occasionally results in smoother and more consistent actions.
+
+#### 2. Number of Transformer Layers
+
+Match model capacity to your dataset size:
+
+- **Small datasets** (< 100 examples): Reduce to 4 layers
+- **Large datasets** (> 5k examples): Increase to 8 layers
+
+#### 3. `horizon` Tuning
+
+The model can be sensitive to the horizon you choose. Start with around a 1 second horizon based on your control frequency:
+
+- **30 Hz frequency**: `horizon=30`
+- **10 Hz frequency**: `horizon=10`
+
+Then experiment with increasing from there. The horizon determines how far into the future the model predicts actions.
+
+#### 4. `n_action_steps` Sensitivity
+
+The model can also be very sensitive to `n_action_steps`. Start with it being around 0.8 seconds based on your control frequency and tune from there:
+
+- **Lower values**: More reactive but potentially less stable for long-horizon tasks
+- **Higher values**: Better for long-horizon execution but open-loop failures are limited in their recovery
+
+### Inference Tuning
+
+For faster inference, use DDIM with fewer sampling steps:
+
+```bash
+--policy.noise_scheduler_type=DDIM \
+--policy.num_inference_steps=10
+```
+
+### Resuming Training
+
+To resume training from a checkpoint:
+
+```bash
+lerobot-train \
+  --config_path=./outputs/mutitask_dit_training/checkpoints/last/pretrained_model/train_config.json \
+  --resume=true
+```
+
+The checkpoint directory should contain `model.safetensors` and `config.json` files (saved automatically during training). When resuming, the configuration is loaded from the checkpoint, so you don't need to specify other parameters.
+
+## Common Failure Modes and Debugging
+
+Training these models can be finicky. Here are common failure modes and debugging approaches:
+
+### Idling / No Motion
+
+The model may "collapse" during inference, resulting in static or no motion. This can occur when:
+
+1. **Insufficient training data**: If you only have 20-50 examples, try to roughly double your dataset size. Once you have above 300 examples, if you're still seeing this, the task may be too complex.
+
+2. **Multiple similar tasks**: When your dataset contains multiple similar tasks (e.g., picking up 2 different objects), the model may rely too heavily on language conditioning which might not be rich enough.
+
+**Debugging tips:**
+
+- Increase dataset size (double until you get to over 300 examples)
+- Train for longer, up to 100k steps, even when the loss flatlines
+- Check if the model is receiving proper language instructions or increase diversity of instruction
+
+### Executing the Wrong Task
+
+Sometimes the robot will completely ignore your instruction and perform some other task. This generally only happens if you have trained on multiple tasks.
+
+**Potential causes:**
+
+- Language instruction ambiguity
+- Insufficient task-specific training data
+- Model confusion between similar tasks in the multitask dataset
+
+**Debugging tips:**
+
+- Verify language instruction specificity, especially if descriptions are similar between multiple tasks
+- Check task distribution in your training dataset and add weighting to the failing/ignored task
+- Consider task-specific fine-tuning
+
+### Training Instability
+
+If training loss is unstable or diverging:
+
+- Try adjusting learning rate between `1e-5` and `3e-4`
+- Increase batch size if possible
+- Check that your dataset normalization is correct
+- Verify image preprocessing is working correctly
+
+## Performance Considerations
+
+### GPU Requirements
+
+- **Inference**: At least an RTX 5070 Ti (or equivalent GPU) is recommended for reasonable speed performance
+- **Training**: A GPU with enough VRAM to load batch sizes of >64 is ideal, which will vary depending on the number of image observations, etc
+
+### Batch Size Recommendations
+
+- **Minimum**: 64 (less than this may result in unstable training)
+- **Recommended**: 256-320 (best performance, requires larger GPU)
+
+## Example: Training on Custom Dataset
+
+Here's a complete example training on a custom dataset:
+
+```bash
+lerobot-train \
+  --dataset.repo_id=YOUR_DATASET \
+  --output_dir=./outputs/mutitask_dit_training \
+  --batch_size=320 \
+  --steps=30000 \
+  --save_freq=1000 \
+  --log_freq=100 \
+  --eval_freq=1000 \
+  --policy.type=multi_task_dit \
+  --policy.device=cuda \
+  --policy.horizon=32 \
+  --policy.n_action_steps=24 \
+  --policy.objective=diffusion \
+  --policy.noise_scheduler_type=DDPM \
+  --policy.num_layers=6 \
+  --policy.hidden_dim=512 \
+  --policy.vision_encoder_name=openai/clip-vit-base-patch16 \
+  --policy.image_resize_shape=[320,240] \
+  --policy.image_crop_shape=[224,224] \
+  --policy.repo_id="HF_USER/multitask-dit-your-robot" \
+  --wandb.enable=true \
+  --wandb.project=multitask_dit
+```
+
+## References
+
+For more details on the technical implementation and architecture, see:
+
+- [A Careful Examination of Large Behavior Models for Multitask Dexterous Manipulation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.05331)
+- [Large Behavior Models and Atlas Find New Footing](https://bostondynamics.com/blog/large-behavior-models-atlas-find-new-footing/)
+- [Dissecting and Open-Sourcing Multitask Diffusion Transformer Policy](https://brysonkjones.substack.com/p/dissecting-and-open-sourcing-multitask-diffusion-transformer-policy)

docs/source/phone_teleop.mdx

@@ -66,12 +66,13 @@ Run on of the examples scripts to teleoperate, record a dataset, replay a datase
 
 All scripts assume you configured your robot (e.g., SO-100 follower) and set the correct serial port.
 
-Additionally you need to **copy the urdf of the robot to the examples folder**. For the examples in this tutorial (Using SO100/SO101) it is highly recommended to use the urdf in the [SO-ARM100 repo](https://github.com/TheRobotStudio/SO-ARM100/blob/main/Simulation/SO101/so101_new_calib.urdf)
+Additionally you need to **copy the URDF of the robot into the examples folder**. For the examples in this tutorial (using SO100/SO101), copy the `SO101` folder from the [SO-ARM100 repo](https://github.com/TheRobotStudio/SO-ARM100/blob/main/Simulation/SO101) into the `examples/phone_to_so100/` directory, so that the URDF file path becomes `examples/phone_to_so100/SO101/so101_new_calib.urdf`.
 
 - Run this example to teleoperate:
 
   ```bash
-  python examples/phone_to_so100/teleoperate.py
+  cd examples/phone_to_so100
+  python teleoperate.py
   ```
 
 After running the example:
@@ -84,19 +85,22 @@ Additionally you can customize mapping or safety limits by editing the processor
 - Run this example to record a dataset, which saves absolute end effector observations and actions:
 
   ```bash
-  python examples/phone_to_so100/record.py
+  cd examples/phone_to_so100
+  python record.py
   ```
 
 - Run this example to replay recorded episodes:
 
   ```bash
-  python examples/phone_to_so100/replay.py
+  cd examples/phone_to_so100
+  python replay.py
   ```
 
 - Run this example to evaluate a pretrained policy:
 
   ```bash
-  python examples/phone_to_so100/evaluate.py
+  cd examples/phone_to_so100
+  python evaluate.py
   ```
 
 ### Important pipeline steps and options

docs/source/pi0.mdx

@@ -34,11 +34,6 @@ As described by Physical Intelligence, while AI has achieved remarkable success
    pip install -e ".[pi]"
    ```
 
-   > [!NOTE]
-   > For lerobot 0.4.0, if you want to install pi tag, you will have to do: `pip install "lerobot[pi]@git+https://github.com/huggingface/lerobot.git"`.
-   >
-   > This will be solved in the next patch release
-
 ## Training Data and Capabilities
 
 π₀ is trained on the largest robot interaction dataset to date, combining three key data sources:
@@ -60,7 +55,7 @@ policy.type=pi0
 For training π₀, you can use the standard LeRobot training script with the appropriate configuration:
 
 ```bash
-python src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_train.py \
+lerobot-train \
     --dataset.repo_id=your_dataset \
     --policy.type=pi0 \
     --output_dir=./outputs/pi0_training \

docs/source/pi05.mdx

@@ -36,11 +36,6 @@ This diverse training mixture creates a "curriculum" that enables generalization
    pip install -e ".[pi]"
    ```
 
-   > [!NOTE]
-   > For lerobot 0.4.0, if you want to install pi tag, you will have to do: `pip install "lerobot[pi]@git+https://github.com/huggingface/lerobot.git"`.
-   >
-   > This will be solved in the next patch release
-
 ## Usage
 
 To use π₀.₅ in your LeRobot configuration, specify the policy type as:
@@ -56,7 +51,7 @@ policy.type=pi05
 Here's a complete training command for finetuning the base π₀.₅ model on your own dataset:
 
 ```bash
-python src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_train.py\
+lerobot-train \
     --dataset.repo_id=your_dataset \
     --policy.type=pi05 \
     --output_dir=./outputs/pi05_training \

docs/source/pi0fast.mdx

@@ -43,16 +43,11 @@ This approach can transform **any existing VLM** into a VLA by training it to pr
    pip install -e ".[pi]"
    ```
 
-   > [!NOTE]
-   > For lerobot 0.4.0, if you want to install the pi tag, you will have to do: `pip install "lerobot[pi]@git+https://github.com/huggingface/lerobot.git"`.
-   >
-   > This will be solved in the next patch release
-
 ## Training a Custom FAST Tokenizer
 
 You have two options for the FAST tokenizer:
 
-1. **Use the pre-trained tokenizer**: The `physical-intelligence/fast` tokenizer was trained on 1M+ real robot action sequences and works as a general-purpose tokenizer.
+1. **Use the pre-trained tokenizer**: The `lerobot/fast-action-tokenizer` tokenizer was trained on 1M+ real robot action sequences and works as a general-purpose tokenizer.
 
 2. **Train your own tokenizer**: For maximum performance on your specific dataset, you can finetune the tokenizer on your own data.
 
@@ -114,15 +109,15 @@ lerobot-train \
 
 ### Key Training Parameters
 
-| Parameter                              | Description                                        | Default                      |
-| -------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------- |
-| `--policy.gradient_checkpointing=true` | Reduces memory usage significantly during training | `false`                      |
-| `--policy.dtype=bfloat16`              | Use mixed precision training for efficiency        | `float32`                    |
-| `--policy.chunk_size`                  | Number of action steps to predict (action horizon) | `50`                         |
-| `--policy.n_action_steps`              | Number of action steps to execute                  | `50`                         |
-| `--policy.max_action_tokens`           | Maximum number of FAST tokens per action chunk     | `256`                        |
-| `--policy.action_tokenizer_name`       | FAST tokenizer to use                              | `physical-intelligence/fast` |
-| `--policy.compile_model=true`          | Enable torch.compile for faster training           | `false`                      |
+| Parameter                              | Description                                        | Default                         |
+| -------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
+| `--policy.gradient_checkpointing=true` | Reduces memory usage significantly during training | `false`                         |
+| `--policy.dtype=bfloat16`              | Use mixed precision training for efficiency        | `float32`                       |
+| `--policy.chunk_size`                  | Number of action steps to predict (action horizon) | `50`                            |
+| `--policy.n_action_steps`              | Number of action steps to execute                  | `50`                            |
+| `--policy.max_action_tokens`           | Maximum number of FAST tokens per action chunk     | `256`                           |
+| `--policy.action_tokenizer_name`       | FAST tokenizer to use                              | `lerobot/fast-action-tokenizer` |
+| `--policy.compile_model=true`          | Enable torch.compile for faster training           | `false`                         |
 
 ## Inference
 

docs/source/policy_multi_task_dit_README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Multitask DiT Policy
+
+## Citation
+
+If you use this work, please cite the following works:
+
+```bibtex
+@misc{jones2025multitaskditpolicy,
+  author = {Bryson Jones},
+  title = {Dissecting and Open-Sourcing Multitask Diffusion Transformer Policy},
+  year = {2025},
+  url = {https://brysonkjones.substack.com/p/dissecting-and-open-sourcing-multitask-diffusion-transformer-policy},
+  note = {Blog post}
+}
+```
+
+```bibtex
+@misc{trilbmteam2025carefulexaminationlargebehaviormodels,
+  author       = {TRI LBM Team},
+  title        = {A Careful Examination of Large Behavior Models for Multitask Dexterous Manipulation},
+  year         = {2025},
+  eprint       = {arXiv:2507.05331},
+  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
+  primaryClass = {cs.RO},
+  url          = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.05331}
+}
+```
+
+```bibtex
+@misc{bostondynamics2025largebehaviormodelsatlas,
+  author       = {Boston Dynamics and TRI Research Team},
+  title        = {Large Behavior Models and Atlas Find New Footing},
+  year         = {2025},
+  url          = {https://bostondynamics.com/blog/large-behavior-models-atlas-find-new-footing/},
+  note         = {Blog post}
+}
+```

docs/source/reachy2.mdx

@@ -159,6 +159,9 @@ lerobot-record \
     --dataset.fps=15 \
     --dataset.push_to_hub=true \
     --dataset.private=true \
+    --dataset.streaming_encoding=true \
+    --dataset.encoder_threads=2 \
+    # --dataset.vcodec=auto \
     --display_data=true
 ```
 
@@ -198,6 +201,9 @@ lerobot-record \
     --dataset.fps=15 \
     --dataset.push_to_hub=true \
     --dataset.private=true \
+    --dataset.streaming_encoding=true \
+    --dataset.encoder_threads=2 \
+    # --dataset.vcodec=auto \
     --display_data=true
 ```
 

docs/source/sarm.mdx

@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ This generates visualizations showing video frames with subtask boundaries overl
 Train with **no annotations** - uses linear progress from 0 to 1:
 
 ```bash
-python src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_train.py \
+lerobot-train \
   --dataset.repo_id=your-username/your-dataset \
   --policy.type=sarm \
   --policy.annotation_mode=single_stage \
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ python src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_train.py \
 Train with **dense annotations only** (sparse auto-generated):
 
 ```bash
-python src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_train.py \
+lerobot-train \
   --dataset.repo_id=your-username/your-dataset \
   --policy.type=sarm \
   --policy.annotation_mode=dense_only \
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ python src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_train.py \
 Train with **both sparse and dense annotations**:
 
 ```bash
-python src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_train.py \
+lerobot-train \
   --dataset.repo_id=your-username/your-dataset \
   --policy.type=sarm \
   --policy.annotation_mode=dual \
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ This script:
 Once you have the progress file, train your policy with RA-BC weighting. The progress file is auto-detected from the dataset path (`sarm_progress.parquet`). Currently PI0, PI0.5 and SmolVLA are supported with RA-BC:
 
 ```bash
-python src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_train.py \
+lerobot-train \
   --dataset.repo_id=your-username/your-dataset \
   --policy.type=pi0 \
   --use_rabc=true \

docs/source/smolvla.mdx

@@ -106,6 +106,9 @@ lerobot-record \
   --dataset.repo_id=${HF_USER}/eval_DATASET_NAME_test \  # <- This will be the dataset name on HF Hub
   --dataset.episode_time_s=50 \
   --dataset.num_episodes=10 \
+  --dataset.streaming_encoding=true \
+  --dataset.encoder_threads=2 \
+  # --dataset.vcodec=auto \
   # <- Teleop optional if you want to teleoperate in between episodes \
   # --teleop.type=so100_leader \
   # --teleop.port=/dev/ttyACM0 \

docs/source/streaming_video_encoding.mdx

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# Streaming Video Encoding Guide
+
+## 1. Overview
+
+Streaming video encoding eliminates the traditional PNG round-trip during video dataset recording. Instead of:
+
+1. Capture frame -> write PNG to disk -> (at episode end) read PNG's -> encode to MP4 -> delete PNG's
+
+Frames can be encoded in real-time during capture:
+
+1. Capture frame -> queue to encoder thread -> encode to MP4 directly
+
+This makes `save_episode()` near-instant (the video is already encoded by the time the episode ends) and removes the blocking wait that previously occurred between episodes, especially with multiple cameras in long episodes.
+
+## 2. Tuning Parameters
+
+| Parameter               | CLI Flag                          | Type          | Default       | Description                                                       |
+| ----------------------- | --------------------------------- | ------------- | ------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `streaming_encoding`    | `--dataset.streaming_encoding`    | `bool`        | `True`        | Enable real-time encoding during capture                          |
+| `vcodec`                | `--dataset.vcodec`                | `str`         | `"libsvtav1"` | Video codec. `"auto"` detects best HW encoder                     |
+| `encoder_threads`       | `--dataset.encoder_threads`       | `int \| None` | `None` (auto) | Threads per encoder instance. `None` will leave the vcoded decide |
+| `encoder_queue_maxsize` | `--dataset.encoder_queue_maxsize` | `int`         | `60`          | Max buffered frames per camera (~2s at 30fps). Consumes RAM       |
+
+## 3. Performance Considerations
+
+Streaming encoding means the CPU is encoding video **during** the capture loop, not after. This creates a CPU budget that must be shared between:
+
+- **Control loop** (reading cameras, control the robot, writing non-video data)
+- **Encoder threads** (one pool per camera)
+- **Rerun visualization** (if enabled)
+- **OS and other processes**
+
+### Resolution & Number of Cameras Impact
+
+| Setup                     | Throughput (px/sec) | CPU Encoding Load | Notes                          |
+| ------------------------- | ------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------------------ |
+| 2camsx 640x480x3 @30fps   | 55M                 | Low               | Works on most systems          |
+| 2camsx 1280x720x3 @30fps  | 165M                | Moderate          | Comfortable on modern systems  |
+| 2camsx 1920x1080x3 @30fps | 373M                | High              | Requires powerful high-end CPU |
+
+### `encoder_threads` Tuning
+
+This parameter controls how many threads each encoder instance uses internally:
+
+- **Higher values** (e.g., 4-5): Faster encoding, but uses more CPU cores per camera. Good for high-end systems with many cores.
+- **Lower values** (e.g., 1-2): Less CPU per camera, freeing cores for capture and visualization. Good for low-res images and capable CPUs.
+- **`None` (default)**: Lets the codec decide. Information available in the codec logs.
+
+### Backpressure and Frame Dropping
+
+Each camera has a bounded queue (`encoder_queue_maxsize`, default 60 frames). When the encoder can't keep up:
+
+1. The queue fills up (consuming RAM)
+2. New frames are **dropped** (not blocked) — the capture loop continues uninterrupted
+3. A warning is logged: `"Encoder queue full for {camera}, dropped N frame(s)"`
+4. At episode end, total dropped frames per camera are reported
+
+### Symptoms of Encoder Falling Behind
+
+- **System feels laggy and freezes**: all CPUs are at 100%
+- **Dropped frame warnings** in the log or lower frames/FPS than expected in the recorded dataset
+- **Choppy robot movement**: If CPU is severely overloaded, even the capture loop may be affected
+- **Accumulated rerun lag**: Visualization falls behind real-time
+
+## 4. Hardware-Accelerated Encoding
+
+### When to Use
+
+Use HW encoding when:
+
+- CPU is the bottleneck (dropped frames, choppy robot, rerun lag)
+- You have compatible hardware (GPU or dedicated encoder)
+- You're recording at high throughput (high resolution or with many cameras)
+
+### Choosing a Codec
+
+| Codec                 | CPU Usage | File Size      | Quality | Notes                                                            |
+| --------------------- | --------- | -------------- | ------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `libsvtav1` (default) | High      | Smallest       | Best    | Default. Best compression but most CPU-intensive                 |
+| `h264`                | Medium    | ~30-50% larger | Good    | Software H.264. Lower CPU                                        |
+| HW encoders           | Very Low  | Largest        | Good    | Offloads to dedicated hardware. Best for CPU-constrained systems |
+
+### Available HW Encoders
+
+| Encoder             | Platform      | Hardware                                                                                         | CLI Value                            |
+| ------------------- | ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------ |
+| `h264_videotoolbox` | macOS         | Apple Silicon / Intel                                                                            | `--dataset.vcodec=h264_videotoolbox` |
+| `hevc_videotoolbox` | macOS         | Apple Silicon / Intel                                                                            | `--dataset.vcodec=hevc_videotoolbox` |
+| `h264_nvenc`        | Linux/Windows | NVIDIA GPU                                                                                       | `--dataset.vcodec=h264_nvenc`        |
+| `hevc_nvenc`        | Linux/Windows | NVIDIA GPU                                                                                       | `--dataset.vcodec=hevc_nvenc`        |
+| `h264_vaapi`        | Linux         | Intel/AMD GPU                                                                                    | `--dataset.vcodec=h264_vaapi`        |
+| `h264_qsv`          | Linux/Windows | Intel Quick Sync                                                                                 | `--dataset.vcodec=h264_qsv`          |
+| `auto`              | Any           | Probes the system for available HW encoders. Falls back to `libsvtav1` if no HW encoder is found | `--dataset.vcodec=auto`              |
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> In order to use the HW accelerated encoders you might need to upgrade your GPU drivers.
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> `libsvtav1` is the default because it provides the best training performance; other vcodecs can reduce CPU usage and be faster, but they typically produce larger files and may affect training time.
+
+## 5. Troubleshooting
+
+| Symptom                                                            | Likely Cause                                 | Fix                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
+| ------------------------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| System freezes or choppy robot movement or Rerun visualization lag | CPU starved (100% load usage)                | Close other apps, reduce encoding throughput, lower `encoder_threads`, use `h264`, use `display_data=False`. If the CPU continues to be at 100% then it might be insufficient for your setup, consider `--dataset.streaming_encoding=false` or HW encoding (`--dataset.vcodec=auto`) |
+| "Encoder queue full" warnings or dropped frames in dataset         | Encoder can't keep up (Queue overflow)       | If CPU is not at 100%: Increase `encoder_threads`, increase `encoder_queue_maxsize` or use HW encoding (`--dataset.vcodec=auto`).                                                                                                                                                    |
+| High RAM usage                                                     | Queue filling faster than encoding           | `encoder_threads` too low or CPU insufficient. Reduce `encoder_queue_maxsize` or use HW encoding                                                                                                                                                                                     |
+| Large video files                                                  | Using HW encoder or H.264                    | Expected trade-off. Switch to `libsvtav1` if CPU allows                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
+| `save_episode()` still slow                                        | `streaming_encoding` is `False`              | Set `--dataset.streaming_encoding=true`                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
+| Encoder thread crash                                               | Codec not available or invalid settings      | Check `vcodec` is installed, try `--dataset.vcodec=auto`                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
+| Recorded dataset is missing frames                                 | CPU/GPU starvation or occasional load spikes | If ~5% of frames are missing, your system is likely overloaded — follow the recommendations above. If fewer frames are missing (~2%), they are probably due to occasional transient load spikes (often at startup) and can be considered expected.                                   |
+
+## 6. Recommended Configurations
+
+These estimates are conservative; we recommend testing them on your setup—start with a low load and increase it gradually.
+
+### High-End Systems: modern 12+ cores (24+ threads)
+
+A throughput between ~250-500M px/sec should be comfortable in CPU. For even better results try HW encoding if available.
+
+```bash
+# 3camsx 1280x720x3 @30fps: Defaults work well. Optionally increase encoder parallelism.
+# 2camsx 1920x1080x3 @30fps: Defaults work well. Optionally increase encoder parallelism.
+lerobot-record --dataset.encoder_threads=5 ...
+
+# 3camsx 1920x1080x3 @30fps: Might require some tuning.
+```
+
+### Mid-Range Systems: modern 8+ cores (16+ threads) or Apple Silicon
+
+A throughput between ~80-300M px/sec should be possible in CPU.
+
+```bash
+# 3camsx 640x480x3 @30fps: Defaults work well. Optionally decrease encoder parallelism.
+# 2camsx 1280x720x3 @30fps: Defaults work well. Optionally decrease encoder parallelism.
+lerobot-record --dataset.encoder_threads=2 ...
+
+# 2camsx 1920x1080x3 @30fps: Might require some tuning.
+```
+
+### Low-Resource Systems: modern 4+ cores (8+ threads) or Raspberry Pi 5
+
+On very constrained systems, streaming encoding may compete too heavily with the capture loop. Disabling it falls back to the PNG-based approach where encoding happens between episodes (blocking, but doesn't interfere with capture). Alternatively, record at a lower throughput to reduce both capture and encoding load. Consider also changing codec to `h264` and using batch encoding.
+
+```bash
+# 2camsx 640x480x3 @30fps: Requires some tuning.
+
+# Use H.264, disable streaming, consider batching encoding
+lerobot-record --dataset.vcodec=h264 --dataset.streaming_encoding=false ...
+```
+
+## 7. Closing note
+
+Performance ultimately depends on your exact setup — frames-per-second, resolution, CPU cores and load, available memory, episode length, and the encoder you choose. Always test with your target workload, be mindful about your CPU & system capabilities and tune `encoder_threads`, `encoder_queue_maxsize`, and
+`vcodec` reasonably. That said, a common practical configuration (for many applications) is three cameras at 640×480x3 @30fps; this usually runs fine with the default streaming video encoding settings in modern systems. Always verify your recorded dataset is healthy by comparing the video duration to the CLI episode duration and confirming the row count equals FPS × CLI duration.

docs/source/unitree_g1.mdx

@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ SSH into the robot and install LeRobot:
 ```bash
 ssh unitree@<YOUR_ROBOT_IP>
 
-conda create -y -n lerobot python=3.10
+conda create -y -n lerobot python=3.12
 conda activate lerobot
 git clone https://github.com/huggingface/lerobot.git
 cd lerobot
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ With the robot server running, you can now control the robot remotely. Let's lau
 ### Step 1: Install LeRobot on your machine
 
 ```bash
-conda create -y -n lerobot python=3.10
+conda create -y -n lerobot python=3.12
 conda activate lerobot
 git clone https://github.com/huggingface/lerobot.git
 cd lerobot
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ lerobot-teleoperate \
 ### Record Dataset in Simulation
 
 ```bash
-python -m lerobot.scripts.lerobot_record \
+lerobot-record \
     --robot.type=unitree_g1 \
     --robot.is_simulation=true \
     --robot.cameras='{"global_view": {"type": "zmq", "server_address": "localhost", "port": 5555, "camera_name": "head_camera", "width": 640, "height": 480, "fps": 30}}' \
@@ -229,7 +229,10 @@ python -m lerobot.scripts.lerobot_record \
     --dataset.num_episodes=2 \
     --dataset.episode_time_s=5 \
     --dataset.reset_time_s=5 \
-    --dataset.push_to_hub=true
+    --dataset.push_to_hub=true \
+    --dataset.streaming_encoding=true \
+    # --dataset.vcodec=auto \
+    --dataset.encoder_threads=2
 ```
 
 Example simulation dataset: [nepyope/teleop_test_sim](https://huggingface.co/datasets/nepyope/teleop_test_sim)
@@ -266,7 +269,7 @@ lerobot-teleoperate \
 ### Record Dataset on Real Robot
 
 ```bash
-python -m lerobot.scripts.lerobot_record \
+lerobot-record \
     --robot.type=unitree_g1 \
     --robot.is_simulation=false \
     --robot.cameras='{"global_view": {"type": "zmq", "server_address": "172.18.129.215", "port": 5555, "camera_name": "head_camera", "width": 640, "height": 480, "fps": 30}}' \
@@ -279,7 +282,10 @@ python -m lerobot.scripts.lerobot_record \
     --dataset.num_episodes=2 \
     --dataset.episode_time_s=5 \
     --dataset.reset_time_s=5 \
-    --dataset.push_to_hub=true
+    --dataset.push_to_hub=true \
+    --dataset.streaming_encoding=true \
+    # --dataset.vcodec=auto \
+    --dataset.encoder_threads=2
 ```
 
 **Note**: Update `server_address` to match your robot's camera server IP.

docs/source/using_dataset_tools.mdx

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ LeRobot provides several utilities for manipulating datasets:
 4. **Add Features** - Add new features to a dataset
 5. **Remove Features** - Remove features from a dataset
 6. **Convert to Video** - Convert image-based datasets to video format for efficient storage
+7. **Show the Info of Datasets** - Show the summary of datasets information such as number of episode etc.
 
 The core implementation is in `lerobot.datasets.dataset_tools`.
 An example script detailing how to use the tools API is available in `examples/dataset/use_dataset_tools.py`.
@@ -156,6 +157,30 @@ lerobot-edit-dataset \
 
 **Note:** The resulting dataset will be a proper LeRobotDataset with all cameras encoded as videos in the `videos/` directory, with parquet files containing only metadata (no raw image data). All episodes, stats, and tasks are preserved.
 
+### Show the information of datasets
+
+Show the information of datasets such as number of episode, number of frame, File size and so on.
+No change will be made to the dataset
+
+```bash
+
+# Show dataset information without feature details
+lerobot-edit-dataset \
+    --repo_id lerobot/pusht_image \
+    --operation.type info \
+
+# Show dataset information with feature details
+lerobot-edit-dataset \
+    --repo_id lerobot/pusht_image \
+    --operation.type info \
+    --operation.show_features true
+
+```
+
+**Parameters:**
+
+- `parameters`: The flag to control show or no show dataset information with feature details.(default=false)
+
 ### Push to Hub
 
 Add the `--push_to_hub true` flag to any command to automatically upload the resulting dataset to the Hugging Face Hub:

docs/source/walloss.mdx

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ policy.type=wall_x
 For training WallX, you can use the standard LeRobot training script with the appropriate configuration:
 
 ```bash
-python src/lerobot/scripts/lerobot_train.py \
+lerobot-train \
     --dataset.repo_id=your_dataset \
     --policy.type=wall_x \
     --output_dir=./outputs/wallx_training \

docs/source/xvla.mdx

@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ lerobot-train \
 
 ```bash
 lerobot-train \
-  --dataset.repo_id=pepijn223/bimanual-so100-handover-cube \
+  --dataset.repo_id=<USER>/bimanual-so100-handover-cube \
   --output_dir=./outputs/xvla_bimanual \
   --job_name=xvla_so101_training \
   --policy.path="lerobot/xvla-base" \

examples/backward_compatibility/replay.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ lerobot-replay \
     --robot.type=so100_follower \
     --robot.port=/dev/tty.usbmodem58760431541 \
     --robot.id=black \
-    --dataset.repo_id=aliberts/record-test \
+    --dataset.repo_id=<USER>/record-test \
     --dataset.episode=2
 ```
 """
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class DatasetReplayConfig:
     repo_id: str
     # Episode to replay.
     episode: int
-    # Root directory where the dataset will be stored (e.g. 'dataset/path').
+    # Root directory where the dataset will be stored (e.g. 'dataset/path'). If None, defaults to $HF_LEROBOT_HOME/repo_id.
     root: str | Path | None = None
     # Limit the frames per second. By default, uses the policy fps.
     fps: int = 30

examples/dataset/slurm_compute_rabc.py

@@ -0,0 +1,490 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright 2025 The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""
+SLURM-distributed SARM RA-BC annotation pipeline.
+
+Computes SARM progress values for all frames in a dataset, distributed across
+SLURM workers, then merges the shards into a single sarm_progress.parquet.
+
+Two subcommands, each a separate SLURM submission:
+
+  compute    – N workers, each computes progress for a subset of episodes
+  aggregate  – 1 worker, merges N shards into sarm_progress.parquet, pushes to hub
+
+Usage:
+    python slurm_compute_rabc.py compute \\
+        --repo-id user/dataset --reward-model-path user/sarm_model \\
+        --stride 10 --device cpu --workers 50 --partition cpu
+
+    python slurm_compute_rabc.py aggregate \\
+        --repo-id user/dataset --reward-model-path user/sarm_model \\
+        --partition cpu --push-to-hub
+"""
+
+import argparse
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from datatrove.executor import LocalPipelineExecutor
+from datatrove.executor.slurm import SlurmPipelineExecutor
+from datatrove.pipeline.base import PipelineStep
+
+
+class ComputeProgressShards(PipelineStep):
+    """Each worker computes SARM progress for its assigned episodes."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, repo_id, reward_model_path, stride=1, head_mode="sparse", device="cpu", shard_dir="rabc_shards"
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        if stride < 1:
+            raise ValueError(f"stride must be >= 1, got {stride}")
+        self.repo_id = repo_id
+        self.reward_model_path = reward_model_path
+        self.stride = stride
+        self.head_mode = head_mode
+        self.device = device
+        self.shard_dir = shard_dir
+
+    def run(self, data=None, rank: int = 0, world_size: int = 1):
+        import logging
+        from pathlib import Path
+
+        import numpy as np
+        import pyarrow as pa
+        import pyarrow.parquet as pq
+        import torch
+        from tqdm import tqdm
+
+        from lerobot.policies.sarm.compute_rabc_weights import (
+            generate_all_frame_indices,
+            interpolate_progress,
+            load_sarm_resources,
+        )
+        from lerobot.utils.utils import init_logging
+
+        init_logging()
+
+        dataset, reward_model, preprocess = load_sarm_resources(
+            self.repo_id,
+            self.reward_model_path,
+            self.device,
+        )
+
+        if hasattr(preprocess, "eval"):
+            preprocess.eval()
+        for step in preprocess.steps:
+            if hasattr(step, "eval"):
+                step.eval()
+
+        image_key = reward_model.config.image_key
+        state_key = reward_model.config.state_key
+        frame_gap = reward_model.config.frame_gap
+        center_idx = reward_model.config.n_obs_steps // 2
+
+        dual_mode = reward_model.config.uses_dual_heads
+        compute_sparse = self.head_mode in ("sparse", "both") or not dual_mode
+        compute_dense = self.head_mode in ("dense", "both") and dual_mode
+
+        my_episodes = list(range(dataset.num_episodes))[rank::world_size]
+        if not my_episodes:
+            logging.info(f"Rank {rank}: no episodes assigned")
+            return
+        logging.info(f"Rank {rank}: {len(my_episodes)} / {dataset.num_episodes} episodes")
+
+        all_rows = []
+
+        for ep_idx in tqdm(my_episodes, desc=f"Rank {rank}"):
+            ep = dataset.meta.episodes[ep_idx]
+            ep_start, ep_end = ep["dataset_from_index"], ep["dataset_to_index"]
+            task = dataset[ep_start].get("task", "perform the task")
+
+            all_ep_indices = generate_all_frame_indices(ep_start, ep_end, frame_gap)
+            if self.stride > 1:
+                compute_indices = [i for i in all_ep_indices if (i - ep_start) % self.stride == 0]
+                if (ep_end - 1) not in compute_indices:
+                    compute_indices.append(ep_end - 1)
+                compute_indices = sorted(set(compute_indices))
+            else:
+                compute_indices = all_ep_indices
+
+            frame_results = {}
+            for qi in tqdm(compute_indices, desc=f"  Ep {ep_idx}", leave=False):
+                try:
+                    sample = dataset[qi]
+                    batch = {
+                        image_key: sample[image_key],
+                        "task": task,
+                        "index": qi,
+                        "episode_index": ep_idx,
+                    }
+                    if state_key in sample:
+                        batch[state_key] = sample[state_key]
+
+                    with torch.no_grad():
+                        processed = preprocess(batch)
+                        vf = processed["video_features"].to(self.device)
+                        tf = processed["text_features"].to(self.device)
+                        sf = processed.get("state_features")
+                        if sf is not None:
+                            sf = sf.to(self.device)
+                        lengths = processed.get("lengths")
+
+                        sparse_val = dense_val = np.nan
+                        if compute_sparse:
+                            r = reward_model.calculate_rewards(
+                                text_embeddings=tf,
+                                video_embeddings=vf,
+                                state_features=sf,
+                                lengths=lengths,
+                                return_all_frames=True,
+                                head_mode="sparse",
+                            )
+                            sparse_val = float(r[0, center_idx] if r.ndim == 2 else r[center_idx])
+                        if compute_dense:
+                            r = reward_model.calculate_rewards(
+                                text_embeddings=tf,
+                                video_embeddings=vf,
+                                state_features=sf,
+                                lengths=lengths,
+                                return_all_frames=True,
+                                head_mode="dense",
+                            )
+                            dense_val = float(r[0, center_idx] if r.ndim == 2 else r[center_idx])
+
+                        frame_results[qi] = (sparse_val, dense_val)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logging.warning(f"Failed frame {qi}: {e}")
+
+            if not frame_results:
+                logging.warning(f"Episode {ep_idx}: all frames failed, skipping")
+                continue
+
+            # Interpolate to all frames in this episode
+            computed_idx = np.array(sorted(frame_results.keys()))
+            all_frame_arr = np.arange(ep_start, ep_end)
+
+            sparse_vals = np.array([frame_results[i][0] for i in computed_idx]) if compute_sparse else None
+            dense_vals = np.array([frame_results[i][1] for i in computed_idx]) if compute_dense else None
+
+            if self.stride > 1 and len(computed_idx) > 1:
+                if compute_sparse:
+                    sparse_vals = interpolate_progress(computed_idx, sparse_vals, all_frame_arr)
+                if compute_dense:
+                    dense_vals = interpolate_progress(computed_idx, dense_vals, all_frame_arr)
+                output_frames = all_frame_arr
+            else:
+                # Use only successfully computed frames to avoid indexing mismatch on failures
+                output_frames = computed_idx
+
+            for i, fi in enumerate(output_frames):
+                row = {"index": int(fi), "episode_index": ep_idx, "frame_index": int(fi - ep_start)}
+                if compute_sparse:
+                    row["progress_sparse"] = float(sparse_vals[i])
+                if compute_dense:
+                    row["progress_dense"] = float(dense_vals[i])
+                all_rows.append(row)
+
+        if all_rows:
+            import pandas as pd
+
+            df = pd.DataFrame(all_rows).sort_values("index").reset_index(drop=True)
+            table = pa.Table.from_pandas(df, preserve_index=False)
+            table = table.replace_schema_metadata({b"reward_model_path": self.reward_model_path.encode()})
+            shard_dir = Path(self.shard_dir)
+            shard_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            out = shard_dir / f"shard_{rank:05d}.parquet"
+            pq.write_table(table, out)
+            logging.info(f"Rank {rank}: saved {len(df)} rows to {out}")
+
+
+class AggregateProgress(PipelineStep):
+    """Merge all shard parquets into final sarm_progress.parquet."""
+
+    def __init__(self, repo_id, reward_model_path, shard_dir="rabc_shards", push_to_hub=False):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.repo_id = repo_id
+        self.reward_model_path = reward_model_path
+        self.shard_dir = shard_dir
+        self.push_to_hub = push_to_hub
+
+    def run(self, data=None, rank: int = 0, world_size: int = 1):
+        import datetime
+        import logging
+        import os
+        from pathlib import Path
+
+        import pandas as pd
+        import pyarrow as pa
+        import pyarrow.parquet as pq
+
+        from lerobot.datasets.lerobot_dataset import LeRobotDataset
+        from lerobot.utils.utils import init_logging
+
+        init_logging()
+        if rank != 0:
+            return
+
+        shard_dir = Path(self.shard_dir)
+        shards = sorted(shard_dir.glob("shard_*.parquet"))
+        if not shards:
+            raise FileNotFoundError(f"No shards found in {shard_dir}")
+
+        # Log shard modification time range to help detect stale files
+        mtimes = [os.path.getmtime(s) for s in shards]
+        oldest = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(min(mtimes)).isoformat(timespec="seconds")
+        newest = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(max(mtimes)).isoformat(timespec="seconds")
+        logging.info(f"Aggregating {len(shards)} shards (oldest: {oldest}, newest: {newest})")
+
+        df = pd.concat([pd.read_parquet(s) for s in shards], ignore_index=True)
+        df = df.sort_values("index").reset_index(drop=True)
+
+        table = pa.Table.from_pandas(df, preserve_index=False)
+        table = table.replace_schema_metadata({b"reward_model_path": self.reward_model_path.encode()})
+
+        temp_ds = LeRobotDataset(self.repo_id, download_videos=False)
+        out_path = Path(temp_ds.root) / "sarm_progress.parquet"
+        out_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        pq.write_table(table, out_path)
+        logging.info(f"Saved {len(df)} rows to {out_path}")
+
+        for col in ["progress_sparse", "progress_dense"]:
+            if col in df.columns:
+                v = df[col].dropna()
+                logging.info(
+                    f"{col}: mean={v.mean():.4f} std={v.std():.4f} min={v.min():.4f} max={v.max():.4f}"
+                )
+
+        if self.push_to_hub:
+            from huggingface_hub import HfApi
+
+            api = HfApi()
+            hub_path = "sarm_progress.parquet"
+            logging.info(f"Uploading to {self.repo_id}/{hub_path}")
+            api.upload_file(
+                path_or_fileobj=str(out_path),
+                path_in_repo=hub_path,
+                repo_id=self.repo_id,
+                repo_type="dataset",
+            )
+            logging.info(f"Uploaded: https://huggingface.co/datasets/{self.repo_id}/blob/main/{hub_path}")
+
+
+def make_compute_executor(
+    repo_id,
+    reward_model_path,
+    stride,
+    head_mode,
+    device,
+    shard_dir,
+    logs_dir,
+    job_name,
+    slurm,
+    workers,
+    partition,
+    cpus_per_task,
+    mem_per_cpu,
+):
+    kwargs = {
+        "pipeline": [
+            ComputeProgressShards(repo_id, reward_model_path, stride, head_mode, device, str(shard_dir)),
+        ],
+        "logging_dir": str(logs_dir / job_name),
+    }
+
+    if slurm:
+        kwargs.update(
+            {
+                "job_name": job_name,
+                "tasks": workers,
+                "workers": workers,
+                "time": "24:00:00",
+                "partition": partition,
+                "cpus_per_task": cpus_per_task,
+                "sbatch_args": {"mem-per-cpu": mem_per_cpu},
+            }
+        )
+        return SlurmPipelineExecutor(**kwargs)
+
+    kwargs.update({"tasks": workers, "workers": 1})
+    return LocalPipelineExecutor(**kwargs)
+
+
+def make_aggregate_executor(
+    repo_id,
+    reward_model_path,
+    shard_dir,
+    logs_dir,
+    job_name,
+    slurm,
+    partition,
+    cpus_per_task,
+    mem_per_cpu,
+    push_to_hub,
+):
+    kwargs = {
+        "pipeline": [
+            AggregateProgress(repo_id, reward_model_path, str(shard_dir), push_to_hub),
+        ],
+        "logging_dir": str(logs_dir / job_name),
+    }
+
+    if slurm:
+        kwargs.update(
+            {
+                "job_name": job_name,
+                "tasks": 1,
+                "workers": 1,
+                "time": "02:00:00",
+                "partition": partition,
+                "cpus_per_task": cpus_per_task,
+                "sbatch_args": {"mem-per-cpu": mem_per_cpu},
+            }
+        )
+        return SlurmPipelineExecutor(**kwargs)
+
+    kwargs.update({"tasks": 1, "workers": 1})
+    return LocalPipelineExecutor(**kwargs)
+
+
+def _add_shared_args(p):
+    p.add_argument(
+        "--repo-id",
+        type=str,
+        required=True,
+        help="Hugging Face repository identifier, e.g. 'user/dataset'.",
+    )
+    p.add_argument(
+        "--shard-dir",
+        type=Path,
+        default=Path("rabc_shards"),
+        help="Directory to read/write per-rank parquet shards.",
+    )
+    p.add_argument(
+        "--logs-dir",
+        type=Path,
+        default=Path("logs"),
+        help="Directory for datatrove logs.",
+    )
+    p.add_argument(
+        "--job-name",
+        type=str,
+        default=None,
+        help="SLURM job name (defaults to rabc_<subcommand>).",
+    )
+    p.add_argument(
+        "--slurm",
+        type=int,
+        default=1,
+        help="1 = submit via SLURM; 0 = run locally (useful for debugging).",
+    )
+    p.add_argument(
+        "--partition",
+        type=str,
+        default=None,
+        help="SLURM partition to submit to.",
+    )
+    p.add_argument(
+        "--cpus-per-task",
+        type=int,
+        default=4,
+        help="Number of CPUs per SLURM task.",
+    )
+    p.add_argument(
+        "--mem-per-cpu",
+        type=str,
+        default="4G",
+        help="Memory per CPU, e.g. '4G' or '1950M'.",
+    )
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="SLURM-distributed SARM RA-BC annotation pipeline",
+        formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
+    )
+    sub = parser.add_subparsers(dest="command", required=True)
+
+    # compute subcommand
+    cp = sub.add_parser(
+        "compute",
+        help="Distribute progress computation across SLURM workers.",
+    )
+    _add_shared_args(cp)
+    cp.add_argument(
+        "--reward-model-path",
+        type=str,
+        required=True,
+        help="Path or HF repo id of the SARM reward model.",
+    )
+    cp.add_argument(
+        "--stride",
+        type=int,
+        default=1,
+        help="Compute every Nth frame; intermediate frames are interpolated (must be >= 1).",
+    )
+    cp.add_argument(
+        "--head-mode",
+        type=str,
+        default="sparse",
+        choices=["sparse", "dense", "both"],
+        help="Which reward head(s) to compute.",
+    )
+    cp.add_argument(
+        "--device",
+        type=str,
+        default="cpu",
+        help="Device for reward model inference, e.g. 'cpu' or 'cuda'.",
+    )
+    cp.add_argument(
+        "--workers",
+        type=int,
+        default=50,
+        help="Number of parallel SLURM tasks (one shard per worker).",
+    )
+
+    # aggregate subcommand
+    ap = sub.add_parser(
+        "aggregate",
+        help="Merge per-rank shards into a single sarm_progress.parquet.",
+    )
+    _add_shared_args(ap)
+    ap.add_argument(
+        "--reward-model-path",
+        type=str,
+        required=True,
+        help="Path or HF repo id of the SARM reward model (stored in parquet metadata).",
+    )
+    ap.add_argument(
+        "--push-to-hub",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Upload sarm_progress.parquet to the Hugging Face Hub after aggregation.",
+    )
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    job_name = args.job_name or f"rabc_{args.command}"
+    kwargs = vars(args)
+    kwargs["slurm"] = kwargs.pop("slurm") == 1
+    kwargs["job_name"] = job_name
+    command = kwargs.pop("command")
+
+    executor = make_compute_executor(**kwargs) if command == "compute" else make_aggregate_executor(**kwargs)
+
+    executor.run()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

examples/rtc/eval_dataset.py

@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ measuring consistency and ground truth alignment.
 Usage:
     # Basic usage with smolvla policy
     uv run python examples/rtc/eval_dataset.py \
-        --policy.path=helper2424/smolvla_check_rtc_last3 \
-        --dataset.repo_id=helper2424/check_rtc \
+        --policy.path=<USER>/smolvla_check_rtc_last3 \
+        --dataset.repo_id=<USER>/check_rtc \
         --rtc.execution_horizon=8 \
         --device=mps \
         --rtc.max_guidance_weight=10.0 \
@@ -58,16 +58,16 @@ Usage:
         --device=cuda
 
     uv run python examples/rtc/eval_dataset.py \
-        --policy.path=lipsop/reuben_pi0 \
-        --dataset.repo_id=ReubenLim/so101_cube_in_cup \
+        --policy.path=<USER>/reuben_pi0 \
+        --dataset.repo_id=<USER>/so101_cube_in_cup \
         --rtc.execution_horizon=8 \
         --device=cuda
 
     # With torch.compile for faster inference (PyTorch 2.0+)
     # Note: CUDA graphs disabled by default due to in-place ops in denoising loop
     uv run python examples/rtc/eval_dataset.py \
-        --policy.path=helper2424/smolvla_check_rtc_last3 \
-        --dataset.repo_id=helper2424/check_rtc \
+        --policy.path=<USER>/smolvla_check_rtc_last3 \
+        --dataset.repo_id=<USER>/check_rtc \
         --rtc.execution_horizon=8 \
         --device=mps \
         --use_torch_compile=true \
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ Usage:
 
     # With torch.compile on CUDA (CUDA graphs disabled by default)
     uv run python examples/rtc/eval_dataset.py \
-        --policy.path=helper2424/smolvla_check_rtc_last3 \
-        --dataset.repo_id=helper2424/check_rtc \
+        --policy.path=<USER>/smolvla_check_rtc_last3 \
+        --dataset.repo_id=<USER>/check_rtc \
         --rtc.execution_horizon=8 \
         --device=cuda \
         --use_torch_compile=true \
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ Usage:
 
     # Enable CUDA graphs (advanced - may cause tensor aliasing errors)
     uv run python examples/rtc/eval_dataset.py \
-        --policy.path=helper2424/smolvla_check_rtc_last3 \
-        --dataset.repo_id=helper2424/check_rtc \
+        --policy.path=<USER>/smolvla_check_rtc_last3 \
+        --dataset.repo_id=<USER>/check_rtc \
         --use_torch_compile=true \
         --torch_compile_backend=inductor \
         --torch_compile_mode=max-autotune \

examples/rtc/eval_with_real_robot.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ For simulation environments, see eval_with_simulation.py
 Usage:
     # Run RTC with Real robot with RTC
     uv run examples/rtc/eval_with_real_robot.py \
-        --policy.path=helper2424/smolvla_check_rtc_last3 \
+        --policy.path=<USER>/smolvla_check_rtc_last3 \
         --policy.device=mps \
         --rtc.enabled=true \
         --rtc.execution_horizon=20 \
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Usage:
 
     # Run RTC with Real robot without RTC
     uv run examples/rtc/eval_with_real_robot.py \
-        --policy.path=helper2424/smolvla_check_rtc_last3 \
+        --policy.path=<USER>/smolvla_check_rtc_last3 \
         --policy.device=mps \
         --rtc.enabled=false \
         --robot.type=so100_follower \
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Usage:
 
     # Run RTC with Real robot with pi0.5 policy
     uv run examples/rtc/eval_with_real_robot.py \
-        --policy.path=helper2424/pi05_check_rtc \
+        --policy.path=<USER>/pi05_check_rtc \
         --policy.device=mps \
         --rtc.enabled=true \
         --rtc.execution_horizon=20 \

pyproject.toml

@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ discord = "https://discord.gg/s3KuuzsPFb"
 
 [project]
 name = "lerobot"
-version = "0.4.4"
+version = "0.4.5"
 description = "🤗 LeRobot: State-of-the-art Machine Learning for Real-World Robotics in Pytorch"
 dynamic = ["readme"]
 license = { text = "Apache-2.0" }
-requires-python = ">=3.10"
+requires-python = ">=3.12"
 authors = [
     { name = "Rémi Cadène", email = "re.cadene@gmail.com" },
     { name = "Simon Alibert", email = "alibert.sim@gmail.com" },
@@ -50,7 +50,8 @@ classifiers = [
     "Intended Audience :: Education",
     "Intended Audience :: Science/Research",
     "License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License",
-    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
     "Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools",
     "Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Artificial Intelligence",
 ]
@@ -59,28 +60,30 @@ keywords = ["lerobot", "huggingface", "robotics",  "machine learning", "artifici
 dependencies = [
 
     # Hugging Face dependencies
-    "datasets>=4.0.0,<4.2.0",
+    "datasets>=4.0.0,<5.0.0",
     "diffusers>=0.27.2,<0.36.0",
-    "huggingface-hub[hf-transfer,cli]>=0.34.2,<0.36.0",
+    "huggingface-hub>=1.0.0,<2.0.0",
     "accelerate>=1.10.0,<2.0.0",
 
     # Core dependencies
+    "numpy>=2.0.0,<2.3.0", # NOTE: Explicitly listing numpy helps the resolver converge faster. Upper bound imposed by opencv-python-headless.
     "setuptools>=71.0.0,<81.0.0",
     "cmake>=3.29.0.1,<4.2.0",
+    "packaging>=24.2,<26.0",
+
+    "torch>=2.2.1,<2.11.0",
+    "torchcodec>=0.2.1,<0.11.0; sys_platform != 'win32' and (sys_platform != 'linux' or (platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_machine != 'arm64' and platform_machine != 'armv7l')) and (sys_platform != 'darwin' or platform_machine != 'x86_64')",
+    "torchvision>=0.21.0,<0.26.0",
+
     "einops>=0.8.0,<0.9.0",
     "opencv-python-headless>=4.9.0,<4.13.0",
     "av>=15.0.0,<16.0.0",
     "jsonlines>=4.0.0,<5.0.0",
-    "packaging>=24.2,<26.0",
-    "pynput>=1.7.7,<1.9.0",
+    "pynput>=1.7.8,<1.9.0",
     "pyserial>=3.5,<4.0",
+
     "wandb>=0.24.0,<0.25.0",
-
-    "torch>=2.2.1,<2.8.0", # TODO: Bumb dependency
-    "torchcodec>=0.2.1,<0.6.0; sys_platform != 'win32' and (sys_platform != 'linux' or (platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_machine != 'arm64' and platform_machine != 'armv7l')) and (sys_platform != 'darwin' or platform_machine != 'x86_64')", # TODO: Bumb dependency
-    "torchvision>=0.21.0,<0.23.0", # TODO: Bumb dependency
-
-    "draccus==0.10.0", # TODO: Remove ==
+    "draccus==0.10.0", # TODO: Relax version constraint
     "gymnasium>=1.1.1,<2.0.0",
     "rerun-sdk>=0.24.0,<0.27.0",
 
@@ -95,14 +98,20 @@ dependencies = [
 
 # Common
 pygame-dep = ["pygame>=2.5.1,<2.7.0"]
-placo-dep = ["placo>=0.9.6,<0.10.0"]
-transformers-dep = ["transformers>=4.57.1,<5.0.0"]
+placo-dep = ["placo>=0.9.6,<0.9.17"]
+transformers-dep = ["transformers>=5.3.0,<6.0.0"]
 grpcio-dep = ["grpcio==1.73.1", "protobuf>=6.31.1,<6.32.0"]
+can-dep = ["python-can>=4.2.0,<5.0.0"]
+peft-dep = ["peft>=0.18.0,<1.0.0"]
+scipy-dep = ["scipy>=1.14.0,<2.0.0"]
+qwen-vl-utils-dep = ["qwen-vl-utils>=0.0.11,<0.1.0"]
+matplotlib-dep = ["matplotlib>=3.10.3,<4.0.0", "contourpy>=1.3.0,<2.0.0"] # NOTE: Explicitly listing contourpy helps the resolver converge faster.
 
 # Motors
 feetech = ["feetech-servo-sdk>=1.0.0,<2.0.0"]
 dynamixel = ["dynamixel-sdk>=3.7.31,<3.9.0"]
-damiao = ["python-can>=4.2.0,<5.0.0"]
+damiao = ["lerobot[can-dep]"]
+robstride = ["lerobot[can-dep]"]
 
 # Robots
 openarms = ["lerobot[damiao]"]
@@ -114,30 +123,31 @@ unitree_g1 = [
     "onnxruntime>=1.16.0,<2.0.0",
     "pin>=3.0.0,<4.0.0",
     "meshcat>=0.3.0,<0.4.0",
-    "matplotlib>=3.9.0,<4.0.0",
+    "lerobot[matplotlib-dep]",
     "casadi>=3.6.0,<4.0.0",
 ]
 reachy2 = ["reachy2_sdk>=1.0.15,<1.1.0"]
 kinematics = ["lerobot[placo-dep]"]
 intelrealsense = [
     "pyrealsense2>=2.55.1.6486,<2.57.0 ; sys_platform != 'darwin'",
-    "pyrealsense2-macosx>=2.54,<2.55.0 ; sys_platform == 'darwin'",
+    "pyrealsense2-macosx>=2.54,<2.57.0 ; sys_platform == 'darwin'",
 ]
-phone = ["hebi-py>=2.8.0,<2.12.0", "teleop>=0.1.0,<0.2.0", "fastapi<1.0"]
+phone = ["hebi-py>=2.8.0,<2.12.0", "teleop>=0.1.0,<0.2.0", "fastapi<1.0", "lerobot[scipy-dep]"]
 
 # Policies
 wallx = [
-    "transformers==4.49.0",
-    "peft==0.17.1",
-    "scipy==1.15.3",
-    "torchdiffeq==0.2.5",
-    "qwen_vl_utils==0.0.11"
+    "lerobot[transformers-dep]",
+    "lerobot[peft]",
+    "lerobot[scipy-dep]",
+    "torchdiffeq>=0.2.4,<0.3.0",
+    "lerobot[qwen-vl-utils-dep]",
 ]
-pi = ["transformers @ git+https://github.com/huggingface/transformers.git@fix/lerobot_openpi", "scipy>=1.10.1,<1.15"]
+pi = ["lerobot[transformers-dep]", "lerobot[scipy-dep]"]
 smolvla = ["lerobot[transformers-dep]", "num2words>=0.5.14,<0.6.0", "accelerate>=1.7.0,<2.0.0", "safetensors>=0.4.3,<1.0.0"]
+multi_task_dit = ["lerobot[transformers-dep]"]
 groot = [
     "lerobot[transformers-dep]",
-    "peft>=0.13.0,<1.0.0",
+    "lerobot[peft]",
     "dm-tree>=0.1.8,<1.0.0",
     "timm>=1.0.0,<1.1.0",
     "safetensors>=0.4.3,<1.0.0",
@@ -146,13 +156,13 @@ groot = [
     "ninja>=1.11.1,<2.0.0",
     "flash-attn>=2.5.9,<3.0.0 ; sys_platform != 'darwin'"
 ]
-sarm = ["lerobot[transformers-dep]", "faker>=33.0.0,<35.0.0", "matplotlib>=3.10.3,<4.0.0", "qwen-vl-utils>=0.0.14,<0.1.0"]
+sarm = ["lerobot[transformers-dep]", "faker>=33.0.0,<35.0.0", "lerobot[matplotlib-dep]", "lerobot[qwen-vl-utils-dep]"]
 xvla = ["lerobot[transformers-dep]"]
 hilserl = ["lerobot[transformers-dep]", "gym-hil>=0.1.13,<0.2.0", "lerobot[grpcio-dep]", "lerobot[placo-dep]"]
 
 # Features
-async = ["lerobot[grpcio-dep]", "matplotlib>=3.10.3,<4.0.0"]
-peft = ["lerobot[transformers-dep]", "peft>=0.18.0,<1.0.0"]
+async = ["lerobot[grpcio-dep]", "lerobot[matplotlib-dep]"]
+peft = ["lerobot[transformers-dep]", "lerobot[peft-dep]"]
 
 # Development
 dev = ["pre-commit>=3.7.0,<5.0.0", "debugpy>=1.8.1,<1.9.0", "lerobot[grpcio-dep]", "grpcio-tools==1.73.1", "mypy>=1.19.1"]
@@ -160,13 +170,19 @@ test = ["pytest>=8.1.0,<9.0.0", "pytest-timeout>=2.4.0,<3.0.0", "pytest-cov>=5.0
 video_benchmark = ["scikit-image>=0.23.2,<0.26.0", "pandas>=2.2.2,<2.4.0"]
 
 # Simulation
-aloha = ["gym-aloha>=0.1.2,<0.2.0"]
+# NOTE: Explicitly listing scipy helps flatten the dependecy tree.
+aloha = ["gym-aloha>=0.1.2,<0.2.0", "lerobot[scipy-dep]"]
 pusht = ["gym-pusht>=0.1.5,<0.2.0", "pymunk>=6.6.0,<7.0.0"] # TODO: Fix pymunk version in gym-pusht instead
-libero = ["lerobot[transformers-dep]", "hf-libero>=0.1.3,<0.2.0"]
-metaworld = ["metaworld==3.0.0"]
+libero = ["lerobot[transformers-dep]", "hf-libero>=0.1.3,<0.2.0; sys_platform == 'linux'", "lerobot[scipy-dep]"]
+metaworld = ["metaworld==3.0.0", "lerobot[scipy-dep]"]
 
 # All
 all = [
+    # NOTE(resolver hint): scipy is pulled in transitively via lerobot[scipy-dep] through
+    # multiple extras (aloha, metaworld, pi, wallx, phone). Listing it explicitly
+    # helps pip's resolver converge by constraining scipy early, before it encounters
+    # the loose scipy requirements from transitive deps like dm-control and metaworld.
+    "scipy>=1.14.0,<2.0.0",
     "lerobot[dynamixel]",
     "lerobot[gamepad]",
     "lerobot[hopejr]",
@@ -174,8 +190,8 @@ all = [
     "lerobot[reachy2]",
     "lerobot[kinematics]",
     "lerobot[intelrealsense]",
-    # "lerobot[wallx]",
-    # "lerobot[pi]", TODO(Pepijn): Update pi to transformers v5
+    "lerobot[wallx]",
+    "lerobot[pi]",
     "lerobot[smolvla]",
     # "lerobot[groot]", TODO(Steven): Gr00t requires specific installation instructions for flash-attn
     "lerobot[xvla]",
@@ -187,7 +203,7 @@ all = [
     "lerobot[aloha]",
     "lerobot[pusht]",
     "lerobot[phone]",
-    "lerobot[libero]",
+    "lerobot[libero]; sys_platform == 'linux'",
     "lerobot[metaworld]",
     "lerobot[sarm]",
     "lerobot[peft]",
@@ -212,11 +228,14 @@ lerobot-edit-dataset="lerobot.scripts.lerobot_edit_dataset:main"
 lerobot-setup-can="lerobot.scripts.lerobot_setup_can:main"
 
 # ---------------- Tool Configurations ----------------
+[tool.setuptools.package-data]
+lerobot = ["envs/*.json"]
+
 [tool.setuptools.packages.find]
 where = ["src"]
 
 [tool.ruff]
-target-version = "py310"
+target-version = "py312"
 line-length = 110
 exclude = ["tests/artifacts/**/*.safetensors", "*_pb2.py", "*_pb2_grpc.py"]
 
@@ -308,7 +327,7 @@ default.extend-ignore-identifiers-re = [
 # Uncomment [tool.mypy] first, then uncomment individual module overrides as they get proper type annotations
 
 [tool.mypy]
-python_version = "3.10"
+python_version = "3.12"
 ignore_missing_imports = true
 follow_imports = "skip"
 # warn_return_any = true
@@ -392,85 +411,3 @@ ignore_errors = false
 # [[tool.mypy.overrides]]
 # module = "lerobot.scripts.*"
 # ignore_errors = false
-
-[tool.uv]
-# wallx requires transformers==4.49.0 which conflicts with other extras that need >=4.53.0
-conflicts = [
-    [
-        { extra = "wallx" },
-        { extra = "transformers-dep" },
-    ],
-    [
-        { extra = "wallx" },
-        { extra = "pi" },
-    ],
-    [
-        { extra = "wallx" },
-        { extra = "smolvla" },
-    ],
-    [
-        { extra = "wallx" },
-        { extra = "groot" },
-    ],
-    [
-        { extra = "wallx" },
-        { extra = "xvla" },
-    ],
-    [
-        { extra = "wallx" },
-        { extra = "sarm" },
-    ],
-    [
-        { extra = "wallx" },
-        { extra = "hilserl" },
-    ],
-    [
-        { extra = "wallx" },
-        { extra = "libero" },
-    ],
-    [
-        { extra = "wallx" },
-        { extra = "peft" },
-    ],
-    [
-        { extra = "wallx" },
-        { extra = "all" },
-    ],
-    # pi uses custom branch which conflicts with transformers-dep
-    [
-        { extra = "pi" },
-        { extra = "transformers-dep" },
-    ],
-    [
-        { extra = "pi" },
-        { extra = "smolvla" },
-    ],
-    [
-        { extra = "pi" },
-        { extra = "groot" },
-    ],
-    [
-        { extra = "pi" },
-        { extra = "xvla" },
-    ],
-    [
-        { extra = "pi" },
-        { extra = "sarm" },
-    ],
-    [
-        { extra = "pi" },
-        { extra = "hilserl" },
-    ],
-    [
-        { extra = "pi" },
-        { extra = "libero" },
-    ],
-    [
-        { extra = "pi" },
-        { extra = "peft" },
-    ],
-    [
-        { extra = "pi" },
-        { extra = "all" },
-    ],
-]

src/lerobot/async_inference/robot_client.py

@@ -63,9 +63,9 @@ from lerobot.transport import (
     services_pb2_grpc,  # type: ignore
 )
 from lerobot.transport.utils import grpc_channel_options, send_bytes_in_chunks
+from lerobot.utils.import_utils import register_third_party_plugins
 
 from .configs import RobotClientConfig
-from .constants import SUPPORTED_ROBOTS
 from .helpers import (
     Action,
     FPSTracker,
@@ -485,8 +485,9 @@ class RobotClient:
 def async_client(cfg: RobotClientConfig):
     logging.info(pformat(asdict(cfg)))
 
-    if cfg.robot.type not in SUPPORTED_ROBOTS:
-        raise ValueError(f"Robot {cfg.robot.type} not yet supported!")
+    # TODO: Assert if checking robot support is still needed with the plugin system
+    # if cfg.robot.type not in SUPPORTED_ROBOTS:
+    #     raise ValueError(f"Robot {cfg.robot.type} not yet supported!")
 
     client = RobotClient(cfg)
 
@@ -512,4 +513,5 @@ def async_client(cfg: RobotClientConfig):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
+    register_third_party_plugins()
     async_client()  # run the client

src/lerobot/cameras/camera.py

@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class Camera(abc.ABC):
         """
         pass
 
-    def read_latest(self, max_age_ms: int = 1000) -> NDArray[Any]:
+    def read_latest(self, max_age_ms: int = 500) -> NDArray[Any]:
         """Return the most recent frame captured immediately (Peeking).
 
         This method is non-blocking and returns whatever is currently in the

src/lerobot/cameras/opencv/camera_opencv.py

@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ class OpenCVCamera(Camera):
         return frame
 
     @check_if_not_connected
-    def read_latest(self, max_age_ms: int = 1000) -> NDArray[Any]:
+    def read_latest(self, max_age_ms: int = 500) -> NDArray[Any]:
         """Return the most recent frame captured immediately (Peeking).
 
         This method is non-blocking and returns whatever is currently in the

src/lerobot/cameras/reachy2_camera/reachy2_camera.py

@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ class Reachy2Camera(Camera):
         return self.read()
 
     @check_if_not_connected
-    def read_latest(self, max_age_ms: int = 1000) -> NDArray[Any]:
+    def read_latest(self, max_age_ms: int = 500) -> NDArray[Any]:
         """Return the most recent frame captured immediately (Peeking).
 
         This method is non-blocking and returns whatever is currently in the

src/lerobot/cameras/realsense/camera_realsense.py

@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ class RealSenseCamera(Camera):
 
     # NOTE(Steven): Missing implementation for depth for now
     @check_if_not_connected
-    def read_latest(self, max_age_ms: int = 1000) -> NDArray[Any]:
+    def read_latest(self, max_age_ms: int = 500) -> NDArray[Any]:
         """Return the most recent (color) frame captured immediately (Peeking).
 
         This method is non-blocking and returns whatever is currently in the

src/lerobot/configs/default.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class DatasetConfig:
     # "dataset_index" into the returned item. The index mapping is made according to the order in which the
     # datasets are provided.
     repo_id: str
-    # Root directory where the dataset will be stored (e.g. 'dataset/path').
+    # Root directory where the dataset will be stored (e.g. 'dataset/path'). If None, defaults to $HF_LEROBOT_HOME/repo_id.
     root: str | None = None
     episodes: list[int] | None = None
     image_transforms: ImageTransformsConfig = field(default_factory=ImageTransformsConfig)

src/lerobot/datasets/aggregate.py

@@ -289,7 +289,9 @@ def aggregate_datasets(
 
     logging.info("Find all tasks")
     unique_tasks = pd.concat([m.tasks for m in all_metadata]).index.unique()
-    dst_meta.tasks = pd.DataFrame({"task_index": range(len(unique_tasks))}, index=unique_tasks)
+    dst_meta.tasks = pd.DataFrame(
+        {"task_index": range(len(unique_tasks))}, index=pd.Index(unique_tasks, name="task")
+    )
 
     meta_idx = {"chunk": 0, "file": 0}
     data_idx = {"chunk": 0, "file": 0}

src/lerobot/datasets/card_template.md

@@ -7,6 +7,13 @@
 
 This dataset was created using [LeRobot](https://github.com/huggingface/lerobot).
 
+{% if repo_id is defined and repo_id %}
+<a class="flex" href="https://huggingface.co/spaces/lerobot/visualize_dataset?path={{ repo_id }}">
+<img class="block dark:hidden" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/badges/resolve/main/visualize-this-dataset-xl.svg"/>
+<img class="hidden dark:block" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/badges/resolve/main/visualize-this-dataset-xl-dark.svg"/>
+</a>
+{% endif %}
+
 ## Dataset Description
 
 {{ dataset_description | default("", true) }}

src/lerobot/datasets/dataset_tools.py

@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ def delete_episodes(
     Args:
         dataset: The source LeRobotDataset.
         episode_indices: List of episode indices to delete.
-        output_dir: Directory to save the new dataset. If None, uses default location.
-        repo_id: Repository ID for the new dataset. If None, appends "_modified" to original.
+        output_dir: Root directory where the edited dataset will be stored. If not specified, defaults to $HF_LEROBOT_HOME/repo_id. Equivalent to new_root in EditDatasetConfig.
+        repo_id: Edited dataset identifier. Equivalent to new_repo_id in EditDatasetConfig.
     """
     if not episode_indices:
         raise ValueError("No episodes to delete")
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ def split_dataset(
         dataset: The source LeRobotDataset to split.
         splits: Either a dict mapping split names to episode indices, or a dict mapping
                 split names to fractions (must sum to <= 1.0).
-        output_dir: Base directory for output datasets. If None, uses default location.
+        output_dir: Root directory where the split datasets will be stored. If not specified, defaults to $HF_LEROBOT_HOME/repo_id.
 
     Examples:
       Split by specific episodes
@@ -243,8 +243,8 @@ def merge_datasets(
 
     Args:
         datasets: List of LeRobotDatasets to merge.
-        output_repo_id: Repository ID for the merged dataset.
-        output_dir: Directory to save the merged dataset. If None, uses default location.
+        output_repo_id: Merged dataset identifier.
+        output_dir: Root directory where the merged dataset will be stored. If not specified, defaults to $HF_LEROBOT_HOME/output_repo_id.
     """
     if not datasets:
         raise ValueError("No datasets to merge")
@@ -288,8 +288,8 @@ def modify_features(
         dataset: The source LeRobotDataset.
         add_features: Optional dict mapping feature names to (feature_values, feature_info) tuples.
         remove_features: Optional feature name(s) to remove. Can be a single string or list.
-        output_dir: Directory to save the new dataset. If None, uses default location.
-        repo_id: Repository ID for the new dataset. If None, appends "_modified" to original.
+        output_dir: Root directory where the edited dataset will be stored. If not specified, defaults to $HF_LEROBOT_HOME/repo_id. Equivalent to new_root in EditDatasetConfig.
+        repo_id: Edited dataset identifier. Equivalent to new_repo_id in EditDatasetConfig.
 
     Returns:
         New dataset with features modified.
@@ -390,8 +390,8 @@ def add_features(
     Args:
         dataset: The source LeRobotDataset.
         features: Dictionary mapping feature names to (feature_values, feature_info) tuples.
-        output_dir: Directory to save the new dataset. If None, uses default location.
-        repo_id: Repository ID for the new dataset. If None, appends "_modified" to original.
+        output_dir: Root directory where the edited dataset will be stored. If not specified, defaults to $HF_LEROBOT_HOME/repo_id. Equivalent to new_root in EditDatasetConfig.
+        repo_id: Edited dataset identifier. Equivalent to new_repo_id in EditDatasetConfig.
 
     Returns:
         New dataset with all features added.
@@ -427,8 +427,8 @@ def remove_feature(
     Args:
         dataset: The source LeRobotDataset.
         feature_names: Name(s) of features to remove. Can be a single string or list.
-        output_dir: Directory to save the new dataset. If None, uses default location.
-        repo_id: Repository ID for the new dataset. If None, appends "_modified" to original.
+        output_dir: Root directory where the edited dataset will be stored. If not specified, defaults to $HF_LEROBOT_HOME/repo_id. Equivalent to new_root in EditDatasetConfig.
+        repo_id: Edited dataset identifier. Equivalent to new_repo_id in EditDatasetConfig.
 
     Returns:
         New dataset with features removed.
@@ -567,20 +567,22 @@ def _copy_and_reindex_data(
 def _keep_episodes_from_video_with_av(
     input_path: Path,
     output_path: Path,
-    episodes_to_keep: list[tuple[float, float]],
+    episodes_to_keep: list[tuple[int, int]],
     fps: float,
     vcodec: str = "libsvtav1",
     pix_fmt: str = "yuv420p",
 ) -> None:
     """Keep only specified episodes from a video file using PyAV.
 
-    This function decodes frames from specified time ranges and re-encodes them with
+    This function decodes frames from specified frame ranges and re-encodes them with
     properly reset timestamps to ensure monotonic progression.
 
     Args:
         input_path: Source video file path.
         output_path: Destination video file path.
-        episodes_to_keep: List of (start_time, end_time) tuples for episodes to keep.
+        episodes_to_keep: List of (start_frame, end_frame) tuples for episodes to keep.
+            Ranges are half-open intervals: [start_frame, end_frame), where start_frame
+            is inclusive and end_frame is exclusive.
         fps: Frame rate of the video.
         vcodec: Video codec to use for encoding.
         pix_fmt: Pixel format for output video.
@@ -622,9 +624,10 @@ def _keep_episodes_from_video_with_av(
 
     # Create set of (start, end) ranges for fast lookup.
     # Convert to a sorted list for efficient checking.
-    time_ranges = sorted(episodes_to_keep)
+    frame_ranges = sorted(episodes_to_keep)
 
     # Track frame index for setting PTS and current range being processed.
+    src_frame_count = 0
     frame_count = 0
     range_idx = 0
 
@@ -634,21 +637,20 @@ def _keep_episodes_from_video_with_av(
             if frame is None:
                 continue
 
-            # Get frame timestamp.
-            frame_time = float(frame.pts * frame.time_base) if frame.pts is not None else 0.0
-
-            # Check if frame is in any of our desired time ranges.
+            # Check if frame is in any of our desired frame ranges.
             # Skip ranges that have already passed.
-            while range_idx < len(time_ranges) and frame_time >= time_ranges[range_idx][1]:
+            while range_idx < len(frame_ranges) and src_frame_count >= frame_ranges[range_idx][1]:
                 range_idx += 1
 
             # If we've passed all ranges, stop processing.
-            if range_idx >= len(time_ranges):
+            if range_idx >= len(frame_ranges):
                 break
 
             # Check if frame is in current range.
-            start_ts, end_ts = time_ranges[range_idx]
-            if frame_time < start_ts:
+            start_frame = frame_ranges[range_idx][0]
+
+            if src_frame_count < start_frame:
+                src_frame_count += 1
                 continue
 
             # Frame is in range - create a new frame with reset timestamps.
@@ -661,6 +663,7 @@ def _keep_episodes_from_video_with_av(
             for pkt in v_out.encode(new_frame):
                 out.mux(pkt)
 
+            src_frame_count += 1
             frame_count += 1
 
     # Flush encoder.
@@ -749,15 +752,17 @@ def _copy_and_reindex_videos(
                         f"videos/{video_key}/to_timestamp"
                     ]
             else:
-                # Build list of time ranges to keep, in sorted order.
+                # Build list of frame ranges to keep, in sorted order.
                 sorted_keep_episodes = sorted(episodes_in_file, key=lambda x: episode_mapping[x])
-                episodes_to_keep_ranges: list[tuple[float, float]] = []
-
+                episodes_to_keep_ranges: list[tuple[int, int]] = []
                 for old_idx in sorted_keep_episodes:
                     src_ep = src_dataset.meta.episodes[old_idx]
-                    from_ts = src_ep[f"videos/{video_key}/from_timestamp"]
-                    to_ts = src_ep[f"videos/{video_key}/to_timestamp"]
-                    episodes_to_keep_ranges.append((from_ts, to_ts))
+                    from_frame = round(src_ep[f"videos/{video_key}/from_timestamp"] * src_dataset.meta.fps)
+                    to_frame = round(src_ep[f"videos/{video_key}/to_timestamp"] * src_dataset.meta.fps)
+                    assert src_ep["length"] == to_frame - from_frame, (
+                        f"Episode length mismatch: {src_ep['length']} vs {to_frame - from_frame}"
+                    )
+                    episodes_to_keep_ranges.append((from_frame, to_frame))
 
                 # Use PyAV filters to efficiently re-encode only the desired segments.
                 assert src_dataset.meta.video_path is not None
@@ -1470,7 +1475,9 @@ def modify_tasks(
 
     # Collect all unique tasks and create new task mapping
     unique_tasks = sorted(set(episode_to_task.values()))
-    new_task_df = pd.DataFrame({"task_index": list(range(len(unique_tasks)))}, index=unique_tasks)
+    new_task_df = pd.DataFrame(
+        {"task_index": list(range(len(unique_tasks)))}, index=pd.Index(unique_tasks, name="task")
+    )
     task_to_index = {task: idx for idx, task in enumerate(unique_tasks)}
 
     logging.info(f"Modifying tasks in {dataset.repo_id}")
@@ -1524,7 +1531,7 @@ def modify_tasks(
 
 def convert_image_to_video_dataset(
     dataset: LeRobotDataset,
-    output_dir: Path,
+    output_dir: Path | None = None,
     repo_id: str | None = None,
     vcodec: str = "libsvtav1",
     pix_fmt: str = "yuv420p",
@@ -1543,8 +1550,8 @@ def convert_image_to_video_dataset(
 
     Args:
         dataset: The source LeRobot dataset with images
-        output_dir: Directory to save the new video dataset
-        repo_id: Repository ID for the new dataset (default: original_id + "_video")
+        output_dir: Root directory where the edited dataset will be stored. If not specified, defaults to $HF_LEROBOT_HOME/repo_id. Equivalent to new_root in EditDatasetConfig.
+        repo_id: Edited dataset identifier. Equivalent to new_repo_id in EditDatasetConfig.
         vcodec: Video codec (default: libsvtav1)
         pix_fmt: Pixel format (default: yuv420p)
         g: Group of pictures size (default: 2)
@@ -1595,6 +1602,7 @@ def convert_image_to_video_dataset(
             # Video info will be updated after episodes are encoded
 
     # Create new metadata for video dataset
+    output_dir = Path(output_dir) if output_dir is not None else HF_LEROBOT_HOME / repo_id
     new_meta = LeRobotDatasetMetadata.create(
         repo_id=repo_id,
         fps=dataset.meta.fps,

src/lerobot/datasets/lerobot_dataset.py

@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ from lerobot.datasets.utils import (
     write_tasks,
 )
 from lerobot.datasets.video_utils import (
+    StreamingVideoEncoder,
     VideoFrame,
     concatenate_video_files,
     decode_video_frames,
@@ -75,11 +76,11 @@ from lerobot.datasets.video_utils import (
     get_safe_default_codec,
     get_video_duration_in_s,
     get_video_info,
+    resolve_vcodec,
 )
 from lerobot.utils.constants import HF_LEROBOT_HOME
 
 CODEBASE_VERSION = "v3.0"
-VALID_VIDEO_CODECS = {"h264", "hevc", "libsvtav1"}
 
 
 class LeRobotDatasetMetadata:
@@ -313,7 +314,7 @@ class LeRobotDatasetMetadata:
         if self.tasks is None:
             new_tasks = tasks
             task_indices = range(len(tasks))
-            self.tasks = pd.DataFrame({"task_index": task_indices}, index=tasks)
+            self.tasks = pd.DataFrame({"task_index": task_indices}, index=pd.Index(tasks, name="task"))
         else:
             new_tasks = [task for task in tasks if task not in self.tasks.index]
             new_task_indices = range(len(self.tasks), len(self.tasks) + len(new_tasks))
@@ -545,12 +546,19 @@ class LeRobotDatasetMetadata:
 
 
 def _encode_video_worker(
-    video_key: str, episode_index: int, root: Path, fps: int, vcodec: str = "libsvtav1"
+    video_key: str,
+    episode_index: int,
+    root: Path,
+    fps: int,
+    vcodec: str = "libsvtav1",
+    encoder_threads: int | None = None,
 ) -> Path:
     temp_path = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=root)) / f"{video_key}_{episode_index:03d}.mp4"
     fpath = DEFAULT_IMAGE_PATH.format(image_key=video_key, episode_index=episode_index, frame_index=0)
     img_dir = (root / fpath).parent
-    encode_video_frames(img_dir, temp_path, fps, vcodec=vcodec, overwrite=True)
+    encode_video_frames(
+        img_dir, temp_path, fps, vcodec=vcodec, overwrite=True, encoder_threads=encoder_threads
+    )
     shutil.rmtree(img_dir)
     return temp_path
 
@@ -570,6 +578,9 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
         video_backend: str | None = None,
         batch_encoding_size: int = 1,
         vcodec: str = "libsvtav1",
+        streaming_encoding: bool = False,
+        encoder_queue_maxsize: int = 30,
+        encoder_threads: int | None = None,
     ):
         """
         2 modes are available for instantiating this class, depending on 2 different use cases:
@@ -653,11 +664,11 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
         for the README).
 
         Args:
-            repo_id (str): This is the repo id that will be used to fetch the dataset. Locally, the dataset
-                will be stored under root/repo_id.
-            root (Path | None, optional): Local directory to use for downloading/writing files. You can also
-                set the LEROBOT_HOME environment variable to point to a different location. Defaults to
-                '~/.cache/huggingface/lerobot'.
+            repo_id (str): This is the repo id that will be used to fetch the dataset.
+            root (Path | None, optional): Local directory where the dataset will be downloaded and
+                stored. If set, all dataset files will be stored directly under this path. If not set, the
+                dataset files will be stored under $HF_LEROBOT_HOME/repo_id (configurable via the
+                HF_LEROBOT_HOME environment variable).
             episodes (list[int] | None, optional): If specified, this will only load episodes specified by
                 their episode_index in this list. Defaults to None.
             image_transforms (Callable | None, optional): You can pass standard v2 image transforms from
@@ -683,12 +694,17 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
             batch_encoding_size (int, optional): Number of episodes to accumulate before batch encoding videos.
                 Set to 1 for immediate encoding (default), or higher for batched encoding. Defaults to 1.
             vcodec (str, optional): Video codec for encoding videos during recording. Options: 'h264', 'hevc',
-                'libsvtav1'. Defaults to 'libsvtav1'. Use 'h264' for faster encoding on systems where AV1
-                encoding is CPU-heavy.
+                'libsvtav1', 'auto', or hardware-specific codecs like 'h264_videotoolbox', 'h264_nvenc'.
+                Defaults to 'libsvtav1'. Use 'auto' to auto-detect the best available hardware encoder.
+            streaming_encoding (bool, optional): If True, encode video frames in real-time during capture
+                instead of writing PNG images first. This makes save_episode() near-instant. Defaults to False.
+            encoder_queue_maxsize (int, optional): Maximum number of frames to buffer per camera when using
+                streaming encoding. Defaults to 30 (~1s at 30fps).
+            encoder_threads (int | None, optional): Number of threads per encoder instance. None lets the
+                codec auto-detect (default). Lower values reduce CPU usage per encoder. Maps to 'lp' (via svtav1-params) for
+                libsvtav1 and 'threads' for h264/hevc.
         """
         super().__init__()
-        if vcodec not in VALID_VIDEO_CODECS:
-            raise ValueError(f"Invalid vcodec '{vcodec}'. Must be one of: {sorted(VALID_VIDEO_CODECS)}")
         self.repo_id = repo_id
         self.root = Path(root) if root else HF_LEROBOT_HOME / repo_id
         self.image_transforms = image_transforms
@@ -700,7 +716,8 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
         self.delta_indices = None
         self.batch_encoding_size = batch_encoding_size
         self.episodes_since_last_encoding = 0
-        self.vcodec = vcodec
+        self.vcodec = resolve_vcodec(vcodec)
+        self._encoder_threads = encoder_threads
 
         # Unused attributes
         self.image_writer = None
@@ -708,6 +725,7 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
         self.writer = None
         self.latest_episode = None
         self._current_file_start_frame = None  # Track the starting frame index of the current parquet file
+        self._streaming_encoder = None
 
         self.root.mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)
 
@@ -729,7 +747,7 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
             # Check if cached dataset contains all requested episodes
             if not self._check_cached_episodes_sufficient():
                 raise FileNotFoundError("Cached dataset doesn't contain all requested episodes")
-        except (AssertionError, FileNotFoundError, NotADirectoryError):
+        except (FileNotFoundError, NotADirectoryError):
             if is_valid_version(self.revision):
                 self.revision = get_safe_version(self.repo_id, self.revision)
             self.download(download_videos)
@@ -749,6 +767,19 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
             check_delta_timestamps(self.delta_timestamps, self.fps, self.tolerance_s)
             self.delta_indices = get_delta_indices(self.delta_timestamps, self.fps)
 
+        # Initialize streaming encoder for resumed recording
+        if streaming_encoding and len(self.meta.video_keys) > 0:
+            self._streaming_encoder = StreamingVideoEncoder(
+                fps=self.meta.fps,
+                vcodec=self.vcodec,
+                pix_fmt="yuv420p",
+                g=2,
+                crf=30,
+                preset=None,
+                queue_maxsize=encoder_queue_maxsize,
+                encoder_threads=encoder_threads,
+            )
+
     def _close_writer(self) -> None:
         """Close and cleanup the parquet writer if it exists."""
         writer = getattr(self, "writer", None)
@@ -808,7 +839,7 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
             hub_api.upload_folder(**upload_kwargs)
 
         card = create_lerobot_dataset_card(
-            tags=tags, dataset_info=self.meta.info, license=license, **card_kwargs
+            tags=tags, dataset_info=self.meta.info, license=license, repo_id=self.repo_id, **card_kwargs
         )
         card.push_to_hub(repo_id=self.repo_id, repo_type="dataset", revision=branch)
 
@@ -1104,6 +1135,8 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
         """
         self._close_writer()
         self.meta._close_writer()
+        if self._streaming_encoder is not None:
+            self._streaming_encoder.close()
 
     def create_episode_buffer(self, episode_index: int | None = None) -> dict:
         current_ep_idx = self.meta.total_episodes if episode_index is None else episode_index
@@ -1158,6 +1191,13 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
         self.episode_buffer["timestamp"].append(timestamp)
         self.episode_buffer["task"].append(frame.pop("task"))  # Remove task from frame after processing
 
+        # Start streaming encoder on first frame of episode (once, before iterating keys)
+        if frame_index == 0 and self._streaming_encoder is not None:
+            self._streaming_encoder.start_episode(
+                video_keys=list(self.meta.video_keys),
+                temp_dir=self.root,
+            )
+
         # Add frame features to episode_buffer
         for key in frame:
             if key not in self.features:
@@ -1165,7 +1205,10 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
                     f"An element of the frame is not in the features. '{key}' not in '{self.features.keys()}'."
                 )
 
-            if self.features[key]["dtype"] in ["image", "video"]:
+            if self.features[key]["dtype"] == "video" and self._streaming_encoder is not None:
+                self._streaming_encoder.feed_frame(key, frame[key])
+                self.episode_buffer[key].append(None)  # Placeholder (video keys are skipped in parquet)
+            elif self.features[key]["dtype"] in ["image", "video"]:
                 img_path = self._get_image_file_path(
                     episode_index=self.episode_buffer["episode_index"], image_key=key, frame_index=frame_index
                 )
@@ -1226,13 +1269,38 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
 
         # Wait for image writer to end, so that episode stats over images can be computed
         self._wait_image_writer()
-        ep_stats = compute_episode_stats(episode_buffer, self.features)
 
-        ep_metadata = self._save_episode_data(episode_buffer)
         has_video_keys = len(self.meta.video_keys) > 0
+        use_streaming = self._streaming_encoder is not None and has_video_keys
         use_batched_encoding = self.batch_encoding_size > 1
 
-        if has_video_keys and not use_batched_encoding:
+        if use_streaming:
+            # Compute stats for non-video features only (video stats come from encoder)
+            non_video_buffer = {
+                k: v
+                for k, v in episode_buffer.items()
+                if self.features.get(k, {}).get("dtype") not in ("video",)
+            }
+            non_video_features = {k: v for k, v in self.features.items() if v["dtype"] != "video"}
+            ep_stats = compute_episode_stats(non_video_buffer, non_video_features)
+        else:
+            ep_stats = compute_episode_stats(episode_buffer, self.features)
+
+        ep_metadata = self._save_episode_data(episode_buffer)
+
+        if use_streaming:
+            # Finish streaming encoding and collect results
+            streaming_results = self._streaming_encoder.finish_episode()
+            for video_key in self.meta.video_keys:
+                temp_path, video_stats = streaming_results[video_key]
+                if video_stats is not None:
+                    # Format stats same as compute_episode_stats: normalize to [0,1], reshape to (C,1,1)
+                    ep_stats[video_key] = {
+                        k: v if k == "count" else np.squeeze(v.reshape(1, -1, 1, 1) / 255.0, axis=0)
+                        for k, v in video_stats.items()
+                    }
+                ep_metadata.update(self._save_episode_video(video_key, episode_index, temp_path=temp_path))
+        elif has_video_keys and not use_batched_encoding:
             num_cameras = len(self.meta.video_keys)
             if parallel_encoding and num_cameras > 1:
                 # TODO(Steven): Ideally we would like to control the number of threads per encoding such that:
@@ -1246,6 +1314,7 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
                             self.root,
                             self.fps,
                             self.vcodec,
+                            self._encoder_threads,
                         ): video_key
                         for video_key in self.meta.video_keys
                     }
@@ -1514,6 +1583,10 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
         return metadata
 
     def clear_episode_buffer(self, delete_images: bool = True) -> None:
+        # Cancel streaming encoder if active
+        if self._streaming_encoder is not None:
+            self._streaming_encoder.cancel_episode()
+
         # Clean up image files for the current episode buffer
         if delete_images:
             # Wait for the async image writer to finish
@@ -1561,7 +1634,9 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
         Note: `encode_video_frames` is a blocking call. Making it asynchronous shouldn't speedup encoding,
         since video encoding with ffmpeg is already using multithreading.
         """
-        return _encode_video_worker(video_key, episode_index, self.root, self.fps, self.vcodec)
+        return _encode_video_worker(
+            video_key, episode_index, self.root, self.fps, self.vcodec, self._encoder_threads
+        )
 
     @classmethod
     def create(
@@ -1578,10 +1653,13 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
         video_backend: str | None = None,
         batch_encoding_size: int = 1,
         vcodec: str = "libsvtav1",
+        metadata_buffer_size: int = 10,
+        streaming_encoding: bool = False,
+        encoder_queue_maxsize: int = 30,
+        encoder_threads: int | None = None,
     ) -> "LeRobotDataset":
         """Create a LeRobot Dataset from scratch in order to record data."""
-        if vcodec not in VALID_VIDEO_CODECS:
-            raise ValueError(f"Invalid vcodec '{vcodec}'. Must be one of: {sorted(VALID_VIDEO_CODECS)}")
+        vcodec = resolve_vcodec(vcodec)
         obj = cls.__new__(cls)
         obj.meta = LeRobotDatasetMetadata.create(
             repo_id=repo_id,
@@ -1590,6 +1668,7 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
             features=features,
             root=root,
             use_videos=use_videos,
+            metadata_buffer_size=metadata_buffer_size,
         )
         obj.repo_id = obj.meta.repo_id
         obj.root = obj.meta.root
@@ -1599,6 +1678,7 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
         obj.batch_encoding_size = batch_encoding_size
         obj.episodes_since_last_encoding = 0
         obj.vcodec = vcodec
+        obj._encoder_threads = encoder_threads
 
         if image_writer_processes or image_writer_threads:
             obj.start_image_writer(image_writer_processes, image_writer_threads)
@@ -1620,6 +1700,22 @@ class LeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
         obj._lazy_loading = False
         obj._recorded_frames = 0
         obj._writer_closed_for_reading = False
+
+        # Initialize streaming encoder
+        if streaming_encoding and len(obj.meta.video_keys) > 0:
+            obj._streaming_encoder = StreamingVideoEncoder(
+                fps=fps,
+                vcodec=vcodec,
+                pix_fmt="yuv420p",
+                g=2,
+                crf=30,
+                preset=None,
+                queue_maxsize=encoder_queue_maxsize,
+                encoder_threads=encoder_threads,
+            )
+        else:
+            obj._streaming_encoder = None
+
         return obj
 
 
@@ -1675,11 +1771,12 @@ class MultiLeRobotDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
             )
         for repo_id, ds in zip(self.repo_ids, self._datasets, strict=True):
             extra_keys = set(ds.features).difference(intersection_features)
-            logging.warning(
-                f"keys {extra_keys} of {repo_id} were disabled as they are not contained in all the "
-                "other datasets."
-            )
-            self.disabled_features.update(extra_keys)
+            if extra_keys:
+                logging.warning(
+                    f"keys {extra_keys} of {repo_id} were disabled as they are not contained in all the "
+                    "other datasets."
+                )
+                self.disabled_features.update(extra_keys)
 
         self.image_transforms = image_transforms
         self.delta_timestamps = delta_timestamps

src/lerobot/datasets/utils.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ from collections import deque
 from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator
 from pathlib import Path
 from pprint import pformat
-from typing import Any, Generic, TypeVar
+from typing import Any
 
 import datasets
 import numpy as np
@@ -78,8 +78,6 @@ DEFAULT_FEATURES = {
     "task_index": {"dtype": "int64", "shape": (1,), "names": None},
 }
 
-T = TypeVar("T")
-
 
 def get_parquet_file_size_in_mb(parquet_path: str | Path) -> float:
     metadata = pq.read_metadata(parquet_path)
@@ -122,19 +120,9 @@ def load_nested_dataset(
         raise FileNotFoundError(f"Provided directory does not contain any parquet file: {pq_dir}")
 
     with SuppressProgressBars():
-        # When no filtering needed, Dataset uses memory-mapped loading for efficiency
-        # PyArrow loads the entire dataset into memory
-        if episodes is None:
-            return Dataset.from_parquet([str(path) for path in paths], features=features)
-
-        arrow_dataset = pa_ds.dataset(paths, format="parquet")
-        filter_expr = pa_ds.field("episode_index").isin(episodes)
-        table = arrow_dataset.to_table(filter=filter_expr)
-
-        if features is not None:
-            table = table.cast(features.arrow_schema)
-
-        return Dataset(table)
+        # We use .from_parquet() memory-mapped loading for efficiency
+        filters = pa_ds.field("episode_index").isin(episodes) if episodes is not None else None
+        return Dataset.from_parquet([str(path) for path in paths], filters=filters, features=features)
 
 
 def get_parquet_num_frames(parquet_path: str | Path) -> int:
@@ -351,6 +339,7 @@ def write_tasks(tasks: pandas.DataFrame, local_dir: Path) -> None:
 
 def load_tasks(local_dir: Path) -> pandas.DataFrame:
     tasks = pd.read_parquet(local_dir / DEFAULT_TASKS_PATH)
+    tasks.index.name = "task"
     return tasks
 
 
@@ -1243,7 +1232,7 @@ class LookAheadError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-class Backtrackable(Generic[T]):
+class Backtrackable[T]:
     """
     Wrap any iterator/iterable so you can step back up to `history` items
     and look ahead up to `lookahead` items.

src/lerobot/datasets/v30/convert_dataset_v21_to_v30.py

@@ -36,8 +36,11 @@ Convert a local dataset (works in place):
 ```bash
 python src/lerobot/datasets/v30/convert_dataset_v21_to_v30.py \
     --repo-id=lerobot/pusht \
-    --root=/path/to/local/dataset/directory
+    --root=/path/to/local/dataset/directory \
     --push-to-hub=false
+
+N.B. Path semantics (v2): --root is the exact dataset folder containing
+meta/, data/, videos/. When omitted, defaults to $HF_LEROBOT_HOME/{repo_id}.
 ```
 
 """
@@ -105,7 +108,7 @@ episodes.jsonl
 {"episode_index": 1, "tasks": ["Put the blue block in the green bowl"], "length": 266}
 
 NEW
-meta/episodes/chunk-000/episodes_000.parquet
+meta/episodes/chunk-000/file_000.parquet
 episode_index | video_chunk_index | video_file_index | data_chunk_index | data_file_index | tasks | length
 -------------------------
 OLD
@@ -113,15 +116,16 @@ tasks.jsonl
 {"task_index": 1, "task": "Put the blue block in the green bowl"}
 
 NEW
-meta/tasks/chunk-000/file_000.parquet
+meta/tasks.parquet
 task_index | task
 -------------------------
 OLD
 episodes_stats.jsonl
+{"episode_index": 1, "stats": {"feature_name": {"min": ..., "max": ..., "mean": ..., "std": ..., "count": ...}}}
 
 NEW
-meta/episodes_stats/chunk-000/file_000.parquet
-episode_index | mean | std | min | max
+meta/episodes/chunk-000/file_000.parquet
+episode_index | feature_name/min | feature_name/max | feature_name/mean | feature_name/std | feature_name/count
 -------------------------
 UPDATE
 meta/info.json
@@ -170,7 +174,7 @@ def convert_tasks(root, new_root):
     tasks, _ = legacy_load_tasks(root)
     task_indices = tasks.keys()
     task_strings = tasks.values()
-    df_tasks = pd.DataFrame({"task_index": task_indices}, index=task_strings)
+    df_tasks = pd.DataFrame({"task_index": task_indices}, index=pd.Index(task_strings, name="task"))
     write_tasks(df_tasks, new_root)
 
 
@@ -201,7 +205,6 @@ def convert_data(root: Path, new_root: Path, data_file_size_in_mb: int):
 
     image_keys = get_image_keys(root)
 
-    ep_idx = 0
     chunk_idx = 0
     file_idx = 0
     size_in_mb = 0
@@ -211,9 +214,23 @@ def convert_data(root: Path, new_root: Path, data_file_size_in_mb: int):
 
     logging.info(f"Converting data files from {len(ep_paths)} episodes")
 
-    for ep_path in tqdm.tqdm(ep_paths, desc="convert data files"):
+    for ep_idx, ep_path in enumerate(tqdm.tqdm(ep_paths, desc="convert data files")):
         ep_size_in_mb = get_parquet_file_size_in_mb(ep_path)
         ep_num_frames = get_parquet_num_frames(ep_path)
+
+        # Check if we need to start a new file BEFORE creating metadata
+        if size_in_mb + ep_size_in_mb >= data_file_size_in_mb and len(paths_to_cat) > 0:
+            # Write the accumulated data files
+            concat_data_files(paths_to_cat, new_root, chunk_idx, file_idx, image_keys)
+
+            # Move to next file
+            chunk_idx, file_idx = update_chunk_file_indices(chunk_idx, file_idx, DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE)
+
+            # Reset for the next file
+            size_in_mb = 0
+            paths_to_cat = []
+
+        # Now create metadata with correct chunk/file indices
         ep_metadata = {
             "episode_index": ep_idx,
             "data/chunk_index": chunk_idx,
@@ -224,20 +241,7 @@ def convert_data(root: Path, new_root: Path, data_file_size_in_mb: int):
         size_in_mb += ep_size_in_mb
         num_frames += ep_num_frames
         episodes_metadata.append(ep_metadata)
-        ep_idx += 1
-
-        if size_in_mb < data_file_size_in_mb:
-            paths_to_cat.append(ep_path)
-            continue
-
-        if paths_to_cat:
-            concat_data_files(paths_to_cat, new_root, chunk_idx, file_idx, image_keys)
-
-        # Reset for the next file
-        size_in_mb = ep_size_in_mb
-        paths_to_cat = [ep_path]
-
-        chunk_idx, file_idx = update_chunk_file_indices(chunk_idx, file_idx, DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE)
+        paths_to_cat.append(ep_path)
 
     # Write remaining data if any
     if paths_to_cat:
@@ -469,7 +473,7 @@ def convert_dataset(
 
     # Set root based on whether local dataset path is provided
     use_local_dataset = False
-    root = HF_LEROBOT_HOME / repo_id if root is None else Path(root) / repo_id
+    root = HF_LEROBOT_HOME / repo_id if root is None else Path(root)
     if root.exists():
         validate_local_dataset_version(root)
         use_local_dataset = True
@@ -529,7 +533,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         type=str,
         required=True,
         help="Repository identifier on Hugging Face: a community or a user name `/` the name of the dataset "
-        "(e.g. `lerobot/pusht`, `cadene/aloha_sim_insertion_human`).",
+        "(e.g. `lerobot/pusht`, `<USER>/aloha_sim_insertion_human`).",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         "--branch",
@@ -553,7 +557,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         "--root",
         type=str,
         default=None,
-        help="Local directory to use for downloading/writing the dataset.",
+        help="Local directory to use for downloading/writing the dataset. Defaults to $HF_LEROBOT_HOME/repo_id.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         "--push-to-hub",

src/lerobot/datasets/video_utils.py

@@ -13,25 +13,106 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+import contextlib
 import glob
 import importlib
 import logging
+import queue
 import shutil
 import tempfile
+import threading
 import warnings
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from fractions import Fraction
 from pathlib import Path
 from threading import Lock
 from typing import Any, ClassVar
 
 import av
 import fsspec
+import numpy as np
 import pyarrow as pa
 import torch
 import torchvision
 from datasets.features.features import register_feature
 from PIL import Image
 
+# List of hardware encoders to probe for auto-selection. Availability depends on the platform and FFmpeg build.
+# Determines the order of preference for auto-selection when vcodec="auto" is used.
+HW_ENCODERS = [
+    "h264_videotoolbox",  # macOS
+    "hevc_videotoolbox",  # macOS
+    "h264_nvenc",  # NVIDIA GPU
+    "hevc_nvenc",  # NVIDIA GPU
+    "h264_vaapi",  # Linux Intel/AMD
+    "h264_qsv",  # Intel Quick Sync
+]
+
+VALID_VIDEO_CODECS = {"h264", "hevc", "libsvtav1", "auto"} | set(HW_ENCODERS)
+
+
+def _get_codec_options(
+    vcodec: str,
+    g: int | None = 2,
+    crf: int | None = 30,
+    preset: int | None = None,
+) -> dict:
+    """Build codec-specific options dict for video encoding."""
+    options = {}
+
+    # GOP size (keyframe interval) - supported by VideoToolbox and software encoders
+    if g is not None and (vcodec in ("h264_videotoolbox", "hevc_videotoolbox") or vcodec not in HW_ENCODERS):
+        options["g"] = str(g)
+
+    # Quality control (codec-specific parameter names)
+    if crf is not None:
+        if vcodec in ("h264", "hevc", "libsvtav1"):
+            options["crf"] = str(crf)
+        elif vcodec in ("h264_videotoolbox", "hevc_videotoolbox"):
+            quality = max(1, min(100, int(100 - crf * 2)))
+            options["q:v"] = str(quality)
+        elif vcodec in ("h264_nvenc", "hevc_nvenc"):
+            options["rc"] = "constqp"
+            options["qp"] = str(crf)
+        elif vcodec in ("h264_vaapi",):
+            options["qp"] = str(crf)
+        elif vcodec in ("h264_qsv",):
+            options["global_quality"] = str(crf)
+
+    # Preset (only for libsvtav1)
+    if vcodec == "libsvtav1":
+        options["preset"] = str(preset) if preset is not None else "12"
+
+    return options
+
+
+def detect_available_hw_encoders() -> list[str]:
+    """Probe PyAV/FFmpeg for available hardware video encoders."""
+    available = []
+    for codec_name in HW_ENCODERS:
+        try:
+            av.codec.Codec(codec_name, "w")
+            available.append(codec_name)
+        except Exception:  # nosec B110
+            pass  # nosec B110
+    return available
+
+
+def resolve_vcodec(vcodec: str) -> str:
+    """Validate vcodec and resolve 'auto' to best available HW encoder, fallback to libsvtav1."""
+    if vcodec not in VALID_VIDEO_CODECS:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid vcodec '{vcodec}'. Must be one of: {sorted(VALID_VIDEO_CODECS)}")
+    if vcodec != "auto":
+        logging.info(f"Using video codec: {vcodec}")
+        return vcodec
+    available = detect_available_hw_encoders()
+    for encoder in HW_ENCODERS:
+        if encoder in available:
+            logging.info(f"Auto-selected video codec: {encoder}")
+            return encoder
+    logging.info("No hardware encoder available, falling back to software encoder 'libsvtav1'")
+    return "libsvtav1"
+
 
 def get_safe_default_codec():
     if importlib.util.find_spec("torchcodec"):
@@ -146,16 +227,17 @@ def decode_video_frames_torchvision(
     min_, argmin_ = dist.min(1)
 
     is_within_tol = min_ < tolerance_s
-    assert is_within_tol.all(), (
-        f"One or several query timestamps unexpectedly violate the tolerance ({min_[~is_within_tol]} > {tolerance_s=})."
-        "It means that the closest frame that can be loaded from the video is too far away in time."
-        "This might be due to synchronization issues with timestamps during data collection."
-        "To be safe, we advise to ignore this item during training."
-        f"\nqueried timestamps: {query_ts}"
-        f"\nloaded timestamps: {loaded_ts}"
-        f"\nvideo: {video_path}"
-        f"\nbackend: {backend}"
-    )
+    if not is_within_tol.all():
+        raise FrameTimestampError(
+            f"One or several query timestamps unexpectedly violate the tolerance ({min_[~is_within_tol]} > {tolerance_s=})."
+            " It means that the closest frame that can be loaded from the video is too far away in time."
+            " This might be due to synchronization issues with timestamps during data collection."
+            " To be safe, we advise to ignore this item during training."
+            f"\nqueried timestamps: {query_ts}"
+            f"\nloaded timestamps: {loaded_ts}"
+            f"\nvideo: {video_path}"
+            f"\nbackend: {backend}"
+        )
 
     # get closest frames to the query timestamps
     closest_frames = torch.stack([loaded_frames[idx] for idx in argmin_])
@@ -167,7 +249,11 @@ def decode_video_frames_torchvision(
     # convert to the pytorch format which is float32 in [0,1] range (and channel first)
     closest_frames = closest_frames.type(torch.float32) / 255
 
-    assert len(timestamps) == len(closest_frames)
+    if len(timestamps) != len(closest_frames):
+        raise FrameTimestampError(
+            f"Number of retrieved frames ({len(closest_frames)}) does not match "
+            f"number of queried timestamps ({len(timestamps)})"
+        )
     return closest_frames
 
 
@@ -272,15 +358,16 @@ def decode_video_frames_torchcodec(
     min_, argmin_ = dist.min(1)
 
     is_within_tol = min_ < tolerance_s
-    assert is_within_tol.all(), (
-        f"One or several query timestamps unexpectedly violate the tolerance ({min_[~is_within_tol]} > {tolerance_s=})."
-        "It means that the closest frame that can be loaded from the video is too far away in time."
-        "This might be due to synchronization issues with timestamps during data collection."
-        "To be safe, we advise to ignore this item during training."
-        f"\nqueried timestamps: {query_ts}"
-        f"\nloaded timestamps: {loaded_ts}"
-        f"\nvideo: {video_path}"
-    )
+    if not is_within_tol.all():
+        raise FrameTimestampError(
+            f"One or several query timestamps unexpectedly violate the tolerance ({min_[~is_within_tol]} > {tolerance_s=})."
+            " It means that the closest frame that can be loaded from the video is too far away in time."
+            " This might be due to synchronization issues with timestamps during data collection."
+            " To be safe, we advise to ignore this item during training."
+            f"\nqueried timestamps: {query_ts}"
+            f"\nloaded timestamps: {loaded_ts}"
+            f"\nvideo: {video_path}"
+        )
 
     # get closest frames to the query timestamps
     closest_frames = torch.stack([loaded_frames[idx] for idx in argmin_])
@@ -309,14 +396,13 @@ def encode_video_frames(
     g: int | None = 2,
     crf: int | None = 30,
     fast_decode: int = 0,
-    log_level: int | None = av.logging.ERROR,
+    log_level: int | None = av.logging.WARNING,
     overwrite: bool = False,
     preset: int | None = None,
+    encoder_threads: int | None = None,
 ) -> None:
     """More info on ffmpeg arguments tuning on `benchmark/video/README.md`"""
-    # Check encoder availability
-    if vcodec not in ["h264", "hevc", "libsvtav1"]:
-        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported video codec: {vcodec}. Supported codecs are: h264, hevc, libsvtav1.")
+    vcodec = resolve_vcodec(vcodec)
 
     video_path = Path(video_path)
     imgs_dir = Path(imgs_dir)
@@ -347,21 +433,22 @@ def encode_video_frames(
         width, height = dummy_image.size
 
     # Define video codec options
-    video_options = {}
-
-    if g is not None:
-        video_options["g"] = str(g)
-
-    if crf is not None:
-        video_options["crf"] = str(crf)
+    video_options = _get_codec_options(vcodec, g, crf, preset)
 
     if fast_decode:
         key = "svtav1-params" if vcodec == "libsvtav1" else "tune"
         value = f"fast-decode={fast_decode}" if vcodec == "libsvtav1" else "fastdecode"
         video_options[key] = value
 
-    if vcodec == "libsvtav1":
-        video_options["preset"] = str(preset) if preset is not None else "12"
+    if encoder_threads is not None:
+        if vcodec == "libsvtav1":
+            lp_param = f"lp={encoder_threads}"
+            if "svtav1-params" in video_options:
+                video_options["svtav1-params"] += f":{lp_param}"
+            else:
+                video_options["svtav1-params"] = lp_param
+        else:
+            video_options["threads"] = str(encoder_threads)
 
     # Set logging level
     if log_level is not None:
@@ -480,6 +567,348 @@ def concatenate_video_files(
     Path(tmp_concatenate_path).unlink()
 
 
+class _CameraEncoderThread(threading.Thread):
+    """A thread that encodes video frames streamed via a queue into an MP4 file.
+
+    One instance is created per camera per episode. Frames are received as numpy arrays
+    from the main thread, encoded in real-time using PyAV (which releases the GIL during
+    encoding), and written to disk. Stats are computed incrementally using
+    RunningQuantileStats and returned via result_queue.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        video_path: Path,
+        fps: int,
+        vcodec: str,
+        pix_fmt: str,
+        g: int | None,
+        crf: int | None,
+        preset: int | None,
+        frame_queue: queue.Queue,
+        result_queue: queue.Queue,
+        stop_event: threading.Event,
+        encoder_threads: int | None = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(daemon=True)
+        self.video_path = video_path
+        self.fps = fps
+        self.vcodec = vcodec
+        self.pix_fmt = pix_fmt
+        self.g = g
+        self.crf = crf
+        self.preset = preset
+        self.frame_queue = frame_queue
+        self.result_queue = result_queue
+        self.stop_event = stop_event
+        self.encoder_threads = encoder_threads
+
+    def run(self) -> None:
+        from lerobot.datasets.compute_stats import RunningQuantileStats, auto_downsample_height_width
+
+        container = None
+        output_stream = None
+        stats_tracker = RunningQuantileStats()
+        frame_count = 0
+
+        try:
+            logging.getLogger("libav").setLevel(av.logging.WARNING)
+
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    frame_data = self.frame_queue.get(timeout=1)
+                except queue.Empty:
+                    if self.stop_event.is_set():
+                        break
+                    continue
+
+                if frame_data is None:
+                    # Sentinel: flush and close
+                    break
+
+                # Ensure HWC uint8 numpy array
+                if isinstance(frame_data, np.ndarray):
+                    if frame_data.ndim == 3 and frame_data.shape[0] == 3:
+                        # CHW -> HWC
+                        frame_data = frame_data.transpose(1, 2, 0)
+                    if frame_data.dtype != np.uint8:
+                        frame_data = (frame_data * 255).astype(np.uint8)
+
+                # Open container on first frame (to get width/height)
+                if container is None:
+                    height, width = frame_data.shape[:2]
+                    video_options = _get_codec_options(self.vcodec, self.g, self.crf, self.preset)
+                    if self.encoder_threads is not None:
+                        if self.vcodec == "libsvtav1":
+                            lp_param = f"lp={self.encoder_threads}"
+                            if "svtav1-params" in video_options:
+                                video_options["svtav1-params"] += f":{lp_param}"
+                            else:
+                                video_options["svtav1-params"] = lp_param
+                        else:
+                            video_options["threads"] = str(self.encoder_threads)
+                    Path(self.video_path).parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+                    container = av.open(str(self.video_path), "w")
+                    output_stream = container.add_stream(self.vcodec, self.fps, options=video_options)
+                    output_stream.pix_fmt = self.pix_fmt
+                    output_stream.width = width
+                    output_stream.height = height
+                    output_stream.time_base = Fraction(1, self.fps)
+
+                # Encode frame with explicit timestamps
+                pil_img = Image.fromarray(frame_data)
+                video_frame = av.VideoFrame.from_image(pil_img)
+                video_frame.pts = frame_count
+                video_frame.time_base = Fraction(1, self.fps)
+                packet = output_stream.encode(video_frame)
+                if packet:
+                    container.mux(packet)
+
+                # Update stats with downsampled frame (per-channel stats like compute_episode_stats)
+                img_chw = frame_data.transpose(2, 0, 1)  # HWC -> CHW
+                img_downsampled = auto_downsample_height_width(img_chw)
+                # Reshape CHW to (H*W, C) for per-channel stats
+                channels = img_downsampled.shape[0]
+                img_for_stats = img_downsampled.transpose(1, 2, 0).reshape(-1, channels)
+                stats_tracker.update(img_for_stats)
+
+                frame_count += 1
+
+            # Flush encoder
+            if output_stream is not None:
+                packet = output_stream.encode()
+                if packet:
+                    container.mux(packet)
+
+            if container is not None:
+                container.close()
+
+            av.logging.restore_default_callback()
+
+            # Get stats and put on result queue
+            if frame_count >= 2:
+                stats = stats_tracker.get_statistics()
+                self.result_queue.put(("ok", stats))
+            else:
+                self.result_queue.put(("ok", None))
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            logging.error(f"Encoder thread error: {e}")
+            if container is not None:
+                with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+                    container.close()
+            self.result_queue.put(("error", str(e)))
+
+
+class StreamingVideoEncoder:
+    """Manages per-camera encoder threads for real-time video encoding during recording.
+
+    Instead of writing frames as PNG images and then encoding to MP4 at episode end,
+    this class streams frames directly to encoder threads, eliminating the
+    PNG round-trip and making save_episode() near-instant.
+
+    Uses threading instead of multiprocessing to avoid the overhead of pickling large
+    numpy arrays through multiprocessing.Queue. PyAV's encode() releases the GIL,
+    so encoding runs in parallel with the main recording loop.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fps: int,
+        vcodec: str = "libsvtav1",
+        pix_fmt: str = "yuv420p",
+        g: int | None = 2,
+        crf: int | None = 30,
+        preset: int | None = None,
+        queue_maxsize: int = 30,
+        encoder_threads: int | None = None,
+    ):
+        self.fps = fps
+        self.vcodec = resolve_vcodec(vcodec)
+        self.pix_fmt = pix_fmt
+        self.g = g
+        self.crf = crf
+        self.preset = preset
+        self.queue_maxsize = queue_maxsize
+        self.encoder_threads = encoder_threads
+
+        self._frame_queues: dict[str, queue.Queue] = {}
+        self._result_queues: dict[str, queue.Queue] = {}
+        self._threads: dict[str, _CameraEncoderThread] = {}
+        self._stop_events: dict[str, threading.Event] = {}
+        self._video_paths: dict[str, Path] = {}
+        self._dropped_frames: dict[str, int] = {}
+        self._episode_active = False
+
+    def start_episode(self, video_keys: list[str], temp_dir: Path) -> None:
+        """Start encoder threads for a new episode.
+
+        Args:
+            video_keys: List of video feature keys (e.g. ["observation.images.laptop"])
+            temp_dir: Base directory for temporary MP4 files
+        """
+        if self._episode_active:
+            self.cancel_episode()
+
+        self._dropped_frames.clear()
+
+        for video_key in video_keys:
+            frame_queue: queue.Queue = queue.Queue(maxsize=self.queue_maxsize)
+            result_queue: queue.Queue = queue.Queue(maxsize=1)
+            stop_event = threading.Event()
+
+            temp_video_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=temp_dir))
+            video_path = temp_video_dir / f"{video_key.replace('/', '_')}_streaming.mp4"
+
+            encoder_thread = _CameraEncoderThread(
+                video_path=video_path,
+                fps=self.fps,
+                vcodec=self.vcodec,
+                pix_fmt=self.pix_fmt,
+                g=self.g,
+                crf=self.crf,
+                preset=self.preset,
+                frame_queue=frame_queue,
+                result_queue=result_queue,
+                stop_event=stop_event,
+                encoder_threads=self.encoder_threads,
+            )
+            encoder_thread.start()
+
+            self._frame_queues[video_key] = frame_queue
+            self._result_queues[video_key] = result_queue
+            self._threads[video_key] = encoder_thread
+            self._stop_events[video_key] = stop_event
+            self._video_paths[video_key] = video_path
+
+        self._episode_active = True
+
+    def feed_frame(self, video_key: str, image: np.ndarray) -> None:
+        """Feed a frame to the encoder for a specific camera.
+
+        A copy of the image is made before enqueueing to prevent race conditions
+        with camera drivers that may reuse buffers. If the encoder queue is full
+        (encoder can't keep up), the frame is dropped with a warning instead of
+        crashing the recording session.
+
+        Args:
+            video_key: The video feature key
+            image: numpy array in (H,W,C) or (C,H,W) format, uint8 or float
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: If the encoder thread has crashed
+        """
+        if not self._episode_active:
+            raise RuntimeError("No active episode. Call start_episode() first.")
+
+        thread = self._threads[video_key]
+        if not thread.is_alive():
+            # Check for error
+            try:
+                status, msg = self._result_queues[video_key].get_nowait()
+                if status == "error":
+                    raise RuntimeError(f"Encoder thread for {video_key} crashed: {msg}")
+            except queue.Empty:
+                pass
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Encoder thread for {video_key} is not alive")
+
+        try:
+            self._frame_queues[video_key].put(image.copy(), timeout=0.1)
+        except queue.Full:
+            self._dropped_frames[video_key] = self._dropped_frames.get(video_key, 0) + 1
+            count = self._dropped_frames[video_key]
+            # Log periodically to avoid spam (1st, then every 10th)
+            if count == 1 or count % 10 == 0:
+                logging.warning(
+                    f"Encoder queue full for {video_key}, dropped {count} frame(s). "
+                    f"Consider using vcodec='auto' for hardware encoding or increasing encoder_queue_maxsize."
+                )
+
+    def finish_episode(self) -> dict[str, tuple[Path, dict | None]]:
+        """Finish encoding the current episode.
+
+        Sends sentinel values, waits for encoder threads to complete,
+        and collects results.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict mapping video_key to (mp4_path, stats_dict_or_None)
+        """
+        if not self._episode_active:
+            raise RuntimeError("No active episode to finish.")
+
+        results = {}
+
+        # Report dropped frames
+        for video_key, count in self._dropped_frames.items():
+            if count > 0:
+                logging.warning(f"Episode finished with {count} dropped frame(s) for {video_key}.")
+
+        # Send sentinel to all queues
+        for video_key in self._frame_queues:
+            self._frame_queues[video_key].put(None)
+
+        # Wait for all threads and collect results
+        for video_key in self._threads:
+            self._threads[video_key].join(timeout=120)
+            if self._threads[video_key].is_alive():
+                logging.error(f"Encoder thread for {video_key} did not finish in time")
+                self._stop_events[video_key].set()
+                self._threads[video_key].join(timeout=5)
+                results[video_key] = (self._video_paths[video_key], None)
+                continue
+
+            try:
+                status, data = self._result_queues[video_key].get(timeout=5)
+                if status == "error":
+                    raise RuntimeError(f"Encoder thread for {video_key} failed: {data}")
+                results[video_key] = (self._video_paths[video_key], data)
+            except queue.Empty:
+                logging.error(f"No result from encoder thread for {video_key}")
+                results[video_key] = (self._video_paths[video_key], None)
+
+        self._cleanup()
+        self._episode_active = False
+        return results
+
+    def cancel_episode(self) -> None:
+        """Cancel the current episode, stopping encoder threads and cleaning up."""
+        if not self._episode_active:
+            return
+
+        # Signal all threads to stop
+        for video_key in self._stop_events:
+            self._stop_events[video_key].set()
+
+        # Wait for threads to finish
+        for video_key in self._threads:
+            self._threads[video_key].join(timeout=5)
+
+            # Clean up temp MP4 files
+            video_path = self._video_paths.get(video_key)
+            if video_path is not None and video_path.exists():
+                shutil.rmtree(str(video_path.parent), ignore_errors=True)
+
+        self._cleanup()
+        self._episode_active = False
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the encoder, canceling any in-progress episode."""
+        if self._episode_active:
+            self.cancel_episode()
+
+    def _cleanup(self) -> None:
+        """Clean up queues and thread tracking dicts."""
+        for q in self._frame_queues.values():
+            with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+                while not q.empty():
+                    q.get_nowait()
+        self._frame_queues.clear()
+        self._result_queues.clear()
+        self._threads.clear()
+        self._stop_events.clear()
+        self._video_paths.clear()
+
+
 @dataclass
 class VideoFrame:
     # TODO(rcadene, lhoestq): move to Hugging Face `datasets` repo
@@ -514,7 +943,7 @@ with warnings.catch_warnings():
 
 def get_audio_info(video_path: Path | str) -> dict:
     # Set logging level
-    logging.getLogger("libav").setLevel(av.logging.ERROR)
+    logging.getLogger("libav").setLevel(av.logging.WARNING)
 
     # Getting audio stream information
     audio_info = {}
@@ -546,7 +975,7 @@ def get_audio_info(video_path: Path | str) -> dict:
 
 def get_video_info(video_path: Path | str) -> dict:
     # Set logging level
-    logging.getLogger("libav").setLevel(av.logging.ERROR)
+    logging.getLogger("libav").setLevel(av.logging.WARNING)
 
     # Getting video stream information
     video_info = {}
@@ -632,8 +1061,15 @@ class VideoEncodingManager:
         return self
 
     def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
-        # Handle any remaining episodes that haven't been batch encoded
-        if self.dataset.episodes_since_last_encoding > 0:
+        streaming_encoder = getattr(self.dataset, "_streaming_encoder", None)
+
+        if streaming_encoder is not None:
+            # Handle streaming encoder cleanup
+            if exc_type is not None:
+                streaming_encoder.cancel_episode()
+            streaming_encoder.close()
+        elif self.dataset.episodes_since_last_encoding > 0:
+            # Handle any remaining episodes that haven't been batch encoded
             if exc_type is not None:
                 logging.info("Exception occurred. Encoding remaining episodes before exit...")
             else:
@@ -650,8 +1086,8 @@ class VideoEncodingManager:
         # Finalize the dataset to properly close all writers
         self.dataset.finalize()
 
-        # Clean up episode images if recording was interrupted
-        if exc_type is not None:
+        # Clean up episode images if recording was interrupted (only for non-streaming mode)
+        if exc_type is not None and streaming_encoder is None:
             interrupted_episode_index = self.dataset.num_episodes
             for key in self.dataset.meta.video_keys:
                 img_dir = self.dataset._get_image_file_path(
@@ -665,14 +1101,12 @@ class VideoEncodingManager:
 
         # Clean up any remaining images directory if it's empty
         img_dir = self.dataset.root / "images"
-        # Check for any remaining PNG files
-        png_files = list(img_dir.rglob("*.png"))
-        if len(png_files) == 0:
-            # Only remove the images directory if no PNG files remain
-            if img_dir.exists():
+        if img_dir.exists():
+            png_files = list(img_dir.rglob("*.png"))
+            if len(png_files) == 0:
                 shutil.rmtree(img_dir)
                 logging.debug("Cleaned up empty images directory")
-        else:
-            logging.debug(f"Images directory is not empty, containing {len(png_files)} PNG files")
+            else:
+                logging.debug(f"Images directory is not empty, containing {len(png_files)} PNG files")
 
         return False  # Don't suppress the original exception

src/lerobot/motors/motors_bus.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass
 from enum import Enum
 from functools import cached_property
 from pprint import pformat
-from typing import Protocol, TypeAlias
+from typing import Protocol
 
 import serial
 from deepdiff import DeepDiff
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ from tqdm import tqdm
 from lerobot.utils.decorators import check_if_already_connected, check_if_not_connected
 from lerobot.utils.utils import enter_pressed, move_cursor_up
 
-NameOrID: TypeAlias = str | int
-Value: TypeAlias = int | float
+type NameOrID = str | int
+type Value = int | float
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -1277,4 +1277,4 @@ class SerialMotorsBus(MotorsBusBase):
 
 
 # Backward compatibility alias
-MotorsBus: TypeAlias = SerialMotorsBus
+MotorsBus = SerialMotorsBus

src/lerobot/motors/robstride/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright 2026 The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from .robstride import RobstrideMotorsBus
+from .tables import *

src/lerobot/motors/robstride/tables.py

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# Copyright 2025 The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Configuration tables for Damiao motors."""
+
+from enum import IntEnum
+
+
+# Motor type definitions
+class MotorType(IntEnum):
+    O0 = 0
+    O1 = 1
+    O2 = 2
+    O3 = 3
+    O4 = 4
+    O5 = 5
+    ELO5 = 6
+    O6 = 7
+
+
+class CommMode(IntEnum):
+    PrivateProtocole = 0
+    CANopen = 1
+    MIT = 2
+
+
+# Control modes
+class ControlMode(IntEnum):
+    MIT = 0
+    POS_VEL = 1
+    VEL = 2
+
+
+# Motor limit parameters [PMAX, VMAX, TMAX]
+# PMAX: Maximum position (rad)
+# VMAX: Maximum velocity (rad/s)
+# TMAX: Maximum torque (N·m)
+MOTOR_LIMIT_PARAMS: dict[MotorType, tuple[float, float, float]] = {
+    MotorType.O0: (12.57, 33, 14),
+    MotorType.O1: (12.57, 44, 17),
+    MotorType.O2: (12.57, 33, 20),
+    MotorType.O3: (12.57, 33, 60),
+    MotorType.O4: (12.57, 33, 120),
+    MotorType.O5: (12.57, 50, 5.5),
+    MotorType.ELO5: (12.57, 50, 6),
+    MotorType.O6: (112.5, 50, 36),
+}
+
+# Motor model names
+MODEL_NAMES = {
+    MotorType.O0: "O0",
+    MotorType.O1: "O1",
+    MotorType.O2: "O2",
+    MotorType.O3: "O3",
+    MotorType.O4: "O4",
+    MotorType.O5: "O5",
+    MotorType.ELO5: "ELO5",
+    MotorType.O6: "O6",
+}
+
+# Motor resolution table (encoder counts per revolution)
+MODEL_RESOLUTION = {
+    "O0": 65536,
+    "O1": 65536,
+    "O2": 65536,
+    "O3": 65536,
+    "O4": 65536,
+    "O5": 65536,
+    "ELO5": 65536,
+    "O6": 65536,
+}
+
+# CAN baudrates supported by Robstride motors
+AVAILABLE_BAUDRATES = [
+    1000000,  # 4: 1 mbps (default)
+]
+DEFAULT_BAUDRATE = 1000000
+
+# Default timeout in milliseconds
+DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS = 0  # disabled by default, otherwise 20000 is 1s
+
+
+# Data that should be normalized
+NORMALIZED_DATA = ["Present_Position", "Goal_Position"]
+
+
+# MIT control parameter ranges
+MIT_KP_RANGE = (0.0, 500.0)
+MIT_KD_RANGE = (0.0, 5.0)
+
+# CAN frame command IDs
+CAN_CMD_ENABLE = 0xFC
+CAN_CMD_DISABLE = 0xFD
+CAN_CMD_SET_ZERO = 0xFE
+CAN_CMD_CLEAR_FAULT = 0xFB
+
+
+CAN_CMD_QUERY_PARAM = 0x33
+CAN_CMD_WRITE_PARAM = 0x55
+CAN_CMD_SAVE_PARAM = 0xAA
+
+# CAN ID for parameter operations
+CAN_PARAM_ID = 0x7FF
+
+
+RUNNING_TIMEOUT = 0.001
+PARAM_TIMEOUT = 0.01
+
+STATE_CACHE_TTL_S = 0.02

src/lerobot/policies/__init__.py

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 from .act.configuration_act import ACTConfig as ACTConfig
 from .diffusion.configuration_diffusion import DiffusionConfig as DiffusionConfig
 from .groot.configuration_groot import GrootConfig as GrootConfig
+from .multi_task_dit.configuration_multi_task_dit import MultiTaskDiTConfig as MultiTaskDiTConfig
 from .pi0.configuration_pi0 import PI0Config as PI0Config
 from .pi0_fast.configuration_pi0_fast import PI0FastConfig as PI0FastConfig
 from .pi05.configuration_pi05 import PI05Config as PI05Config
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ from .xvla.configuration_xvla import XVLAConfig as XVLAConfig
 __all__ = [
     "ACTConfig",
     "DiffusionConfig",
+    "MultiTaskDiTConfig",
     "PI0Config",
     "PI05Config",
     "PI0FastConfig",

src/lerobot/policies/diffusion/configuration_diffusion.py

@@ -55,10 +55,16 @@ class DiffusionConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
         normalization_mapping: A dictionary that maps from a str value of FeatureType (e.g., "STATE", "VISUAL") to
             a corresponding NormalizationMode (e.g., NormalizationMode.MIN_MAX)
         vision_backbone: Name of the torchvision resnet backbone to use for encoding images.
-        crop_shape: (H, W) shape to crop images to as a preprocessing step for the vision backbone. Must fit
-            within the image size. If None, no cropping is done.
-        crop_is_random: Whether the crop should be random at training time (it's always a center crop in eval
-            mode).
+        resize_shape: (H, W) shape to resize images to as a preprocessing step for the vision
+            backbone. If None, no resizing is done and the original image resolution is used.
+        crop_ratio: Ratio in (0, 1] used to derive the crop size from resize_shape
+            (crop_h = int(resize_shape[0] * crop_ratio), likewise for width).
+            Set to 1.0 to disable cropping. Only takes effect when resize_shape is not None.
+        crop_shape: (H, W) shape to crop images to. When resize_shape is set and crop_ratio < 1.0,
+            this is computed automatically. Can also be set directly for legacy configs that use
+            crop-only (without resize). If None and no derivation applies, no cropping is done.
+        crop_is_random: Whether the crop should be random at training time (it's always a center
+            crop in eval mode).
         pretrained_backbone_weights: Pretrained weights from torchvision to initialize the backbone.
             `None` means no pretrained weights.
         use_group_norm: Whether to replace batch normalization with group normalization in the backbone.
@@ -114,7 +120,9 @@ class DiffusionConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
     # Architecture / modeling.
     # Vision backbone.
     vision_backbone: str = "resnet18"
-    crop_shape: tuple[int, int] | None = (84, 84)
+    resize_shape: tuple[int, int] | None = None
+    crop_ratio: float = 1.0
+    crop_shape: tuple[int, int] | None = None
     crop_is_random: bool = True
     pretrained_backbone_weights: str | None = None
     use_group_norm: bool = True
@@ -139,6 +147,10 @@ class DiffusionConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
     # Inference
     num_inference_steps: int | None = None
 
+    # Optimization
+    compile_model: bool = False
+    compile_mode: str = "reduce-overhead"
+
     # Loss computation
     do_mask_loss_for_padding: bool = False
 
@@ -171,6 +183,25 @@ class DiffusionConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
                 f"Got {self.noise_scheduler_type}."
             )
 
+        if self.resize_shape is not None and (
+            len(self.resize_shape) != 2 or any(d <= 0 for d in self.resize_shape)
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(f"`resize_shape` must be a pair of positive integers. Got {self.resize_shape}.")
+        if not (0 < self.crop_ratio <= 1.0):
+            raise ValueError(f"`crop_ratio` must be in (0, 1]. Got {self.crop_ratio}.")
+
+        if self.resize_shape is not None:
+            if self.crop_ratio < 1.0:
+                self.crop_shape = (
+                    int(self.resize_shape[0] * self.crop_ratio),
+                    int(self.resize_shape[1] * self.crop_ratio),
+                )
+            else:
+                # Explicitly disable cropping for resize+ratio path when crop_ratio == 1.0.
+                self.crop_shape = None
+        if self.crop_shape is not None and (self.crop_shape[0] <= 0 or self.crop_shape[1] <= 0):
+            raise ValueError(f"`crop_shape` must have positive dimensions. Got {self.crop_shape}.")
+
         # Check that the horizon size and U-Net downsampling is compatible.
         # U-Net downsamples by 2 with each stage.
         downsampling_factor = 2 ** len(self.down_dims)
@@ -198,13 +229,12 @@ class DiffusionConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
         if len(self.image_features) == 0 and self.env_state_feature is None:
             raise ValueError("You must provide at least one image or the environment state among the inputs.")
 
-        if self.crop_shape is not None:
+        if self.resize_shape is None and self.crop_shape is not None:
             for key, image_ft in self.image_features.items():
                 if self.crop_shape[0] > image_ft.shape[1] or self.crop_shape[1] > image_ft.shape[2]:
                     raise ValueError(
-                        f"`crop_shape` should fit within the images shapes. Got {self.crop_shape} "
-                        f"for `crop_shape` and {image_ft.shape} for "
-                        f"`{key}`."
+                        f"`crop_shape` should fit within the image shapes. Got {self.crop_shape} "
+                        f"for `crop_shape` and {image_ft.shape} for `{key}`."
                     )
 
         # Check that all input images have the same shape.

src/lerobot/policies/diffusion/modeling_diffusion.py

@@ -142,6 +142,9 @@ class DiffusionPolicy(PreTrainedPolicy):
         """Run the batch through the model and compute the loss for training or validation."""
         if self.config.image_features:
             batch = dict(batch)  # shallow copy so that adding a key doesn't modify the original
+            for key in self.config.image_features:
+                if self.config.n_obs_steps == 1 and batch[key].ndim == 4:
+                    batch[key] = batch[key].unsqueeze(1)
             batch[OBS_IMAGES] = torch.stack([batch[key] for key in self.config.image_features], dim=-4)
         loss = self.diffusion.compute_loss(batch)
         # no output_dict so returning None
@@ -182,6 +185,11 @@ class DiffusionModel(nn.Module):
 
         self.unet = DiffusionConditionalUnet1d(config, global_cond_dim=global_cond_dim * config.n_obs_steps)
 
+        if config.compile_model:
+            # Compile the U-Net. "reduce-overhead" is preferred for the small-batch repetitive loops
+            # common in diffusion inference.
+            self.unet = torch.compile(self.unet, mode=config.compile_mode)
+
         self.noise_scheduler = _make_noise_scheduler(
             config.noise_scheduler_type,
             num_train_timesteps=config.num_train_timesteps,
@@ -446,12 +454,18 @@ class DiffusionRgbEncoder(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, config: DiffusionConfig):
         super().__init__()
         # Set up optional preprocessing.
-        if config.crop_shape is not None:
+        if config.resize_shape is not None:
+            self.resize = torchvision.transforms.Resize(config.resize_shape)
+        else:
+            self.resize = None
+
+        crop_shape = config.crop_shape
+        if crop_shape is not None:
             self.do_crop = True
             # Always use center crop for eval
-            self.center_crop = torchvision.transforms.CenterCrop(config.crop_shape)
+            self.center_crop = torchvision.transforms.CenterCrop(crop_shape)
             if config.crop_is_random:
-                self.maybe_random_crop = torchvision.transforms.RandomCrop(config.crop_shape)
+                self.maybe_random_crop = torchvision.transforms.RandomCrop(crop_shape)
             else:
                 self.maybe_random_crop = self.center_crop
         else:
@@ -477,13 +491,16 @@ class DiffusionRgbEncoder(nn.Module):
 
         # Set up pooling and final layers.
         # Use a dry run to get the feature map shape.
-        # The dummy input should take the number of image channels from `config.image_features` and it should
-        # use the height and width from `config.crop_shape` if it is provided, otherwise it should use the
-        # height and width from `config.image_features`.
+        # The dummy shape mirrors the runtime preprocessing order: resize -> crop.
 
         # Note: we have a check in the config class to make sure all images have the same shape.
         images_shape = next(iter(config.image_features.values())).shape
-        dummy_shape_h_w = config.crop_shape if config.crop_shape is not None else images_shape[1:]
+        if config.crop_shape is not None:
+            dummy_shape_h_w = config.crop_shape
+        elif config.resize_shape is not None:
+            dummy_shape_h_w = config.resize_shape
+        else:
+            dummy_shape_h_w = images_shape[1:]
         dummy_shape = (1, images_shape[0], *dummy_shape_h_w)
         feature_map_shape = get_output_shape(self.backbone, dummy_shape)[1:]
 
@@ -499,7 +516,10 @@ class DiffusionRgbEncoder(nn.Module):
         Returns:
             (B, D) image feature.
         """
-        # Preprocess: maybe crop (if it was set up in the __init__).
+        # Preprocess: resize if configured, then crop if configured.
+
+        if self.resize is not None:
+            x = self.resize(x)
         if self.do_crop:
             if self.training:  # noqa: SIM108
                 x = self.maybe_random_crop(x)

src/lerobot/policies/factory.py

@@ -18,10 +18,9 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import importlib
 import logging
-from typing import Any, TypedDict
+from typing import Any, TypedDict, Unpack
 
 import torch
-from typing_extensions import Unpack
 
 from lerobot.configs.policies import PreTrainedConfig
 from lerobot.configs.types import FeatureType
@@ -32,6 +31,7 @@ from lerobot.envs.utils import env_to_policy_features
 from lerobot.policies.act.configuration_act import ACTConfig
 from lerobot.policies.diffusion.configuration_diffusion import DiffusionConfig
 from lerobot.policies.groot.configuration_groot import GrootConfig
+from lerobot.policies.multi_task_dit.configuration_multi_task_dit import MultiTaskDiTConfig
 from lerobot.policies.pi0.configuration_pi0 import PI0Config
 from lerobot.policies.pi05.configuration_pi05 import PI05Config
 from lerobot.policies.pretrained import PreTrainedPolicy
@@ -67,8 +67,7 @@ def get_policy_class(name: str) -> type[PreTrainedPolicy]:
 
     Args:
         name: The name of the policy. Supported names are "tdmpc", "diffusion", "act",
-              "vqbet", "pi0", "pi05", "sac", "reward_classifier", "smolvla", "wall_x".
-
+            "multi_task_dit", "vqbet", "pi0", "pi05", "sac", "reward_classifier", "smolvla", "wall_x".
     Returns:
         The policy class corresponding to the given name.
 
@@ -87,6 +86,10 @@ def get_policy_class(name: str) -> type[PreTrainedPolicy]:
         from lerobot.policies.act.modeling_act import ACTPolicy
 
         return ACTPolicy
+    elif name == "multi_task_dit":
+        from lerobot.policies.multi_task_dit.modeling_multi_task_dit import MultiTaskDiTPolicy
+
+        return MultiTaskDiTPolicy
     elif name == "vqbet":
         from lerobot.policies.vqbet.modeling_vqbet import VQBeTPolicy
 
@@ -147,8 +150,8 @@ def make_policy_config(policy_type: str, **kwargs) -> PreTrainedConfig:
 
     Args:
         policy_type: The type of the policy. Supported types include "tdmpc",
-                     "diffusion", "act", "vqbet", "pi0", "pi05", "sac", "smolvla",
-                     "reward_classifier", "wall_x".
+                     "multi_task_dit", "diffusion", "act", "vqbet", "pi0", "pi05", "sac",
+                     "smolvla", "reward_classifier", "wall_x".
         **kwargs: Keyword arguments to be passed to the configuration class constructor.
 
     Returns:
@@ -163,6 +166,8 @@ def make_policy_config(policy_type: str, **kwargs) -> PreTrainedConfig:
         return DiffusionConfig(**kwargs)
     elif policy_type == "act":
         return ACTConfig(**kwargs)
+    elif policy_type == "multi_task_dit":
+        return MultiTaskDiTConfig(**kwargs)
     elif policy_type == "vqbet":
         return VQBeTConfig(**kwargs)
     elif policy_type == "pi0":
@@ -309,6 +314,16 @@ def make_pre_post_processors(
             dataset_stats=kwargs.get("dataset_stats"),
         )
 
+    elif isinstance(policy_cfg, MultiTaskDiTConfig):
+        from lerobot.policies.multi_task_dit.processor_multi_task_dit import (
+            make_multi_task_dit_pre_post_processors,
+        )
+
+        processors = make_multi_task_dit_pre_post_processors(
+            config=policy_cfg,
+            dataset_stats=kwargs.get("dataset_stats"),
+        )
+
     elif isinstance(policy_cfg, VQBeTConfig):
         from lerobot.policies.vqbet.processor_vqbet import make_vqbet_pre_post_processors
 

src/lerobot/policies/groot/eagle2_hg_model/image_processing_eagle2_5_vl_fast.py

@@ -4,17 +4,16 @@
 # Licensed under The MIT License [see LICENSE for details]
 # --------------------------------------------------------
 
+from __future__ import annotations
 
 # copy from https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/main/src/transformers/models/llava_onevision/image_processing_llava_onevision_fast.py
-from typing import Optional
-
 from transformers.image_processing_utils import (
     BatchFeature,
     get_patch_output_size,
 )
 from transformers.image_processing_utils_fast import (
     BaseImageProcessorFast,
-    DefaultFastImageProcessorKwargs,
+    ImagesKwargs,
     group_images_by_shape,
     reorder_images,
 )
@@ -77,7 +76,7 @@ def crop(img: torch.Tensor, left: int, top: int, right: int, bottom: int) -> tor
     return img[:, top:bottom, left:right]
 
 
-class Eagle25VLFastImageProcessorKwargs(DefaultFastImageProcessorKwargs):
+class Eagle25VLFastImageProcessorKwargs(ImagesKwargs):
     max_dynamic_tiles: int | None
     min_dynamic_tiles: int | None
     use_thumbnail: bool | None
@@ -165,11 +164,11 @@ class Eagle25VLImageProcessorFast(BaseImageProcessorFast):
 
     def _resize_for_patching(
         self,
-        image: "torch.Tensor",
+        image: torch.Tensor,
         target_resolution: tuple,
-        interpolation: "F.InterpolationMode",
+        interpolation: F.InterpolationMode,
         input_data_format: ChannelDimension,
-    ) -> "torch.Tensor":
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
         """
         Resizes an image to a target resolution while maintaining aspect ratio.
 
@@ -219,8 +218,8 @@ class Eagle25VLImageProcessorFast(BaseImageProcessorFast):
         return best_ratio
 
     def _pad_for_patching(
-        self, image: "torch.Tensor", target_resolution: tuple, input_data_format: ChannelDimension
-    ) -> "torch.Tensor":
+        self, image: torch.Tensor, target_resolution: tuple, input_data_format: ChannelDimension
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
         """
         Pad an image to a target resolution while maintaining aspect ratio.
         """
@@ -236,15 +235,15 @@ class Eagle25VLImageProcessorFast(BaseImageProcessorFast):
 
     def _get_image_patches(
         self,
-        image: "torch.Tensor",
+        image: torch.Tensor,
         min_num: int,
         max_num: int,
         size: tuple,
         tile_size: int,
         use_thumbnail: bool,
-        interpolation: "F.InterpolationMode",
+        interpolation: F.InterpolationMode,
         pad_during_tiling: bool,
-    ) -> list["torch.Tensor"]:
+    ) -> list[torch.Tensor]:
         image_size = get_image_size(image, channel_dim=ChannelDimension.FIRST)
         orig_height, orig_width = image_size
         aspect_ratio = orig_width / orig_height
@@ -305,8 +304,8 @@ class Eagle25VLImageProcessorFast(BaseImageProcessorFast):
 
     def _pad_for_batching(
         self,
-        pixel_values: list["torch.Tensor"],
-    ) -> list["torch.Tensor"]:
+        pixel_values: list[torch.Tensor],
+    ) -> list[torch.Tensor]:
         """
         Pads images on the `num_of_patches` dimension with zeros to form a batch of same number of patches.
 
@@ -327,14 +326,14 @@ class Eagle25VLImageProcessorFast(BaseImageProcessorFast):
 
     def _preprocess(
         self,
-        images: list["torch.Tensor"],
+        images: list[torch.Tensor],
         do_resize: bool,
         size: SizeDict,
         max_dynamic_tiles: int,
         min_dynamic_tiles: int,
         use_thumbnail: bool,
         pad_during_tiling: bool,
-        interpolation: Optional["F.InterpolationMode"],
+        interpolation: F.InterpolationMode | None,
         do_center_crop: bool,
         crop_size: SizeDict,
         do_rescale: bool,

src/lerobot/policies/multi_task_dit/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Multitask DiT Policy
+
+## Citation
+
+If you use this work, please cite the following works:
+
+```bibtex
+@misc{jones2025multitaskditpolicy,
+  author = {Bryson Jones},
+  title = {Dissecting and Open-Sourcing Multitask Diffusion Transformer Policy},
+  year = {2025},
+  url = {https://brysonkjones.substack.com/p/dissecting-and-open-sourcing-multitask-diffusion-transformer-policy},
+  note = {Blog post}
+}
+```
+
+```bibtex
+@misc{trilbmteam2025carefulexaminationlargebehaviormodels,
+  author       = {TRI LBM Team},
+  title        = {A Careful Examination of Large Behavior Models for Multitask Dexterous Manipulation},
+  year         = {2025},
+  eprint       = {arXiv:2507.05331},
+  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
+  primaryClass = {cs.RO},
+  url          = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.05331}
+}
+```
+
+```bibtex
+@misc{bostondynamics2025largebehaviormodelsatlas,
+  author       = {Boston Dynamics and TRI Research Team},
+  title        = {Large Behavior Models and Atlas Find New Footing},
+  year         = {2025},
+  url          = {https://bostondynamics.com/blog/large-behavior-models-atlas-find-new-footing/},
+  note         = {Blog post}
+}
+```

src/lerobot/policies/multi_task_dit/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright 2025 Bryson Jones and The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from .configuration_multi_task_dit import MultiTaskDiTConfig
+from .modeling_multi_task_dit import MultiTaskDiTPolicy
+from .processor_multi_task_dit import make_multi_task_dit_pre_post_processors
+
+__all__ = ["MultiTaskDiTConfig", "MultiTaskDiTPolicy", "make_multi_task_dit_pre_post_processors"]

src/lerobot/policies/multi_task_dit/configuration_multi_task_dit.py

@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright 2025 Bryson Jones and The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import logging
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+
+from lerobot.configs.policies import PreTrainedConfig
+from lerobot.configs.types import NormalizationMode
+from lerobot.optim.optimizers import AdamConfig
+from lerobot.optim.schedulers import DiffuserSchedulerConfig
+
+
+@PreTrainedConfig.register_subclass("multi_task_dit")
+@dataclass
+class MultiTaskDiTConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
+    """Configuration for the Multi-Task Diffusion Transformer (DiT) policy.
+
+    A transformer-based policy that supports both diffusion and flow matching objectives
+    for multi-task robot learning with text and vision conditioning.
+    """
+
+    n_obs_steps: int = 2  # Number of observation steps for temporal context
+    horizon: int = 32  # Number of action steps to predict
+    n_action_steps: int = 24  # Actions executed per policy call (~0.8s at 30Hz)
+
+    # Objective Selection
+    objective: str = "diffusion"  # "diffusion" or "flow_matching"
+
+    # --- Diffusion-specific (used when objective="diffusion") ---
+    noise_scheduler_type: str = "DDPM"  # "DDPM" or "DDIM"
+    num_train_timesteps: int = 100  # Number of diffusion timesteps
+    beta_schedule: str = "squaredcos_cap_v2"  # Noise schedule type
+    beta_start: float = 0.0001  # Starting noise level
+    beta_end: float = 0.02  # Ending noise level
+    prediction_type: str = "epsilon"  # "epsilon" (predict noise) or "sample" (predict clean)
+    clip_sample: bool = True  # Clip samples during denoising
+    clip_sample_range: float = 1.0  # Clipping range [-x, x]
+    num_inference_steps: int | None = None  # Denoising steps at inference (defaults to num_train_timesteps)
+
+    # --- Flow Matching-specific (used when objective="flow_matching") ---
+    sigma_min: float = 0.0  # Minimum noise in flow interpolation path
+    num_integration_steps: int = 100  # ODE integration steps at inference
+    integration_method: str = "euler"  # ODE solver: "euler" or "rk4"
+    timestep_sampling_strategy: str = "beta"  # "uniform" or "beta"
+
+    timestep_sampling_s: float = 0.999  # (beta only) Max timestep threshold
+    timestep_sampling_alpha: float = 1.5  # (beta only) Beta distribution alpha
+    timestep_sampling_beta: float = 1.0  # (beta only) Beta distribution beta
+
+    # Transformer Architecture
+    hidden_dim: int = 512  # Transformer hidden dimension
+    num_layers: int = 6  # Number of transformer layers
+    num_heads: int = 8  # Number of attention heads
+    dropout: float = 0.1  # Dropout rate
+    use_positional_encoding: bool = False  # Use absolute positional encoding
+    timestep_embed_dim: int = 256  # Timestep embedding dimension
+    use_rope: bool = True  # Use Rotary Position Embedding
+    rope_base: float = 10000.0  # RoPE base frequency
+
+    # Vision Encoder (CLIP)
+    vision_encoder_name: str = "openai/clip-vit-base-patch16"  # HuggingFace CLIP model
+    use_separate_rgb_encoder_per_camera: bool = False  # Separate encoder per camera view
+    vision_encoder_lr_multiplier: float = 0.1  # LR multiplier for vision encoder
+    image_resize_shape: tuple[int, int] | None = None  # Resize images before crop
+    image_crop_shape: tuple[int, int] | None = (224, 224)  # Crop shape (CLIP default)
+    image_crop_is_random: bool = True  # Random crop during training, center at inference
+
+    # Text Encoder (CLIP)
+    text_encoder_name: str = "openai/clip-vit-base-patch16"  # HuggingFace CLIP model
+    tokenizer_max_length: int = 77  # Max length for tokenized text (CLIP default is 77)
+    tokenizer_padding: str = "max_length"  # Padding strategy: "max_length" or "longest"
+    tokenizer_padding_side: str = "right"  # Padding side: "left" or "right"
+    tokenizer_truncation: bool = True  # Whether to truncate sequences longer than max_length
+
+    # Normalization
+    normalization_mapping: dict[str, NormalizationMode] = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: {
+            "VISUAL": NormalizationMode.MEAN_STD,
+            "STATE": NormalizationMode.MIN_MAX,
+            "ACTION": NormalizationMode.MIN_MAX,
+        }
+    )
+
+    # Training/Optimizer
+    optimizer_lr: float = 2e-5
+    optimizer_betas: tuple = (0.95, 0.999)
+    optimizer_eps: float = 1e-8
+    optimizer_weight_decay: float = 0.0
+    scheduler_name: str = "cosine"
+    scheduler_warmup_steps: int = 0
+    do_mask_loss_for_padding: bool = False
+
+    # Auto-calculated
+    drop_n_last_frames: int | None = None
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        super().__post_init__()
+
+        if self.drop_n_last_frames is None:
+            self.drop_n_last_frames = self.horizon - self.n_action_steps - self.n_obs_steps + 1
+
+        self._validate()
+
+    def _validate(self):
+        """Validate configuration parameters."""
+        # Objective validation
+        if self.objective not in ["diffusion", "flow_matching"]:
+            raise ValueError(f"objective must be 'diffusion' or 'flow_matching', got '{self.objective}'")
+
+        # Transformer validation
+        if self.hidden_dim <= 0:
+            raise ValueError("hidden_dim must be positive")
+        if self.num_layers <= 0:
+            raise ValueError("num_layers must be positive")
+        if self.num_heads <= 0:
+            raise ValueError("num_heads must be positive")
+        if self.hidden_dim % self.num_heads != 0:
+            raise ValueError("hidden_dim must be divisible by num_heads")
+        if not (0.0 <= self.dropout <= 1.0):
+            raise ValueError("dropout must be between 0.0 and 1.0")
+
+        # Vision encoder validation
+        if "clip" not in self.vision_encoder_name.lower():
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"vision_encoder_name must be a CLIP model (contain 'clip'), got '{self.vision_encoder_name}'"
+            )
+        if (
+            self.image_resize_shape
+            and self.image_crop_shape
+            and (
+                self.image_crop_shape[0] > self.image_resize_shape[0]
+                or self.image_crop_shape[1] > self.image_resize_shape[1]
+            )
+        ):
+            logging.warning(
+                "image_crop_shape %s must be <= image_resize_shape %s; disabling cropping.",
+                self.image_crop_shape,
+                self.image_resize_shape,
+            )
+            self.image_crop_shape = None
+
+        # Text encoder validation
+        if "clip" not in self.text_encoder_name.lower():
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"text_encoder_name must be a CLIP model (contain 'clip'), got '{self.text_encoder_name}'"
+            )
+
+        # Objective-specific validation
+        if self.objective == "diffusion":
+            if self.noise_scheduler_type not in ["DDPM", "DDIM"]:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"noise_scheduler_type must be 'DDPM' or 'DDIM', got {self.noise_scheduler_type}"
+                )
+            if self.prediction_type not in ["epsilon", "sample"]:
+                raise ValueError(f"prediction_type must be 'epsilon' or 'sample', got {self.prediction_type}")
+            if self.num_train_timesteps <= 0:
+                raise ValueError(f"num_train_timesteps must be positive, got {self.num_train_timesteps}")
+            if not (0.0 <= self.beta_start <= self.beta_end <= 1.0):
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid beta values: {self.beta_start}, {self.beta_end}")
+
+        elif self.objective == "flow_matching":
+            if not (0.0 <= self.sigma_min <= 1.0):
+                raise ValueError(f"sigma_min must be in [0, 1], got {self.sigma_min}")
+            if self.num_integration_steps <= 0:
+                raise ValueError(f"num_integration_steps must be positive, got {self.num_integration_steps}")
+            if self.integration_method not in ["euler", "rk4"]:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"integration_method must be 'euler' or 'rk4', got {self.integration_method}"
+                )
+            if self.timestep_sampling_strategy not in ["uniform", "beta"]:
+                raise ValueError("timestep_sampling_strategy must be 'uniform' or 'beta'")
+            if self.timestep_sampling_strategy == "beta":
+                if not (0.0 < self.timestep_sampling_s <= 1.0):
+                    raise ValueError(f"timestep_sampling_s must be in (0, 1], got {self.timestep_sampling_s}")
+                if self.timestep_sampling_alpha <= 0:
+                    raise ValueError("timestep_sampling_alpha must be positive")
+                if self.timestep_sampling_beta <= 0:
+                    raise ValueError("timestep_sampling_beta must be positive")
+
+    def get_optimizer_preset(self) -> AdamConfig:
+        return AdamConfig(
+            lr=self.optimizer_lr,
+            betas=self.optimizer_betas,
+            eps=self.optimizer_eps,
+            weight_decay=self.optimizer_weight_decay,
+        )
+
+    def get_scheduler_preset(self) -> DiffuserSchedulerConfig:
+        return DiffuserSchedulerConfig(
+            name=self.scheduler_name,
+            num_warmup_steps=self.scheduler_warmup_steps,
+        )
+
+    def validate_features(self) -> None:
+        """Validate that required input features are present and properly configured."""
+        # If the configured crop doesn't fit, disable cropping instead of erroring.
+        # Note: if image_resize_shape is set, cropping is applied *after* resizing.
+        if self.image_crop_shape is not None:
+            for key, image_ft in self.image_features.items():
+                # image_ft.shape is (C, H, W)
+                effective_h, effective_w = (
+                    self.image_resize_shape
+                    if self.image_resize_shape is not None
+                    else (image_ft.shape[1], image_ft.shape[2])
+                )
+                if self.image_crop_shape[0] > effective_h or self.image_crop_shape[1] > effective_w:
+                    logging.warning(
+                        "image_crop_shape %s doesn't fit within effective image shape (%s, %s) for '%s'; disabling cropping.",
+                        self.image_crop_shape,
+                        effective_h,
+                        effective_w,
+                        key,
+                    )
+                    self.image_crop_shape = None
+                    break
+
+        if len(self.image_features) > 0:
+            first_key, first_ft = next(iter(self.image_features.items()))
+            for key, image_ft in self.image_features.items():
+                if image_ft.shape != first_ft.shape:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Image '{key}' shape {image_ft.shape} != '{first_key}' shape {first_ft.shape}"
+                    )
+
+    @property
+    def is_diffusion(self) -> bool:
+        return self.objective == "diffusion"
+
+    @property
+    def is_flow_matching(self) -> bool:
+        return self.objective == "flow_matching"
+
+    @property
+    def observation_delta_indices(self) -> list:
+        return list(range(1 - self.n_obs_steps, 1))
+
+    @property
+    def action_delta_indices(self) -> list:
+        return list(range(1 - self.n_obs_steps, 1 - self.n_obs_steps + self.horizon))
+
+    @property
+    def reward_delta_indices(self) -> None:
+        return None

src/lerobot/policies/multi_task_dit/modeling_multi_task_dit.py

@@ -0,0 +1,803 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright 2025 Bryson Jones and The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Multi-Task Diffusion Transformer (DiT) Policy
+
+Transformer-based diffusion policy for multi-task robot learning with text and vision conditioning.
+Supports both diffusion and flow matching objectives for action generation.
+
+References:
+- https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.05331
+- https://bostondynamics.com/blog/large-behavior-models-atlas-find-new-footing/
+- https://brysonkjones.substack.com/p/dissecting-and-open-sourcing-multitask-diffusion-transformer-policy
+"""
+
+import math
+from collections import deque
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+import einops
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+import torch.nn.functional as F  # noqa: N812
+import torchvision
+from diffusers.schedulers.scheduling_ddim import DDIMScheduler
+from diffusers.schedulers.scheduling_ddpm import DDPMScheduler
+from torch import Tensor
+
+from lerobot.policies.multi_task_dit.configuration_multi_task_dit import MultiTaskDiTConfig
+from lerobot.utils.import_utils import _transformers_available
+
+# Conditional import for type checking and lazy loading
+if TYPE_CHECKING or _transformers_available:
+    from transformers import CLIPTextModel, CLIPVisionModel
+else:
+    CLIPTextModel = None
+    CLIPVisionModel = None
+from lerobot.policies.pretrained import PreTrainedPolicy
+from lerobot.policies.utils import populate_queues
+from lerobot.utils.constants import (
+    ACTION,
+    OBS_IMAGES,
+    OBS_LANGUAGE_ATTENTION_MASK,
+    OBS_LANGUAGE_TOKENS,
+    OBS_STATE,
+)
+
+# -- Policy --
+
+
+class MultiTaskDiTPolicy(PreTrainedPolicy):
+    config_class = MultiTaskDiTConfig
+    name = "multi_task_dit"
+
+    def __init__(self, config: MultiTaskDiTConfig, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(config)
+        config.validate_features()
+        self.config = config
+
+        self._queues = None
+
+        self.observation_encoder = ObservationEncoder(config)
+        conditioning_dim = self.observation_encoder.conditioning_dim
+        self.noise_predictor = DiffusionTransformer(config, conditioning_dim=conditioning_dim)
+
+        action_dim = config.action_feature.shape[0]
+        horizon = config.horizon
+
+        if config.is_diffusion:
+            self.objective = DiffusionObjective(
+                config,
+                action_dim=action_dim,
+                horizon=horizon,
+                do_mask_loss_for_padding=config.do_mask_loss_for_padding,
+            )
+        elif config.is_flow_matching:
+            self.objective = FlowMatchingObjective(
+                config,
+                action_dim=action_dim,
+                horizon=horizon,
+                do_mask_loss_for_padding=config.do_mask_loss_for_padding,
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported objective: {config.objective}")
+
+        self.reset()
+
+    def get_optim_params(self) -> list:
+        """Returns parameter groups with different learning rates for vision vs non-vision parameters"""
+        non_vision_params = []
+        vision_encoder_params = []
+
+        for name, param in self.named_parameters():
+            if not param.requires_grad:
+                continue
+
+            if "observation_encoder.vision_encoder" in name:
+                vision_encoder_params.append(param)
+            else:
+                non_vision_params.append(param)
+
+        return [
+            {"params": non_vision_params},
+            {
+                "params": vision_encoder_params,
+                "lr": self.config.optimizer_lr * self.config.vision_encoder_lr_multiplier,
+            },
+        ]
+
+    def _generate_actions(self, batch: dict[str, Tensor]) -> Tensor:
+        batch_size, n_obs_steps = batch[OBS_STATE].shape[:2]
+        assert n_obs_steps == self.config.n_obs_steps
+
+        conditioning_vec = self.observation_encoder.encode(batch)
+        actions = self.objective.conditional_sample(self.noise_predictor, batch_size, conditioning_vec)
+
+        start = n_obs_steps - 1
+        end = start + self.config.n_action_steps
+        actions = actions[:, start:end]
+        return actions
+
+    def reset(self):
+        """Clear observation and action queues. Should be called on `env.reset()`"""
+        self._queues = {
+            OBS_STATE: deque(maxlen=self.config.n_obs_steps),
+            ACTION: deque(maxlen=self.config.n_action_steps),
+        }
+
+        if self.config.image_features:
+            self._queues[OBS_IMAGES] = deque(maxlen=self.config.n_obs_steps)
+
+    @torch.no_grad()
+    def predict_action_chunk(self, batch: dict[str, Tensor]) -> Tensor:
+        """Predict a chunk of actions given environment observations"""
+        self.eval()
+
+        for k in batch:
+            if k in self._queues:
+                batch[k] = torch.stack(list(self._queues[k]), dim=1)
+
+        actions = self._generate_actions(batch)
+        return actions
+
+    def _prepare_batch(self, batch: dict[str, Tensor]) -> dict[str, Tensor]:
+        """Prepare batch by stacking image features if needed."""
+        if self.config.image_features:
+            batch = dict(batch)  # shallow copy to avoid modifying original
+            batch[OBS_IMAGES] = torch.stack([batch[key] for key in self.config.image_features], dim=-4)
+
+        return batch
+
+    @torch.no_grad()
+    def select_action(self, batch: dict[str, Tensor]) -> Tensor:
+        """Select a single action given environment observations"""
+        if ACTION in batch:
+            batch = dict(batch)  # shallow copy to avoid modifying original
+            batch.pop(ACTION)
+
+        batch = self._prepare_batch(batch)
+
+        self._queues = populate_queues(self._queues, batch)
+
+        if len(self._queues[ACTION]) == 0:
+            actions = self.predict_action_chunk(batch)
+            self._queues[ACTION].extend(actions.transpose(0, 1))
+
+        action = self._queues[ACTION].popleft()
+        return action
+
+    def forward(self, batch: dict[str, Tensor]) -> tuple[Tensor, dict | None]:
+        """Run the batch through the model and compute the loss for training"""
+        batch = self._prepare_batch(batch)
+
+        conditioning_vec = self.observation_encoder.encode(batch)
+        loss = self.objective.compute_loss(self.noise_predictor, batch, conditioning_vec)
+
+        return loss, None
+
+
+# -- Observation Encoders --
+
+
+class CLIPVisionEncoder(nn.Module):
+    """CLIP vision encoder using the CLS token for global image representation."""
+
+    def __init__(self, model_name: str):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.model_name = model_name
+        self.model = CLIPVisionModel.from_pretrained(self.model_name)
+        self.num_non_spatial_tokens = 1
+        self.embed_dim = self.model.config.hidden_size
+
+    def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        """Encode RGB image to CLS token."""
+        outputs = self.model(pixel_values=x, output_hidden_states=False)
+        cls_token = outputs.last_hidden_state[:, 0]
+        b, embed_dim = cls_token.shape
+        return cls_token.reshape(b, embed_dim, 1, 1)
+
+    def get_output_shape(self) -> tuple:
+        return (self.embed_dim, 1, 1)
+
+
+class CLIPTextEncoder(nn.Module):
+    """CLIP text encoder with frozen weights and a learnable projection layer.
+
+    Accepts pre-tokenized inputs (input_ids and attention_mask) from the processor pipeline. See the processor
+    pipeline to see how the tokenization is handled.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, model_name: str = "openai/clip-vit-base-patch16", projection_dim: int = 512):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.model_name = model_name
+        self.projection_dim = projection_dim
+        self.text_encoder = CLIPTextModel.from_pretrained(model_name)
+
+        for param in self.text_encoder.parameters():
+            param.requires_grad = False
+
+        self.text_embed_dim = self.text_encoder.config.hidden_size
+        self.projection = nn.Linear(self.text_embed_dim, projection_dim)
+
+    def forward(self, input_ids: Tensor, attention_mask: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        """Encode pre-tokenized text to feature vectors."""
+        # Ensure inputs are on the same device as the model
+        device = next(self.parameters()).device
+        input_ids = input_ids.to(device)
+        attention_mask = attention_mask.to(device)
+
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            outputs = self.text_encoder(input_ids=input_ids, attention_mask=attention_mask)
+            clip_features = outputs.pooler_output
+
+        return self.projection(clip_features)
+
+
+class ObservationEncoder(nn.Module):
+    """Handles all observation processing for the conditioning vector."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.config = config
+        self._setup_preprocessing(config)
+
+        if config.image_features:
+            self.num_cameras = len(config.image_features)
+            self.camera_names = list(config.image_features.keys())
+
+            if config.use_separate_rgb_encoder_per_camera:
+                self.vision_encoders = nn.ModuleList(
+                    [CLIPVisionEncoder(model_name=config.vision_encoder_name) for _ in self.camera_names]
+                )
+                self.vision_encoder = None
+            else:
+                self.vision_encoder = CLIPVisionEncoder(model_name=config.vision_encoder_name)
+                self.vision_encoders = None
+        else:
+            self.vision_encoder = None
+            self.vision_encoders = None
+            self.camera_names = []
+            self.num_cameras = 0
+
+        if hasattr(config, "robot_state_feature") and config.robot_state_feature:
+            self.robot_state_dim = config.robot_state_feature.shape[0]
+        else:
+            self.robot_state_dim = 0
+
+        self.text_dim = config.hidden_dim
+        self.text_encoder = CLIPTextEncoder(model_name=config.text_encoder_name, projection_dim=self.text_dim)
+
+        self._setup_vector_output()
+
+    def _apply_preprocessing(self, images: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        if self.do_resize:
+            images = self.resize(images)
+        if self.do_crop:
+            images = self.maybe_random_crop(images) if self.training else self.center_crop(images)
+        return images
+
+    def _setup_preprocessing(self, config):
+        if config.image_resize_shape is not None:
+            self.do_resize = True
+            self.resize = torchvision.transforms.Resize(
+                size=config.image_resize_shape,
+                interpolation=torchvision.transforms.InterpolationMode.BILINEAR,
+                antialias=True,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.do_resize = False
+
+        if config.image_crop_shape is not None:
+            self.do_crop = True
+            self.center_crop = torchvision.transforms.CenterCrop(config.image_crop_shape)
+            if config.image_crop_is_random:
+                self.maybe_random_crop = torchvision.transforms.RandomCrop(config.image_crop_shape)
+            else:
+                self.maybe_random_crop = self.center_crop
+        else:
+            self.do_crop = False
+
+    def _setup_vector_output(self):
+        total_dim = 0
+
+        if self.vision_encoder is not None or self.vision_encoders is not None:
+            encoder_to_check = self.vision_encoder or next(iter(self.vision_encoders))
+            feature_map_shape = encoder_to_check.get_output_shape()
+            c, h, w = feature_map_shape
+            spatial_feature_dim = c * h * w
+            total_dim += spatial_feature_dim * self.num_cameras
+
+        total_dim += self.robot_state_dim
+        total_dim += self.text_dim
+
+        self.conditioning_dim = total_dim * self.config.n_obs_steps
+
+    def encode(self, batch: dict) -> Tensor:
+        """Encode observations to vector format."""
+        batch_size, n_obs_steps = batch[OBS_STATE].shape[:2]
+        conditioning_feats = []
+
+        conditioning_feats.append(batch[OBS_STATE])
+
+        if self.vision_encoder is not None or self.vision_encoders is not None:
+            images = batch[OBS_IMAGES]
+
+            if len(images.shape) == 5:
+                images = images.unsqueeze(1)
+
+            if self.config.use_separate_rgb_encoder_per_camera:
+                camera_features = []
+                for cam_idx in range(self.num_cameras):
+                    cam_images = images[:, :, cam_idx]
+                    cam_images_flat = einops.rearrange(cam_images, "b s c h w -> (b s) c h w")
+                    cam_images_flat = self._apply_preprocessing(cam_images_flat)
+                    cam_features = self.vision_encoders[cam_idx](cam_images_flat)
+                    cam_visual_features = cam_features.flatten(start_dim=1)
+                    cam_features_reshaped = einops.rearrange(
+                        cam_visual_features, "(b s) f -> b s f", b=batch_size, s=n_obs_steps
+                    )
+                    camera_features.append(cam_features_reshaped)
+                img_features = torch.cat(camera_features, dim=-1)
+                conditioning_feats.append(img_features)
+            else:
+                images_flat = einops.rearrange(images, "b s n c h w -> (b s n) c h w")
+                images_flat = self._apply_preprocessing(images_flat)
+                visual_features = self.vision_encoder(images_flat).flatten(start_dim=1)
+                img_features = einops.rearrange(
+                    visual_features, "(b s n) f -> b s (n f)", b=batch_size, s=n_obs_steps, n=self.num_cameras
+                )
+                conditioning_feats.append(img_features)
+
+        if self.text_encoder is not None and OBS_LANGUAGE_TOKENS in batch:
+            input_ids = batch[OBS_LANGUAGE_TOKENS]  # [batch_size, seq_length]
+            attention_mask = batch[OBS_LANGUAGE_ATTENTION_MASK]  # [batch_size, seq_length]
+
+            text_features = self.text_encoder(input_ids, attention_mask)
+
+            text_features = text_features.unsqueeze(1).expand(-1, n_obs_steps, -1)
+            conditioning_feats.append(text_features)
+
+        combined_features = torch.cat(conditioning_feats, dim=-1)
+        return combined_features.flatten(start_dim=1)
+
+
+# -- Transformer Components --
+
+
+def modulate(x: Tensor, shift: Tensor, scale: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+    """Modulate input with shift and scale for AdaLN-Zero."""
+    return x * (1 + scale) + shift
+
+
+class SinusoidalPosEmb(nn.Module):
+    """Sinusoidal positional embeddings for timesteps."""
+
+    def __init__(self, dim: int):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.dim = dim
+
+    def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        device = x.device
+        half_dim = self.dim // 2
+        emb = math.log(10000) / (half_dim - 1)
+        emb = torch.exp(torch.arange(half_dim, device=device) * -emb)
+        emb = x[:, None] * emb[None, :]
+        emb = torch.cat((emb.sin(), emb.cos()), dim=-1)
+        return emb
+
+
+class RotaryPositionalEmbedding(nn.Module):
+    """Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) for transformers."""
+
+    def __init__(self, head_dim: int, max_seq_len: int = 512, base: float = 10000.0):
+        super().__init__()
+        assert head_dim % 2 == 0, "head_dim must be even for RoPE"
+
+        self.head_dim = head_dim
+        self.max_seq_len = max_seq_len
+        self.base = base
+
+        inv_freq = 1.0 / (base ** (torch.arange(0, head_dim, 2).float() / head_dim))
+        self.register_buffer("inv_freq", inv_freq, persistent=False)
+        self._precompute_cache(max_seq_len)
+
+    def _precompute_cache(self, seq_len: int):
+        t = torch.arange(seq_len, dtype=self.inv_freq.dtype)
+        freqs = torch.outer(t, self.inv_freq)
+        emb = torch.cat((freqs, freqs), dim=-1)
+        self.register_buffer("_cos_cached", emb.cos()[None, None, :, :], persistent=False)
+        self.register_buffer("_sin_cached", emb.sin()[None, None, :, :], persistent=False)
+
+    def _rotate_half(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        x1 = x[..., : x.shape[-1] // 2]
+        x2 = x[..., x.shape[-1] // 2 :]
+        return torch.cat((-x2, x1), dim=-1)
+
+    def forward(self, q: Tensor, k: Tensor) -> tuple[Tensor, Tensor]:
+        seq_len = q.shape[2]
+        if seq_len > self.max_seq_len:
+            raise ValueError(f"Sequence length {seq_len} exceeds max_seq_len {self.max_seq_len}.")
+
+        cos = self._cos_cached[:, :, :seq_len, :].to(q.dtype)
+        sin = self._sin_cached[:, :, :seq_len, :].to(q.dtype)
+
+        q_rotated = (q * cos) + (self._rotate_half(q) * sin)
+        k_rotated = (k * cos) + (self._rotate_half(k) * sin)
+        return q_rotated, k_rotated
+
+
+class RoPEAttention(nn.Module):
+    """Multi-head self-attention with Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE)."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        hidden_size: int,
+        num_heads: int,
+        dropout: float = 0.0,
+        max_seq_len: int = 512,
+        rope_base: float = 10000.0,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        assert hidden_size % num_heads == 0, "hidden_size must be divisible by num_heads"
+
+        self.hidden_size = hidden_size
+        self.num_heads = num_heads
+        self.head_dim = hidden_size // num_heads
+        self.scale = self.head_dim**-0.5
+
+        self.qkv_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_size, 3 * hidden_size, bias=True)
+        self.out_proj = nn.Linear(hidden_size, hidden_size, bias=True)
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout) if dropout > 0 else nn.Identity()
+        self.rope = RotaryPositionalEmbedding(head_dim=self.head_dim, max_seq_len=max_seq_len, base=rope_base)
+
+    def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        B, T, _ = x.shape  # noqa: N806
+
+        qkv = self.qkv_proj(x)
+        qkv = qkv.reshape(B, T, 3, self.num_heads, self.head_dim)
+        qkv = qkv.permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)
+        q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]
+
+        q, k = self.rope(q, k)
+
+        attn_out = torch.nn.functional.scaled_dot_product_attention(
+            q,
+            k,
+            v,
+            dropout_p=self.dropout.p if isinstance(self.dropout, nn.Dropout) and self.training else 0.0,
+        )
+
+        attn_out = attn_out.transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, T, self.hidden_size)
+        return self.out_proj(attn_out)
+
+
+class TransformerBlock(nn.Module):
+    """DiT-style transformer block with AdaLN-Zero."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        hidden_size: int = 128,
+        num_heads: int = 4,
+        num_features: int = 128,
+        dropout: float = 0.0,
+        use_rope: bool = False,
+        max_seq_len: int = 512,
+        rope_base: float = 10000.0,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.use_rope = use_rope
+
+        if use_rope:
+            self.attn = RoPEAttention(
+                hidden_size=hidden_size,
+                num_heads=num_heads,
+                dropout=dropout,
+                max_seq_len=max_seq_len,
+                rope_base=rope_base,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.multihead_attn = nn.MultiheadAttention(
+                hidden_size, num_heads=num_heads, batch_first=True, dropout=dropout
+            )
+
+        self.norm1 = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_size, elementwise_affine=False, eps=1e-6)
+        self.norm2 = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_size, elementwise_affine=False, eps=1e-6)
+
+        self.mlp = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.Linear(hidden_size, hidden_size * 4),
+            nn.GELU(approximate="tanh"),
+            nn.Linear(hidden_size * 4, hidden_size),
+        )
+
+        self.adaLN_modulation = nn.Sequential(nn.SiLU(), nn.Linear(num_features, 6 * hidden_size, bias=True))
+
+    def forward(self, x: Tensor, features: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        shift_msa, scale_msa, gate_msa, shift_mlp, scale_mlp, gate_mlp = self.adaLN_modulation(
+            features
+        ).chunk(6, dim=1)
+
+        attn_input = modulate(self.norm1(x), shift_msa.unsqueeze(1), scale_msa.unsqueeze(1))
+
+        if self.use_rope:
+            attn_out = self.attn(attn_input)
+        else:
+            attn_out, _ = self.multihead_attn(attn_input, attn_input, attn_input)
+
+        x = x + gate_msa.unsqueeze(1) * attn_out
+
+        mlp_input = modulate(self.norm2(x), shift_mlp.unsqueeze(1), scale_mlp.unsqueeze(1))
+        mlp_out = self.mlp(mlp_input)
+        x = x + gate_mlp.unsqueeze(1) * mlp_out
+
+        return x
+
+
+class DiffusionTransformer(nn.Module):
+    """Transformer-based diffusion noise prediction model."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config, conditioning_dim: int):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.config = config
+        self.conditioning_dim = conditioning_dim
+
+        self.action_dim = config.action_feature.shape[0]
+        self.horizon = config.horizon
+        self.hidden_size = config.hidden_dim
+        self.num_layers = config.num_layers
+        self.num_heads = config.num_heads
+        self.dropout = config.dropout
+        self.use_rope = config.use_rope
+
+        self.timestep_embed_dim = config.timestep_embed_dim
+        self.time_mlp = nn.Sequential(
+            SinusoidalPosEmb(self.timestep_embed_dim),
+            nn.Linear(self.timestep_embed_dim, 2 * self.timestep_embed_dim),
+            nn.GELU(),
+            nn.Linear(2 * self.timestep_embed_dim, self.timestep_embed_dim),
+            nn.GELU(),
+        )
+
+        self.cond_dim = self.timestep_embed_dim + conditioning_dim
+        self.input_proj = nn.Linear(self.action_dim, self.hidden_size)
+
+        if config.use_positional_encoding:
+            self.pos_embedding = nn.Parameter(
+                torch.empty(1, self.horizon, self.hidden_size).normal_(std=0.02)
+            )
+        else:
+            self.pos_embedding = None
+
+        self.transformer_blocks = nn.ModuleList(
+            [
+                TransformerBlock(
+                    hidden_size=self.hidden_size,
+                    num_heads=self.num_heads,
+                    num_features=self.cond_dim,
+                    dropout=self.dropout,
+                    use_rope=self.use_rope,
+                    max_seq_len=self.horizon,
+                    rope_base=config.rope_base,
+                )
+                for _ in range(self.num_layers)
+            ]
+        )
+
+        self.output_proj = nn.Linear(self.hidden_size, self.action_dim)
+        self._initialize_weights()
+
+    def _initialize_weights(self):
+        for block in self.transformer_blocks:
+            nn.init.constant_(block.adaLN_modulation[-1].weight, 0)
+            nn.init.constant_(block.adaLN_modulation[-1].bias, 0)
+
+    def forward(self, x: Tensor, timestep: Tensor, conditioning_vec: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        _, seq_len, _ = x.shape
+
+        timestep_features = self.time_mlp(timestep)
+        cond_features = torch.cat([timestep_features, conditioning_vec], dim=-1)
+
+        hidden_seq = self.input_proj(x)
+
+        if self.pos_embedding is not None:
+            hidden_seq = hidden_seq + self.pos_embedding[:, :seq_len, :]
+
+        for block in self.transformer_blocks:
+            hidden_seq = block(hidden_seq, cond_features)
+
+        return self.output_proj(hidden_seq)
+
+
+# -- Objectives --
+
+
+class DiffusionObjective(nn.Module):
+    """Standard diffusion (DDPM/DDIM) objective implementation."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config, action_dim: int, horizon: int, do_mask_loss_for_padding: bool = False):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.config = config
+        self.action_dim = action_dim
+        self.horizon = horizon
+        self.do_mask_loss_for_padding = do_mask_loss_for_padding
+
+        scheduler_kwargs = {
+            "num_train_timesteps": config.num_train_timesteps,
+            "beta_start": config.beta_start,
+            "beta_end": config.beta_end,
+            "beta_schedule": config.beta_schedule,
+            "clip_sample": config.clip_sample,
+            "clip_sample_range": config.clip_sample_range,
+            "prediction_type": config.prediction_type,
+        }
+
+        if config.noise_scheduler_type == "DDPM":
+            self.noise_scheduler: DDPMScheduler | DDIMScheduler = DDPMScheduler(**scheduler_kwargs)
+        elif config.noise_scheduler_type == "DDIM":
+            self.noise_scheduler = DDIMScheduler(**scheduler_kwargs)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported noise scheduler type {config.noise_scheduler_type}")
+
+        self.num_inference_steps = (
+            config.num_inference_steps
+            if config.num_inference_steps is not None
+            else self.noise_scheduler.config.num_train_timesteps
+        )
+
+    def compute_loss(self, model: nn.Module, batch: dict[str, Tensor], conditioning_vec: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        clean_actions = batch[ACTION]
+        noise = torch.randn_like(clean_actions)
+        timesteps = torch.randint(
+            low=0,
+            high=self.noise_scheduler.config.num_train_timesteps,
+            size=(clean_actions.shape[0],),
+            device=clean_actions.device,
+        ).long()
+        noisy_actions = self.noise_scheduler.add_noise(clean_actions, noise, timesteps)
+
+        prediction_type = self.noise_scheduler.config.prediction_type
+        if prediction_type == "epsilon":
+            target = noise
+        elif prediction_type == "sample":
+            target = clean_actions
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported prediction type: {prediction_type}")
+
+        predicted = model(noisy_actions, timesteps, conditioning_vec=conditioning_vec)
+        loss = F.mse_loss(predicted, target, reduction="none")
+
+        if self.do_mask_loss_for_padding and "action_is_pad" in batch:
+            valid_actions = ~batch["action_is_pad"]
+            loss = loss * valid_actions.unsqueeze(-1)
+
+        return loss.mean()
+
+    def conditional_sample(self, model: nn.Module, batch_size: int, conditioning_vec: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        device = next(model.parameters()).device
+        dtype = next(model.parameters()).dtype
+
+        sample = torch.randn(
+            size=(batch_size, self.horizon, self.action_dim),
+            dtype=dtype,
+            device=device,
+        )
+
+        self.noise_scheduler.set_timesteps(self.num_inference_steps)
+        for t in self.noise_scheduler.timesteps:
+            model_output = model(
+                sample,
+                torch.full(sample.shape[:1], t, dtype=torch.long, device=sample.device),
+                conditioning_vec=conditioning_vec,
+            )
+            sample = self.noise_scheduler.step(model_output, t, sample).prev_sample
+
+        return sample
+
+
+class FlowMatchingObjective(nn.Module):
+    """Flow matching objective: trains a model to predict velocity fields."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config, action_dim: int, horizon: int, do_mask_loss_for_padding: bool = False):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.config = config
+        self.action_dim = action_dim
+        self.horizon = horizon
+        self.do_mask_loss_for_padding = do_mask_loss_for_padding
+
+    def _sample_timesteps(self, batch_size: int, device: torch.device) -> Tensor:
+        if self.config.timestep_sampling_strategy == "uniform":
+            return torch.rand(batch_size, device=device)
+        elif self.config.timestep_sampling_strategy == "beta":
+            beta_dist = torch.distributions.Beta(
+                self.config.timestep_sampling_alpha, self.config.timestep_sampling_beta
+            )
+            u = beta_dist.sample((batch_size,)).to(device)
+            return self.config.timestep_sampling_s * (1.0 - u)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unknown timestep strategy: {self.config.timestep_sampling_strategy}")
+
+    def compute_loss(self, model: nn.Module, batch: dict[str, Tensor], conditioning_vec: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        data = batch[ACTION]
+        batch_size = data.shape[0]
+        device = data.device
+
+        noise = torch.randn_like(data)
+        t = self._sample_timesteps(batch_size, device)
+        t_expanded = t.view(-1, 1, 1)
+        x_t = t_expanded * data + (1 - (1 - self.config.sigma_min) * t_expanded) * noise
+
+        target_velocity = data - (1 - self.config.sigma_min) * noise
+        predicted_velocity = model(x_t, t, conditioning_vec=conditioning_vec)
+        loss = F.mse_loss(predicted_velocity, target_velocity, reduction="none")
+
+        if self.do_mask_loss_for_padding and "action_is_pad" in batch:
+            valid_mask = ~batch["action_is_pad"]
+            loss = loss * valid_mask.unsqueeze(-1)
+
+        return loss.mean()
+
+    def conditional_sample(self, model: nn.Module, batch_size: int, conditioning_vec: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        device = next(model.parameters()).device
+        dtype = next(model.parameters()).dtype
+
+        x = torch.randn((batch_size, self.horizon, self.action_dim), dtype=dtype, device=device)
+
+        num_steps = self.config.num_integration_steps
+        time_grid = torch.linspace(0, 1, num_steps + 1, device=device)
+
+        if self.config.integration_method == "euler":
+            x = self._euler_integrate(model, x, time_grid, conditioning_vec)
+        elif self.config.integration_method == "rk4":
+            x = self._rk4_integrate(model, x, time_grid, conditioning_vec)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unknown integration method: {self.config.integration_method}")
+
+        return x
+
+    def _euler_integrate(
+        self, model: nn.Module, x_init: Tensor, time_grid: Tensor, conditioning_vec: Tensor
+    ) -> Tensor:
+        x = x_init
+        for i in range(len(time_grid) - 1):
+            t_scalar = time_grid[i].item()
+            dt = (time_grid[i + 1] - time_grid[i]).item()
+            t_batch = torch.full((x.shape[0],), t_scalar, dtype=x.dtype, device=x.device)
+            with torch.no_grad():
+                velocity = model(x, t_batch, conditioning_vec=conditioning_vec)
+            x = x + dt * velocity
+        return x
+
+    def _rk4_integrate(
+        self, model: nn.Module, x_init: Tensor, time_grid: Tensor, conditioning_vec: Tensor
+    ) -> Tensor:
+        x = x_init
+
+        def dynamics(x_val: Tensor, t_scalar: float) -> Tensor:
+            t_batch = torch.full((x_val.shape[0],), t_scalar, dtype=x_val.dtype, device=x_val.device)
+            with torch.no_grad():
+                return model(x_val, t_batch, conditioning_vec=conditioning_vec)
+
+        for i in range(len(time_grid) - 1):
+            t = time_grid[i].item()
+            dt = (time_grid[i + 1] - time_grid[i]).item()
+
+            k1 = dynamics(x, t)
+            k2 = dynamics(x + dt * k1 / 2, t + dt / 2)
+            k3 = dynamics(x + dt * k2 / 2, t + dt / 2)
+            k4 = dynamics(x + dt * k3, t + dt)
+
+            x = x + dt / 6 * (k1 + 2 * k2 + 2 * k3 + k4)
+
+        return x

src/lerobot/policies/multi_task_dit/processor_multi_task_dit.py

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright 2025 Bryson Jones and The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from typing import Any
+
+import torch
+
+from lerobot.policies.multi_task_dit.configuration_multi_task_dit import MultiTaskDiTConfig
+from lerobot.processor import (
+    AddBatchDimensionProcessorStep,
+    DeviceProcessorStep,
+    NormalizerProcessorStep,
+    PolicyAction,
+    PolicyProcessorPipeline,
+    RenameObservationsProcessorStep,
+    TokenizerProcessorStep,
+    UnnormalizerProcessorStep,
+)
+from lerobot.processor.converters import policy_action_to_transition, transition_to_policy_action
+from lerobot.utils.constants import POLICY_POSTPROCESSOR_DEFAULT_NAME, POLICY_PREPROCESSOR_DEFAULT_NAME
+
+
+def make_multi_task_dit_pre_post_processors(
+    config: MultiTaskDiTConfig,
+    dataset_stats: dict[str, dict[str, torch.Tensor]] | None = None,
+) -> tuple[
+    PolicyProcessorPipeline[dict[str, Any], dict[str, Any]],
+    PolicyProcessorPipeline[PolicyAction, PolicyAction],
+]:
+    """
+    Constructs pre-processor and post-processor pipelines for a Multi-Task DiT policy.
+
+    The pre-processing pipeline prepares the input data for the model by:
+    1. Renaming features.
+    2. Adding a batch dimension.
+    3. Tokenizing the language task description (if present).
+    4. Moving the data to the specified device.
+    5. Normalizing the input and output features based on dataset statistics.
+
+    The post-processing pipeline handles the model's output by:
+    1. Unnormalizing the output features to their original scale.
+    2. Moving the data to the CPU.
+
+    Args:
+        config: The configuration object for the Multi-Task DiT policy,
+            containing feature definitions, normalization mappings, and device information.
+        dataset_stats: A dictionary of statistics used for normalization.
+            Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        A tuple containing the configured pre-processor and post-processor pipelines.
+    """
+
+    input_steps = [
+        RenameObservationsProcessorStep(rename_map={}),
+        AddBatchDimensionProcessorStep(),
+        TokenizerProcessorStep(
+            tokenizer_name=config.text_encoder_name,
+            padding=config.tokenizer_padding,
+            padding_side=config.tokenizer_padding_side,
+            max_length=config.tokenizer_max_length,
+            truncation=config.tokenizer_truncation,
+        ),
+        DeviceProcessorStep(device=config.device),
+        NormalizerProcessorStep(
+            features={**config.input_features, **config.output_features},
+            norm_map=config.normalization_mapping,
+            stats=dataset_stats,
+            device=config.device,
+        ),
+    ]
+    output_steps = [
+        UnnormalizerProcessorStep(
+            features=config.output_features,
+            norm_map=config.normalization_mapping,
+            stats=dataset_stats,
+        ),
+        DeviceProcessorStep(device="cpu"),
+    ]
+
+    return (
+        PolicyProcessorPipeline[dict[str, Any], dict[str, Any]](
+            steps=input_steps,
+            name=POLICY_PREPROCESSOR_DEFAULT_NAME,
+        ),
+        PolicyProcessorPipeline[PolicyAction, PolicyAction](
+            steps=output_steps,
+            name=POLICY_POSTPROCESSOR_DEFAULT_NAME,
+            to_transition=policy_action_to_transition,
+            to_output=transition_to_policy_action,
+        ),
+    )

src/lerobot/policies/pi0/modeling_pi0.py

@@ -15,16 +15,16 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import builtins
+import copy
 import logging
 import math
 from collections import deque
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal, TypedDict
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal, TypedDict, Unpack
 
 import torch
 import torch.nn.functional as F  # noqa: N812
 from torch import Tensor, nn
-from typing_extensions import Unpack
 
 from lerobot.utils.import_utils import _transformers_available
 
@@ -32,13 +32,21 @@ from lerobot.utils.import_utils import _transformers_available
 if TYPE_CHECKING or _transformers_available:
     from transformers.models.auto import CONFIG_MAPPING
     from transformers.models.gemma import modeling_gemma
-    from transformers.models.gemma.modeling_gemma import GemmaForCausalLM
-    from transformers.models.paligemma.modeling_paligemma import PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration
+
+    from lerobot.policies.pi_gemma import (
+        PaliGemmaForConditionalGenerationWithPiGemma,
+        PiGemmaForCausalLM,
+        _gated_residual,
+        layernorm_forward,
+    )
 else:
     CONFIG_MAPPING = None
     modeling_gemma = None
-    GemmaForCausalLM = None
-    PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration = None
+    PiGemmaForCausalLM = None
+    _gated_residual = None
+    layernorm_forward = None
+    PaliGemmaForConditionalGenerationWithPiGemma = None
+
 
 from lerobot.configs.policies import PreTrainedConfig
 from lerobot.policies.pi0.configuration_pi0 import DEFAULT_IMAGE_SIZE, PI0Config
@@ -191,7 +199,7 @@ def resize_with_pad_torch(  # see openpi `resize_with_pad_torch` (exact copy)
     if images.dtype == torch.uint8:
         resized_images = torch.round(resized_images).clamp(0, 255).to(torch.uint8)
     elif images.dtype == torch.float32:
-        resized_images = resized_images.clamp(-1.0, 1.0)
+        resized_images = resized_images.clamp(0.0, 1.0)
     else:
         raise ValueError(f"Unsupported image dtype: {images.dtype}")
 
@@ -202,7 +210,7 @@ def resize_with_pad_torch(  # see openpi `resize_with_pad_torch` (exact copy)
     pad_w1 = pad_w0 + remainder_w
 
     # Pad
-    constant_value = 0 if images.dtype == torch.uint8 else -1.0
+    constant_value = 0 if images.dtype == torch.uint8 else 0.0
     padded_images = F.pad(
         resized_images,
         (pad_w0, pad_w1, pad_h0, pad_h1),  # left, right, top, bottom
@@ -221,14 +229,14 @@ def resize_with_pad_torch(  # see openpi `resize_with_pad_torch` (exact copy)
 def compute_layer_complete(
     layer_idx, inputs_embeds, attention_mask, position_ids, adarms_cond, paligemma, gemma_expert
 ):
-    models = [paligemma.language_model, gemma_expert.model]
+    models = [paligemma.model.language_model, gemma_expert.model]
     query_states = []
     key_states = []
     value_states = []
     gates = []
     for i, hidden_states in enumerate(inputs_embeds):
         layer = models[i].layers[layer_idx]
-        hidden_states, gate = layer.input_layernorm(hidden_states, cond=adarms_cond[i])  # noqa: PLW2901
+        hidden_states, gate = layernorm_forward(layer.input_layernorm, hidden_states, adarms_cond[i])
         gates.append(gate)
         input_shape = hidden_states.shape[:-1]
         hidden_shape = (*input_shape, -1, layer.self_attn.head_dim)
@@ -254,10 +262,10 @@ def compute_layer_complete(
         query_states, key_states, cos, sin, unsqueeze_dim=1
     )
     batch_size = query_states.shape[0]
-    scaling = paligemma.language_model.layers[layer_idx].self_attn.scaling
+    scaling = paligemma.model.language_model.layers[layer_idx].self_attn.scaling
     # Attention computation
     att_output, _ = modeling_gemma.eager_attention_forward(
-        paligemma.language_model.layers[layer_idx].self_attn,
+        paligemma.model.language_model.layers[layer_idx].self_attn,
         query_states,
         key_states,
         value_states,
@@ -265,7 +273,7 @@ def compute_layer_complete(
         scaling,
     )
     # Get head_dim from the current layer, not from the model
-    head_dim = paligemma.language_model.layers[layer_idx].self_attn.head_dim
+    head_dim = paligemma.model.language_model.layers[layer_idx].self_attn.head_dim
     att_output = att_output.reshape(batch_size, -1, 1 * 8 * head_dim)
     # Process layer outputs
     outputs_embeds = []
@@ -277,15 +285,15 @@ def compute_layer_complete(
             att_output = att_output.to(layer.self_attn.o_proj.weight.dtype)
         out_emb = layer.self_attn.o_proj(att_output[:, start_pos:end_pos])
         # first residual
-        out_emb = modeling_gemma._gated_residual(hidden_states, out_emb, gates[i])  # noqa: SLF001
+        out_emb = _gated_residual(hidden_states, out_emb, gates[i])
         after_first_residual = out_emb.clone()
-        out_emb, gate = layer.post_attention_layernorm(out_emb, cond=adarms_cond[i])
+        out_emb, gate = layernorm_forward(layer.post_attention_layernorm, out_emb, adarms_cond[i])
         # Convert to bfloat16 if the next layer (mlp) uses bfloat16
         if layer.mlp.up_proj.weight.dtype == torch.bfloat16:
             out_emb = out_emb.to(dtype=torch.bfloat16)
         out_emb = layer.mlp(out_emb)
         # second residual
-        out_emb = modeling_gemma._gated_residual(after_first_residual, out_emb, gate)  # noqa: SLF001
+        out_emb = _gated_residual(after_first_residual, out_emb, gate)
         outputs_embeds.append(out_emb)
         start_pos = end_pos
     return outputs_embeds
@@ -358,7 +366,7 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
         vlm_config_hf.text_config.num_hidden_layers = vlm_config.depth
         vlm_config_hf.text_config.num_key_value_heads = vlm_config.num_kv_heads
         vlm_config_hf.text_config.hidden_activation = "gelu_pytorch_tanh"
-        vlm_config_hf.text_config.torch_dtype = "float32"
+        vlm_config_hf.text_config.dtype = "float32"
         vlm_config_hf.text_config.vocab_size = 257152
         vlm_config_hf.text_config.use_adarms = use_adarms[0]
         vlm_config_hf.text_config.adarms_cond_dim = vlm_config.width if use_adarms[0] else None
@@ -366,7 +374,7 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
         vlm_config_hf.vision_config.intermediate_size = 4304
         vlm_config_hf.vision_config.projection_dim = 2048
         vlm_config_hf.vision_config.projector_hidden_act = "gelu_fast"
-        vlm_config_hf.vision_config.torch_dtype = "float32"
+        vlm_config_hf.vision_config.dtype = "float32"
 
         action_expert_config_hf = CONFIG_MAPPING["gemma"](
             head_dim=action_expert_config.head_dim,
@@ -377,13 +385,13 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
             num_key_value_heads=action_expert_config.num_kv_heads,
             vocab_size=257152,
             hidden_activation="gelu_pytorch_tanh",
-            torch_dtype="float32",
+            dtype="float32",
             use_adarms=use_adarms[1],
             adarms_cond_dim=action_expert_config.width if use_adarms[1] else None,
         )
 
-        self.paligemma = PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration(config=vlm_config_hf)
-        self.gemma_expert = GemmaForCausalLM(config=action_expert_config_hf)
+        self.paligemma = PaliGemmaForConditionalGenerationWithPiGemma(config=vlm_config_hf)
+        self.gemma_expert = PiGemmaForCausalLM(config=action_expert_config_hf)
         self.gemma_expert.model.embed_tokens = None
 
         self.to_bfloat16_for_selected_params(precision)
@@ -398,10 +406,11 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
         else:
             raise ValueError(f"Invalid precision: {precision}")
 
+        # Keep full vision path in float32 so we never toggle (toggle causes optimizer
+        # "same dtype" error). Align with PI05.
         params_to_keep_float32 = [
-            "vision_tower.vision_model.embeddings.patch_embedding.weight",
-            "vision_tower.vision_model.embeddings.patch_embedding.bias",
-            "vision_tower.vision_model.embeddings.position_embedding.weight",
+            "vision_tower",
+            "multi_modal_projector",
             "input_layernorm",
             "post_attention_layernorm",
             "model.norm",
@@ -413,8 +422,8 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
 
     def _set_requires_grad(self):
         if self.freeze_vision_encoder:
-            self.paligemma.vision_tower.eval()
-            for param in self.paligemma.vision_tower.parameters():
+            self.paligemma.model.vision_tower.eval()
+            for param in self.paligemma.model.vision_tower.parameters():
                 param.requires_grad = False
         if self.train_expert_only:
             self.paligemma.eval()
@@ -424,15 +433,23 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
     def train(self, mode: bool = True):
         super().train(mode)
         if self.freeze_vision_encoder:
-            self.paligemma.vision_tower.eval()
+            self.paligemma.model.vision_tower.eval()
         if self.train_expert_only:
             self.paligemma.eval()
 
     def embed_image(self, image: torch.Tensor):
-        return self.paligemma.model.get_image_features(image)
+        # Vision tower and multi_modal_projector are kept in float32 (params_to_keep_float32). Align with PI05.
+        out_dtype = image.dtype
+        if image.dtype != torch.float32:
+            image = image.to(torch.float32)
+        image_outputs = self.paligemma.model.get_image_features(image)
+        features = image_outputs.pooler_output * self.paligemma.config.text_config.hidden_size**0.5
+        if features.dtype != out_dtype:
+            features = features.to(out_dtype)
+        return features
 
     def embed_language_tokens(self, tokens: torch.Tensor):
-        return self.paligemma.language_model.embed_tokens(tokens)
+        return self.paligemma.model.language_model.embed_tokens(tokens)
 
     def forward(
         self,
@@ -446,7 +463,7 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
         if adarms_cond is None:
             adarms_cond = [None, None]
         if inputs_embeds[1] is None:
-            prefix_output = self.paligemma.language_model.forward(
+            prefix_output = self.paligemma.model.language_model.forward(
                 inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds[0],
                 attention_mask=attention_mask,
                 position_ids=position_ids,
@@ -470,7 +487,7 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
             prefix_output = None
             prefix_past_key_values = None
         else:
-            models = [self.paligemma.language_model, self.gemma_expert.model]
+            models = [self.paligemma.model.language_model, self.gemma_expert.model]
             num_layers = self.paligemma.config.text_config.num_hidden_layers
 
             # Check if gradient checkpointing is enabled for any of the models
@@ -510,7 +527,7 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
             def compute_final_norms(inputs_embeds, adarms_cond):
                 outputs_embeds = []
                 for i, hidden_states in enumerate(inputs_embeds):
-                    out_emb, _ = models[i].norm(hidden_states, cond=adarms_cond[i])
+                    out_emb, _ = layernorm_forward(models[i].norm, hidden_states, adarms_cond[i])
                     outputs_embeds.append(out_emb)
                 return outputs_embeds
 
@@ -576,29 +593,19 @@ class PI0Pytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
             # Also compile the main forward pass used during training
             self.forward = torch.compile(self.forward, mode=config.compile_mode)
 
-        msg = """An incorrect transformer version is used, please create an issue on https://github.com/huggingface/lerobot/issues"""
-
-        try:
-            from transformers.models.siglip import check
-
-            if not check.check_whether_transformers_replace_is_installed_correctly():
-                raise ValueError(msg)
-        except ImportError:
-            raise ValueError(msg) from None
-
     def gradient_checkpointing_enable(self):
         """Enable gradient checkpointing for memory optimization."""
         self.gradient_checkpointing_enabled = True
-        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.language_model.gradient_checkpointing = True
-        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.vision_tower.gradient_checkpointing = True
+        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.language_model.gradient_checkpointing = True
+        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.vision_tower.gradient_checkpointing = True
         self.paligemma_with_expert.gemma_expert.model.gradient_checkpointing = True
         logging.info("Enabled gradient checkpointing for PI0Pytorch model")
 
     def gradient_checkpointing_disable(self):
         """Disable gradient checkpointing."""
         self.gradient_checkpointing_enabled = False
-        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.language_model.gradient_checkpointing = False
-        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.vision_tower.gradient_checkpointing = False
+        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.language_model.gradient_checkpointing = False
+        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.vision_tower.gradient_checkpointing = False
         self.paligemma_with_expert.gemma_expert.model.gradient_checkpointing = False
         logging.info("Disabled gradient checkpointing for PI0Pytorch model")
 
@@ -760,7 +767,7 @@ class PI0Pytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
         suffix_embs, suffix_pad_masks, suffix_att_masks, adarms_cond = self.embed_suffix(state, x_t, time)
 
         if (
-            self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.language_model.layers[0].self_attn.q_proj.weight.dtype
+            self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.language_model.layers[0].self_attn.q_proj.weight.dtype
             == torch.bfloat16
         ):
             suffix_embs = suffix_embs.to(dtype=torch.bfloat16)
@@ -834,7 +841,7 @@ class PI0Pytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
         prefix_position_ids = torch.cumsum(prefix_pad_masks, dim=1) - 1
 
         prefix_att_2d_masks_4d = self._prepare_attention_masks_4d(prefix_att_2d_masks)
-        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.language_model.config._attn_implementation = "eager"  # noqa: SLF001
+        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.language_model.config._attn_implementation = "eager"  # noqa: SLF001
 
         _, past_key_values = self.paligemma_with_expert.forward(
             attention_mask=prefix_att_2d_masks_4d,
@@ -908,6 +915,7 @@ class PI0Pytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
         full_att_2d_masks_4d = self._prepare_attention_masks_4d(full_att_2d_masks)
         self.paligemma_with_expert.gemma_expert.model.config._attn_implementation = "eager"  # noqa: SLF001
 
+        past_key_values = copy.deepcopy(past_key_values)
         outputs_embeds, _ = self.paligemma_with_expert.forward(
             attention_mask=full_att_2d_masks_4d,
             position_ids=position_ids,
@@ -997,14 +1005,12 @@ class PI0Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
         # Check if dataset_stats were provided in kwargs
         model = cls(config, **kwargs)
 
-        # Now manually load and remap the state dict
+        # Load state dict (expects keys with "model." prefix)
         try:
-            # Try to load the pytorch_model.bin or model.safetensors file
             print(f"Loading model from: {pretrained_name_or_path}")
             try:
                 from transformers.utils import cached_file
 
-                # Try safetensors first
                 resolved_file = cached_file(
                     pretrained_name_or_path,
                     "model.safetensors",
@@ -1012,7 +1018,7 @@ class PI0Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
                     force_download=kwargs.get("force_download", False),
                     resume_download=kwargs.get("resume_download"),
                     proxies=kwargs.get("proxies"),
-                    use_auth_token=kwargs.get("use_auth_token"),
+                    token=kwargs.get("token"),
                     revision=kwargs.get("revision"),
                     local_files_only=kwargs.get("local_files_only", False),
                 )
@@ -1025,7 +1031,7 @@ class PI0Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
                 print("Returning model without loading pretrained weights")
                 return model
 
-            # First, fix any key differences # see openpi `model.py, _fix_pytorch_state_dict_keys`
+            # First, fix any key differences (see openpi model.py, _fix_pytorch_state_dict_keys)
             fixed_state_dict = model._fix_pytorch_state_dict_keys(original_state_dict, model.config)
 
             # Then add "model." prefix for all keys that don't already have it
@@ -1070,7 +1076,7 @@ class PI0Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
                 print("All keys loaded successfully!")
 
         except Exception as e:
-            print(f"Warning: Could not remap state dict keys: {e}")
+            print(f"Warning: Could not load state dict: {e}")
 
         return model
 
@@ -1120,6 +1126,14 @@ class PI0Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
                 # Some checkpoints might have this, but current model expects different structure
                 logging.warning(f"Vision embedding key might need handling: {key}")
 
+            if (
+                key == "model.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.lm_head.weight"
+                or key == "paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.lm_head.weight"
+            ):
+                fixed_state_dict[
+                    "model.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.language_model.embed_tokens.weight"
+                ] = value.clone()
+
             fixed_state_dict[new_key] = value
 
         return fixed_state_dict

src/lerobot/policies/pi05/modeling_pi05.py

@@ -15,16 +15,16 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import builtins
+import copy
 import logging
 import math
 from collections import deque
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal, TypedDict
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal, TypedDict, Unpack
 
 import torch
 import torch.nn.functional as F  # noqa: N812
 from torch import Tensor, nn
-from typing_extensions import Unpack
 
 from lerobot.utils.import_utils import _transformers_available
 
@@ -32,14 +32,20 @@ from lerobot.utils.import_utils import _transformers_available
 if TYPE_CHECKING or _transformers_available:
     from transformers.models.auto import CONFIG_MAPPING
     from transformers.models.gemma import modeling_gemma
-    from transformers.models.gemma.modeling_gemma import GemmaForCausalLM
-    from transformers.models.paligemma.modeling_paligemma import PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration
+
+    from lerobot.policies.pi_gemma import (
+        PaliGemmaForConditionalGenerationWithPiGemma,
+        PiGemmaForCausalLM,
+        _gated_residual,
+        layernorm_forward,
+    )
 else:
     CONFIG_MAPPING = None
     modeling_gemma = None
-    GemmaForCausalLM = None
-    PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration = None
-
+    PiGemmaForCausalLM = None
+    _gated_residual = None
+    layernorm_forward = None
+    PaliGemmaForConditionalGenerationWithPiGemma = None
 from lerobot.configs.policies import PreTrainedConfig
 from lerobot.policies.pi05.configuration_pi05 import DEFAULT_IMAGE_SIZE, PI05Config
 from lerobot.policies.pretrained import PreTrainedPolicy, T
@@ -92,10 +98,11 @@ def create_sinusoidal_pos_embedding(  # see openpi `create_sinusoidal_pos_embedd
 
 
 def sample_beta(alpha, beta, bsize, device):  # see openpi `sample_beta` (exact copy)
-    alpha_t = torch.as_tensor(alpha, dtype=torch.float32, device=device)
-    beta_t = torch.as_tensor(beta, dtype=torch.float32, device=device)
+    # Beta sampling uses _sample_dirichlet which isn't implemented for MPS, so sample on CPU
+    alpha_t = torch.tensor(alpha, dtype=torch.float32)
+    beta_t = torch.tensor(beta, dtype=torch.float32)
     dist = torch.distributions.Beta(alpha_t, beta_t)
-    return dist.sample((bsize,))
+    return dist.sample((bsize,)).to(device)
 
 
 def make_att_2d_masks(pad_masks, att_masks):  # see openpi `make_att_2d_masks` (exact copy)
@@ -189,7 +196,7 @@ def resize_with_pad_torch(  # see openpi `resize_with_pad_torch` (exact copy)
     if images.dtype == torch.uint8:
         resized_images = torch.round(resized_images).clamp(0, 255).to(torch.uint8)
     elif images.dtype == torch.float32:
-        resized_images = resized_images.clamp(-1.0, 1.0)
+        resized_images = resized_images.clamp(0.0, 1.0)
     else:
         raise ValueError(f"Unsupported image dtype: {images.dtype}")
 
@@ -200,7 +207,7 @@ def resize_with_pad_torch(  # see openpi `resize_with_pad_torch` (exact copy)
     pad_w1 = pad_w0 + remainder_w
 
     # Pad
-    constant_value = 0 if images.dtype == torch.uint8 else -1.0
+    constant_value = 0 if images.dtype == torch.uint8 else 0.0
     padded_images = F.pad(
         resized_images,
         (pad_w0, pad_w1, pad_h0, pad_h1),  # left, right, top, bottom
@@ -219,14 +226,14 @@ def resize_with_pad_torch(  # see openpi `resize_with_pad_torch` (exact copy)
 def compute_layer_complete(
     layer_idx, inputs_embeds, attention_mask, position_ids, adarms_cond, paligemma, gemma_expert
 ):
-    models = [paligemma.language_model, gemma_expert.model]
+    models = [paligemma.model.language_model, gemma_expert.model]
     query_states = []
     key_states = []
     value_states = []
     gates = []
     for i, hidden_states in enumerate(inputs_embeds):
         layer = models[i].layers[layer_idx]
-        hidden_states, gate = layer.input_layernorm(hidden_states, cond=adarms_cond[i])  # noqa: PLW2901
+        hidden_states, gate = layernorm_forward(layer.input_layernorm, hidden_states, adarms_cond[i])
         gates.append(gate)
         input_shape = hidden_states.shape[:-1]
         hidden_shape = (*input_shape, -1, layer.self_attn.head_dim)
@@ -252,10 +259,10 @@ def compute_layer_complete(
         query_states, key_states, cos, sin, unsqueeze_dim=1
     )
     batch_size = query_states.shape[0]
-    scaling = paligemma.language_model.layers[layer_idx].self_attn.scaling
+    scaling = paligemma.model.language_model.layers[layer_idx].self_attn.scaling
     # Attention computation
     att_output, _ = modeling_gemma.eager_attention_forward(
-        paligemma.language_model.layers[layer_idx].self_attn,
+        paligemma.model.language_model.layers[layer_idx].self_attn,
         query_states,
         key_states,
         value_states,
@@ -263,7 +270,7 @@ def compute_layer_complete(
         scaling,
     )
     # Get head_dim from the current layer, not from the model
-    head_dim = paligemma.language_model.layers[layer_idx].self_attn.head_dim
+    head_dim = paligemma.model.language_model.layers[layer_idx].self_attn.head_dim
     att_output = att_output.reshape(batch_size, -1, 1 * 8 * head_dim)
     # Process layer outputs
     outputs_embeds = []
@@ -275,15 +282,15 @@ def compute_layer_complete(
             att_output = att_output.to(layer.self_attn.o_proj.weight.dtype)
         out_emb = layer.self_attn.o_proj(att_output[:, start_pos:end_pos])
         # first residual
-        out_emb = modeling_gemma._gated_residual(hidden_states, out_emb, gates[i])  # noqa: SLF001
+        out_emb = _gated_residual(hidden_states, out_emb, gates[i])
         after_first_residual = out_emb.clone()
-        out_emb, gate = layer.post_attention_layernorm(out_emb, cond=adarms_cond[i])
+        out_emb, gate = layernorm_forward(layer.post_attention_layernorm, out_emb, adarms_cond[i])
         # Convert to bfloat16 if the next layer (mlp) uses bfloat16
         if layer.mlp.up_proj.weight.dtype == torch.bfloat16:
             out_emb = out_emb.to(dtype=torch.bfloat16)
         out_emb = layer.mlp(out_emb)
         # second residual
-        out_emb = modeling_gemma._gated_residual(after_first_residual, out_emb, gate)  # noqa: SLF001
+        out_emb = _gated_residual(after_first_residual, out_emb, gate)
         outputs_embeds.append(out_emb)
         start_pos = end_pos
     return outputs_embeds
@@ -356,7 +363,7 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
         vlm_config_hf.text_config.num_hidden_layers = vlm_config.depth
         vlm_config_hf.text_config.num_key_value_heads = vlm_config.num_kv_heads
         vlm_config_hf.text_config.hidden_activation = "gelu_pytorch_tanh"
-        vlm_config_hf.text_config.torch_dtype = "float32"
+        vlm_config_hf.text_config.dtype = "float32"
         vlm_config_hf.text_config.vocab_size = 257152
         vlm_config_hf.text_config.use_adarms = use_adarms[0]
         vlm_config_hf.text_config.adarms_cond_dim = vlm_config.width if use_adarms[0] else None
@@ -364,7 +371,7 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
         vlm_config_hf.vision_config.intermediate_size = 4304
         vlm_config_hf.vision_config.projection_dim = 2048
         vlm_config_hf.vision_config.projector_hidden_act = "gelu_fast"
-        vlm_config_hf.vision_config.torch_dtype = "float32"
+        vlm_config_hf.vision_config.dtype = "float32"
 
         action_expert_config_hf = CONFIG_MAPPING["gemma"](
             head_dim=action_expert_config.head_dim,
@@ -375,13 +382,13 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
             num_key_value_heads=action_expert_config.num_kv_heads,
             vocab_size=257152,
             hidden_activation="gelu_pytorch_tanh",
-            torch_dtype="float32",
+            dtype="float32",
             use_adarms=use_adarms[1],
             adarms_cond_dim=action_expert_config.width if use_adarms[1] else None,
         )
 
-        self.paligemma = PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration(config=vlm_config_hf)
-        self.gemma_expert = GemmaForCausalLM(config=action_expert_config_hf)
+        self.paligemma = PaliGemmaForConditionalGenerationWithPiGemma(config=vlm_config_hf)
+        self.gemma_expert = PiGemmaForCausalLM(config=action_expert_config_hf)
         self.gemma_expert.model.embed_tokens = None
 
         self.to_bfloat16_for_selected_params(precision)
@@ -396,10 +403,11 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
         else:
             raise ValueError(f"Invalid precision: {precision}")
 
+        # Keep full vision path in float32 so we never toggle (toggle causes optimizer
+        # "same dtype" error). Saves memory vs full float32; more memory than only 3 params.
         params_to_keep_float32 = [
-            "vision_tower.vision_model.embeddings.patch_embedding.weight",
-            "vision_tower.vision_model.embeddings.patch_embedding.bias",
-            "vision_tower.vision_model.embeddings.position_embedding.weight",
+            "vision_tower",
+            "multi_modal_projector",
             "input_layernorm",
             "post_attention_layernorm",
             "model.norm",
@@ -411,8 +419,8 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
 
     def _set_requires_grad(self):
         if self.freeze_vision_encoder:
-            self.paligemma.vision_tower.eval()
-            for param in self.paligemma.vision_tower.parameters():
+            self.paligemma.model.vision_tower.eval()
+            for param in self.paligemma.model.vision_tower.parameters():
                 param.requires_grad = False
         if self.train_expert_only:
             self.paligemma.eval()
@@ -422,15 +430,23 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
     def train(self, mode: bool = True):
         super().train(mode)
         if self.freeze_vision_encoder:
-            self.paligemma.vision_tower.eval()
+            self.paligemma.model.vision_tower.eval()
         if self.train_expert_only:
             self.paligemma.eval()
 
     def embed_image(self, image: torch.Tensor):
-        return self.paligemma.model.get_image_features(image)
+        # Vision tower and multi_modal_projector are kept in float32 (params_to_keep_float32).
+        out_dtype = image.dtype
+        if image.dtype != torch.float32:
+            image = image.to(torch.float32)
+        image_outputs = self.paligemma.model.get_image_features(image)
+        features = image_outputs.pooler_output * self.paligemma.config.text_config.hidden_size**0.5
+        if features.dtype != out_dtype:
+            features = features.to(out_dtype)
+        return features
 
     def embed_language_tokens(self, tokens: torch.Tensor):
-        return self.paligemma.language_model.embed_tokens(tokens)
+        return self.paligemma.model.language_model.embed_tokens(tokens)
 
     def forward(
         self,
@@ -444,7 +460,7 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
         if adarms_cond is None:
             adarms_cond = [None, None]
         if inputs_embeds[1] is None:
-            prefix_output = self.paligemma.language_model.forward(
+            prefix_output = self.paligemma.model.language_model.forward(
                 inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds[0],
                 attention_mask=attention_mask,
                 position_ids=position_ids,
@@ -468,7 +484,7 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
             prefix_output = None
             prefix_past_key_values = None
         else:
-            models = [self.paligemma.language_model, self.gemma_expert.model]
+            models = [self.paligemma.model.language_model, self.gemma_expert.model]
             num_layers = self.paligemma.config.text_config.num_hidden_layers
 
             # Check if gradient checkpointing is enabled for any of the models
@@ -508,7 +524,7 @@ class PaliGemmaWithExpertModel(
             def compute_final_norms(inputs_embeds, adarms_cond):
                 outputs_embeds = []
                 for i, hidden_states in enumerate(inputs_embeds):
-                    out_emb, _ = models[i].norm(hidden_states, cond=adarms_cond[i])
+                    out_emb, _ = layernorm_forward(models[i].norm, hidden_states, adarms_cond[i])
                     outputs_embeds.append(out_emb)
                 return outputs_embeds
 
@@ -573,29 +589,19 @@ class PI05Pytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
             # Also compile the main forward pass used during training
             self.forward = torch.compile(self.forward, mode=config.compile_mode)
 
-        msg = """An incorrect transformer version is used, please create an issue on https://github.com/huggingface/lerobot/issues"""
-
-        try:
-            from transformers.models.siglip import check
-
-            if not check.check_whether_transformers_replace_is_installed_correctly():
-                raise ValueError(msg)
-        except ImportError:
-            raise ValueError(msg) from None
-
     def gradient_checkpointing_enable(self):
         """Enable gradient checkpointing for memory optimization."""
         self.gradient_checkpointing_enabled = True
-        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.language_model.gradient_checkpointing = True
-        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.vision_tower.gradient_checkpointing = True
+        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.language_model.gradient_checkpointing = True
+        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.vision_tower.gradient_checkpointing = True
         self.paligemma_with_expert.gemma_expert.model.gradient_checkpointing = True
         logging.info("Enabled gradient checkpointing for PI05Pytorch model")
 
     def gradient_checkpointing_disable(self):
         """Disable gradient checkpointing."""
         self.gradient_checkpointing_enabled = False
-        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.language_model.gradient_checkpointing = False
-        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.vision_tower.gradient_checkpointing = False
+        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.language_model.gradient_checkpointing = False
+        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.vision_tower.gradient_checkpointing = False
         self.paligemma_with_expert.gemma_expert.model.gradient_checkpointing = False
         logging.info("Disabled gradient checkpointing for PI05Pytorch model")
 
@@ -737,7 +743,7 @@ class PI05Pytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
         suffix_embs, suffix_pad_masks, suffix_att_masks, adarms_cond = self.embed_suffix(x_t, time)
 
         if (
-            self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.language_model.layers[0].self_attn.q_proj.weight.dtype
+            self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.language_model.layers[0].self_attn.q_proj.weight.dtype
             == torch.bfloat16
         ):
             suffix_embs = suffix_embs.to(dtype=torch.bfloat16)
@@ -808,7 +814,7 @@ class PI05Pytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
         prefix_position_ids = torch.cumsum(prefix_pad_masks, dim=1) - 1
 
         prefix_att_2d_masks_4d = self._prepare_attention_masks_4d(prefix_att_2d_masks)
-        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.language_model.config._attn_implementation = "eager"  # noqa: SLF001
+        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.language_model.config._attn_implementation = "eager"  # noqa: SLF001
 
         _, past_key_values = self.paligemma_with_expert.forward(
             attention_mask=prefix_att_2d_masks_4d,
@@ -880,6 +886,7 @@ class PI05Pytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
         full_att_2d_masks_4d = self._prepare_attention_masks_4d(full_att_2d_masks)
         self.paligemma_with_expert.gemma_expert.model.config._attn_implementation = "eager"  # noqa: SLF001
 
+        past_key_values = copy.deepcopy(past_key_values)
         outputs_embeds, _ = self.paligemma_with_expert.forward(
             attention_mask=full_att_2d_masks_4d,
             position_ids=position_ids,
@@ -969,14 +976,12 @@ class PI05Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
         # Check if dataset_stats were provided in kwargs
         model = cls(config, **kwargs)
 
-        # Now manually load and remap the state dict
+        # Load state dict (expects keys with "model." prefix)
         try:
-            # Try to load the pytorch_model.bin or model.safetensors file
             print(f"Loading model from: {pretrained_name_or_path}")
             try:
                 from transformers.utils import cached_file
 
-                # Try safetensors first
                 resolved_file = cached_file(
                     pretrained_name_or_path,
                     "model.safetensors",
@@ -984,7 +989,7 @@ class PI05Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
                     force_download=kwargs.get("force_download", False),
                     resume_download=kwargs.get("resume_download"),
                     proxies=kwargs.get("proxies"),
-                    use_auth_token=kwargs.get("use_auth_token"),
+                    token=kwargs.get("token"),
                     revision=kwargs.get("revision"),
                     local_files_only=kwargs.get("local_files_only", False),
                 )
@@ -997,7 +1002,7 @@ class PI05Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
                 print("Returning model without loading pretrained weights")
                 return model
 
-            # First, fix any key differences # see openpi `model.py, _fix_pytorch_state_dict_keys`
+            # First, fix any key differences (see openpi model.py, _fix_pytorch_state_dict_keys)
             fixed_state_dict = model._fix_pytorch_state_dict_keys(original_state_dict, model.config)
 
             # Then add "model." prefix for all keys that don't already have it
@@ -1009,8 +1014,6 @@ class PI05Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
                     new_key = f"model.{key}"
                     remapped_state_dict[new_key] = value
                     remap_count += 1
-                    if remap_count <= 10:  # Only print first 10 to avoid spam
-                        print(f"Remapped: {key} -> {new_key}")
                 else:
                     remapped_state_dict[key] = value
 
@@ -1044,7 +1047,7 @@ class PI05Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
                 print("All keys loaded successfully!")
 
         except Exception as e:
-            print(f"Warning: Could not remap state dict keys: {e}")
+            print(f"Warning: Could not load state dict: {e}")
 
         return model
 
@@ -1098,6 +1101,14 @@ class PI05Policy(PreTrainedPolicy):
                 # Some checkpoints might have this, but current model expects different structure
                 logging.warning(f"Vision embedding key might need handling: {key}")
 
+            if (
+                key == "model.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.lm_head.weight"
+                or key == "paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.lm_head.weight"
+            ):
+                fixed_state_dict[
+                    "model.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.language_model.embed_tokens.weight"
+                ] = value.clone()
+
             fixed_state_dict[new_key] = value
 
         return fixed_state_dict

src/lerobot/policies/pi05/processor_pi05.py

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import torch
 
 from lerobot.configs.types import PipelineFeatureType, PolicyFeature
 from lerobot.policies.pi05.configuration_pi05 import PI05Config
-from lerobot.policies.pi05.modeling_pi05 import pad_vector
 from lerobot.processor import (
     AddBatchDimensionProcessorStep,
     DeviceProcessorStep,
@@ -68,9 +67,6 @@ class Pi05PrepareStateTokenizerProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
         # TODO: check if this necessary
         state = deepcopy(state)
 
-        # Prepare state (pad to max_state_dim)
-        state = pad_vector(state, self.max_state_dim)
-
         # State should already be normalized to [-1, 1] by the NormalizerProcessorStep that runs before this step
         # Discretize into 256 bins (see openpi `PaligemmaTokenizer.tokenize()`)
         state_np = state.cpu().numpy()

src/lerobot/policies/pi0_fast/configuration_pi0_fast.py

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class PI0FastConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
 
     tokenizer_max_length: int = 200  # see openpi `__post_init__`
     text_tokenizer_name: str = "google/paligemma-3b-pt-224"
-    action_tokenizer_name: str = "physical-intelligence/fast"
+    action_tokenizer_name: str = "lerobot/fast-action-tokenizer"
     temperature: float = 0.0
     max_decoding_steps: int = 256
     fast_skip_tokens: int = 128

src/lerobot/policies/pi0_fast/modeling_pi0_fast.py

@@ -19,13 +19,12 @@ import logging
 import math
 from collections import deque
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal, TypedDict
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal, TypedDict, Unpack
 
 import numpy as np
 import torch
 import torch.nn.functional as F  # noqa: N812
 from torch import Tensor, nn
-from typing_extensions import Unpack
 
 from lerobot.utils.import_utils import _scipy_available, _transformers_available
 
@@ -38,11 +37,16 @@ else:
 if TYPE_CHECKING or _transformers_available:
     from transformers import AutoTokenizer
     from transformers.models.auto import CONFIG_MAPPING
-    from transformers.models.paligemma.modeling_paligemma import PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration
+
+    from lerobot.policies.pi_gemma import (
+        PaliGemmaForConditionalGenerationWithPiGemma,
+        PiGemmaModel,
+    )
 else:
     CONFIG_MAPPING = None
-    PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration = None
     AutoTokenizer = None
+    PiGemmaModel = None
+    PaliGemmaForConditionalGenerationWithPiGemma = None
 
 from lerobot.configs.policies import PreTrainedConfig
 from lerobot.policies.pi0_fast.configuration_pi0_fast import PI0FastConfig
@@ -121,7 +125,7 @@ def resize_with_pad_torch(  # see openpi `resize_with_pad_torch` (exact copy)
     if images.dtype == torch.uint8:
         resized_images = torch.round(resized_images).clamp(0, 255).to(torch.uint8)
     elif images.dtype == torch.float32:
-        resized_images = resized_images.clamp(-1.0, 1.0)
+        resized_images = resized_images.clamp(0.0, 1.0)
     else:
         raise ValueError(f"Unsupported image dtype: {images.dtype}")
 
@@ -132,7 +136,7 @@ def resize_with_pad_torch(  # see openpi `resize_with_pad_torch` (exact copy)
     pad_w1 = pad_w0 + remainder_w
 
     # Pad
-    constant_value = 0 if images.dtype == torch.uint8 else -1.0
+    constant_value = 0 if images.dtype == torch.uint8 else 0.0
     padded_images = F.pad(
         resized_images,
         (pad_w0, pad_w1, pad_h0, pad_h1),  # left, right, top, bottom
@@ -206,16 +210,22 @@ class PI0FastPaliGemma(nn.Module):
         vlm_config_hf.text_config.num_hidden_layers = vlm_config.depth
         vlm_config_hf.text_config.num_key_value_heads = vlm_config.num_kv_heads
         vlm_config_hf.text_config.hidden_activation = "gelu_pytorch_tanh"
-        vlm_config_hf.text_config.torch_dtype = "float32"
+        vlm_config_hf.text_config.dtype = "float32"
         vlm_config_hf.text_config.vocab_size = 257152
         vlm_config_hf.text_config.use_adarms = use_adarms[0]
         vlm_config_hf.text_config.adarms_cond_dim = vlm_config.width if use_adarms[0] else None
         vlm_config_hf.vision_config.intermediate_size = 4304
         vlm_config_hf.vision_config.projection_dim = 2048
         vlm_config_hf.vision_config.projector_hidden_act = "gelu_fast"
-        vlm_config_hf.vision_config.torch_dtype = "float32"
+        vlm_config_hf.vision_config.dtype = "float32"
 
-        self.paligemma = PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration(config=vlm_config_hf)
+        self.paligemma = PaliGemmaForConditionalGenerationWithPiGemma(config=vlm_config_hf)
+
+        # Use PI Gemma (AdaRMS) as language model when use_adarms[0] is True so that
+        # forward(..., adarms_cond=...) is supported (same as pi0/pi05).
+        if use_adarms[0]:
+            text_config = self.paligemma.config.text_config
+            self.paligemma.model.language_model = PiGemmaModel(text_config)
 
         self.to_bfloat16_for_selected_params(precision)
 
@@ -228,10 +238,11 @@ class PI0FastPaliGemma(nn.Module):
         else:
             raise ValueError(f"Invalid precision: {precision}")
 
+        # Keep full vision path in float32 so we never toggle (toggle causes optimizer
+        # "same dtype" error). Align with PI05.
         params_to_keep_float32 = [
-            "vision_tower.vision_model.embeddings.patch_embedding.weight",
-            "vision_tower.vision_model.embeddings.patch_embedding.bias",
-            "vision_tower.vision_model.embeddings.position_embedding.weight",
+            "vision_tower",
+            "multi_modal_projector",
             "input_layernorm",
             "post_attention_layernorm",
             "model.norm",
@@ -242,10 +253,18 @@ class PI0FastPaliGemma(nn.Module):
                 param.data = param.data.to(dtype=torch.float32)
 
     def embed_image(self, image: torch.Tensor):
-        return self.paligemma.model.get_image_features(image)
+        # Vision tower and multi_modal_projector are kept in float32 (params_to_keep_float32). Align with PI05.
+        out_dtype = image.dtype
+        if image.dtype != torch.float32:
+            image = image.to(torch.float32)
+        image_outputs = self.paligemma.model.get_image_features(image)
+        features = image_outputs.pooler_output * self.paligemma.config.text_config.hidden_size**0.5
+        if features.dtype != out_dtype:
+            features = features.to(out_dtype)
+        return features
 
     def embed_language_tokens(self, tokens: torch.Tensor):
-        return self.paligemma.language_model.embed_tokens(tokens)
+        return self.paligemma.model.language_model.embed_tokens(tokens)
 
     def forward(
         self,
@@ -259,7 +278,7 @@ class PI0FastPaliGemma(nn.Module):
         if adarms_cond is None:
             adarms_cond = [None, None]
         if inputs_embeds[1] is None:
-            prefix_output = self.paligemma.language_model.forward(
+            prefix_output = self.paligemma.model.language_model.forward(
                 inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds[0],
                 attention_mask=attention_mask,
                 position_ids=position_ids,
@@ -306,24 +325,14 @@ class PI0FastPytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
             self.sample_actions_fast = torch.compile(self.sample_actions_fast, mode=config.compile_mode)
             self.forward = torch.compile(self.forward, mode=config.compile_mode)
 
-        msg = """An incorrect transformer version is used, please create an issue on https://github.com/huggingface/lerobot/issues"""
-
-        try:
-            from transformers.models.siglip import check
-
-            if not check.check_whether_transformers_replace_is_installed_correctly():
-                raise ValueError(msg)
-        except ImportError:
-            raise ValueError(msg) from None
-
     def gradient_checkpointing_enable(self):
         """Enable gradient checkpointing for memory optimization."""
         self.gradient_checkpointing_enabled = True
         # Call the proper gradient_checkpointing_enable() method with use_reentrant=False for better memory efficiency
-        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.language_model.gradient_checkpointing_enable(
+        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.language_model.gradient_checkpointing_enable(
             gradient_checkpointing_kwargs={"use_reentrant": False}
         )
-        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.vision_tower.gradient_checkpointing_enable(
+        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.vision_tower.gradient_checkpointing_enable(
             gradient_checkpointing_kwargs={"use_reentrant": False}
         )
         logging.info("Enabled gradient checkpointing for PI0FastPytorch model")
@@ -332,8 +341,8 @@ class PI0FastPytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
         """Disable gradient checkpointing."""
         self.gradient_checkpointing_enabled = False
         # Call the proper gradient_checkpointing_disable() method
-        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.language_model.gradient_checkpointing_disable()
-        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.vision_tower.gradient_checkpointing_disable()
+        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.language_model.gradient_checkpointing_disable()
+        self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.vision_tower.gradient_checkpointing_disable()
         logging.info("Disabled gradient checkpointing for PI0FastPytorch model")
 
     def _apply_checkpoint(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -523,7 +532,7 @@ class PI0FastPytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
 
         # Convert embeddings to bfloat16 if needed
         if (
-            self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.language_model.layers[0].self_attn.q_proj.weight.dtype
+            self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.language_model.layers[0].self_attn.q_proj.weight.dtype
             == torch.bfloat16
         ):
             prefix_embs = prefix_embs.to(dtype=torch.bfloat16)
@@ -616,7 +625,7 @@ class PI0FastPytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
         )
 
         if (
-            self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.language_model.layers[0].self_attn.q_proj.weight.dtype
+            self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.language_model.layers[0].self_attn.q_proj.weight.dtype
             == torch.bfloat16
         ):
             prefix_embs = prefix_embs.to(dtype=torch.bfloat16)
@@ -714,7 +723,7 @@ class PI0FastPytorch(nn.Module):  # see openpi `PI0Pytorch`
 
         # Ensure correct precision (bfloat16/float32)
         if (
-            self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.language_model.layers[0].self_attn.q_proj.weight.dtype
+            self.paligemma_with_expert.paligemma.model.language_model.layers[0].self_attn.q_proj.weight.dtype
             == torch.bfloat16
         ):
             prefix_embs = prefix_embs.to(dtype=torch.bfloat16)
@@ -897,14 +906,12 @@ class PI0FastPolicy(PreTrainedPolicy):
         # Check if dataset_stats were provided in kwargs
         model = cls(config, **kwargs)
 
-        # Now manually load and remap the state dict
+        # Load state dict (expects keys with "model." prefix)
         try:
-            # Try to load the pytorch_model.bin or model.safetensors file
             print(f"Loading model from: {pretrained_name_or_path}")
             try:
                 from transformers.utils import cached_file
 
-                # Try safetensors first
                 resolved_file = cached_file(
                     pretrained_name_or_path,
                     "model.safetensors",
@@ -912,7 +919,7 @@ class PI0FastPolicy(PreTrainedPolicy):
                     force_download=kwargs.get("force_download", False),
                     resume_download=kwargs.get("resume_download"),
                     proxies=kwargs.get("proxies"),
-                    use_auth_token=kwargs.get("use_auth_token"),
+                    token=kwargs.get("token"),
                     revision=kwargs.get("revision"),
                     local_files_only=kwargs.get("local_files_only", False),
                 )
@@ -925,8 +932,9 @@ class PI0FastPolicy(PreTrainedPolicy):
                 print("Returning model without loading pretrained weights")
                 return model
 
-            # First, fix any key differences # see openpi `model.py, _fix_pytorch_state_dict_keys`
+            # First, fix any key differences (see openpi model.py, _fix_pytorch_state_dict_keys)
             fixed_state_dict = model._fix_pytorch_state_dict_keys(original_state_dict, model.config)
+
             # Then add "model." prefix for all keys that don't already have it
             remapped_state_dict = {}
             remap_count = 0
@@ -936,8 +944,6 @@ class PI0FastPolicy(PreTrainedPolicy):
                     new_key = f"model.{key}"
                     remapped_state_dict[new_key] = value
                     remap_count += 1
-                    if remap_count <= 10:  # Only print first 10 to avoid spam
-                        print(f"Remapped: {key} -> {new_key}")
                 else:
                     remapped_state_dict[key] = value
 
@@ -971,7 +977,7 @@ class PI0FastPolicy(PreTrainedPolicy):
                 print("All keys loaded successfully!")
 
         except Exception as e:
-            print(f"Warning: Could not remap state dict keys: {e}")
+            print(f"Warning: Could not load state dict: {e}")
 
         return model
 

src/lerobot/policies/pi0_fast/processor_pi0_fast.py

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import torch
 
 from lerobot.configs.types import PipelineFeatureType, PolicyFeature
 from lerobot.policies.pi0_fast.configuration_pi0_fast import PI0FastConfig
-from lerobot.policies.pi0_fast.modeling_pi0_fast import pad_vector
 from lerobot.processor import (
     ActionTokenizerProcessorStep,
     AddBatchDimensionProcessorStep,
@@ -69,9 +68,6 @@ class Pi0FastPrepareStateAndLanguageTokenizerProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
         # TODO: check if this necessary
         state = deepcopy(state)
 
-        # Prepare state (pad to max_state_dim)
-        state = pad_vector(state, self.max_state_dim)
-
         # State should already be normalized to [-1, 1] by the NormalizerProcessorStep that runs before this step
         # Discretize into 256 bins (see openpi `PaligemmaTokenizer.tokenize()`)
         state_np = state.cpu().numpy()

src/lerobot/policies/pi_gemma.py

@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+# Copyright 2025 Physical Intelligence and The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+import torch
+from torch import nn
+
+from lerobot.utils.import_utils import _transformers_available
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING or _transformers_available:
+    from transformers.cache_utils import DynamicCache
+    from transformers.masking_utils import create_causal_mask
+    from transformers.modeling_layers import GradientCheckpointingLayer
+    from transformers.modeling_outputs import BaseModelOutputWithPast
+    from transformers.models.gemma.modeling_gemma import (
+        GemmaAttention,
+        GemmaConfig,
+        GemmaForCausalLM,
+        GemmaMLP,
+        GemmaModel,
+    )
+    from transformers.models.paligemma.modeling_paligemma import (
+        PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration,
+        PaliGemmaModel,
+    )
+else:
+    GemmaAttention = None
+    GemmaConfig = None
+    GemmaForCausalLM = None
+    GemmaMLP = None
+    GemmaModel = None
+    PaliGemmaModel = None
+    PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration = None
+    DynamicCache = None
+    GradientCheckpointingLayer = None
+    BaseModelOutputWithPast = None
+    create_causal_mask = None
+
+
+def _gated_residual(
+    x: torch.Tensor | None,
+    y: torch.Tensor | None,
+    gate: torch.Tensor | None,
+) -> torch.Tensor | None:
+    """Gated residual: x + y when gate is None, else x + y * gate."""
+    if x is None and y is None:
+        return None
+    if x is None or y is None:
+        return x if x is not None else y
+    if gate is None:
+        return x + y
+    return x + y * gate
+
+
+def layernorm_forward(
+    layernorm: nn.Module,
+    x: torch.Tensor,
+    cond: torch.Tensor | None = None,
+):
+    """
+    call layernorm and return hidden states and gate
+    if cond is not None, use conditional norm
+    otherwise, use normal gemma norm
+    """
+    if cond is not None:
+        return layernorm(x, cond=cond)
+    else:
+        return layernorm(x)
+
+
+class PiGemmaRMSNorm(nn.Module):
+    """
+    Adaptive RMSNorm for PI Gemma (AdaRMS).
+    When cond_dim is set, uses cond to modulate scale/shift/gate; otherwise behaves like standard GemmaRMSNorm.
+    forward(x, cond=None) returns (output, gate) for use with _gated_residual.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, dim: int, eps: float = 1e-6, cond_dim: int | None = None):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.eps = eps
+        self.dim = dim
+        self.cond_dim = cond_dim
+        if cond_dim is not None:
+            self.dense = nn.Linear(cond_dim, dim * 3, bias=True)
+            nn.init.zeros_(self.dense.weight)
+        else:
+            self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(dim))
+            self.dense = None
+
+    def _norm(self, x):
+        # Compute variance in float32 (like the source implementation)
+        var = torch.mean(torch.square(x.float()), dim=-1, keepdim=True)
+        # Compute normalization in float32
+        normed_inputs = x * torch.rsqrt(var + self.eps)
+        return normed_inputs
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        x: torch.Tensor,
+        cond: torch.Tensor | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor | None]:
+        dtype = x.dtype
+        normed = self._norm(x)
+        if cond is None or self.dense is None:
+            normed = normed * (1.0 + self.weight.float())
+            return normed.type_as(x), None
+        if cond.shape[-1] != self.cond_dim:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected cond dim {self.cond_dim}, got {cond.shape[-1]}")
+        modulation = self.dense(cond)
+        if len(x.shape) == 3:
+            modulation = modulation.unsqueeze(1)
+        scale, shift, gate = modulation.chunk(3, dim=-1)
+        normed = normed * (1 + scale.float()) + shift.float()
+        return normed.to(dtype), gate.to(dtype)
+
+    def extra_repr(self) -> str:
+        if self.dense is not None:
+            return f"dim={self.dim}, eps={self.eps}, adaptive=True, cond_dim={self.cond_dim}"
+        return f"dim={self.dim}, eps={self.eps}"
+
+
+def _get_pi_gemma_decoder_layer_base():
+    """base for PiGemmaDecoderLayer"""
+
+    class _PiGemmaDecoderLayerBase(GradientCheckpointingLayer):
+        """Decoder layer that uses PiGemmaRMSNorm and _gated_residual, compatible with v5 Gemma."""
+
+        def __init__(self, config: GemmaConfig, layer_idx: int):
+            super().__init__()
+            self.hidden_size = config.hidden_size
+            self.self_attn = GemmaAttention(config=config, layer_idx=layer_idx)
+            self.mlp = GemmaMLP(config)
+            cond_dim = (
+                getattr(config, "adarms_cond_dim", None) if getattr(config, "use_adarms", False) else None
+            )
+            self.input_layernorm = PiGemmaRMSNorm(
+                config.hidden_size, eps=config.rms_norm_eps, cond_dim=cond_dim
+            )
+            self.post_attention_layernorm = PiGemmaRMSNorm(
+                config.hidden_size, eps=config.rms_norm_eps, cond_dim=cond_dim
+            )
+
+        def forward(
+            self,
+            hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
+            attention_mask: torch.Tensor | None = None,
+            position_ids: torch.LongTensor | None = None,
+            past_key_values=None,
+            use_cache: bool = False,
+            cache_position: torch.LongTensor | None = None,
+            position_embeddings: tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor] | None = None,
+            adarms_cond: torch.Tensor | None = None,
+            **kwargs,
+        ) -> torch.Tensor:
+            residual = hidden_states
+            hidden_states, gate = self.input_layernorm(hidden_states, cond=adarms_cond)
+            hidden_states, _ = self.self_attn(
+                hidden_states,
+                attention_mask=attention_mask,
+                position_ids=position_ids,
+                past_key_values=past_key_values,
+                use_cache=use_cache,
+                cache_position=cache_position,
+                position_embeddings=position_embeddings,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+
+            hidden_states = _gated_residual(residual, hidden_states, gate)
+
+            residual = hidden_states
+            hidden_states, gate = self.post_attention_layernorm(hidden_states, cond=adarms_cond)
+            hidden_states = self.mlp(hidden_states)
+            hidden_states = _gated_residual(residual, hidden_states, gate)
+            return hidden_states
+
+    return _PiGemmaDecoderLayerBase
+
+
+class PiGemmaModel(GemmaModel):  # type: ignore[misc]
+    """
+    GemmaModel extended with AdaRMS (adaptive RMSNorm) and gated residuals when config.use_adarms is True.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, config: GemmaConfig, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(config, **kwargs)
+        # if not getattr(config, "use_adarms", False):
+        #     return
+        cond_dim = getattr(config, "adarms_cond_dim", None)
+        pi_gemma_decoder_layer_base = _get_pi_gemma_decoder_layer_base()
+        self.layers = nn.ModuleList(
+            [pi_gemma_decoder_layer_base(config, layer_idx) for layer_idx in range(config.num_hidden_layers)]
+        )
+        self.norm = PiGemmaRMSNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.rms_norm_eps, cond_dim=cond_dim)
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        input_ids: torch.LongTensor | None = None,
+        attention_mask: torch.Tensor | None = None,
+        position_ids: torch.LongTensor | None = None,
+        past_key_values: DynamicCache | None = None,
+        inputs_embeds: torch.FloatTensor | None = None,
+        use_cache: bool | None = None,
+        output_attentions: bool | None = None,
+        output_hidden_states: bool | None = None,
+        cache_position: torch.LongTensor | None = None,
+        adarms_cond: torch.Tensor | None = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> BaseModelOutputWithPast:
+        """
+        adarms_cond (`torch.Tensor` of shape `(batch_size, cond_dim)`, *optional*):
+            Condition for ADARMS.
+        """
+        output_attentions = (
+            output_attentions if output_attentions is not None else self.config.output_attentions
+        )
+        output_hidden_states = (
+            output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states
+        )
+        use_cache = use_cache if use_cache is not None else self.config.use_cache
+
+        if (input_ids is None) ^ (inputs_embeds is not None):
+            raise ValueError("You must specify exactly one of input_ids or inputs_embeds")
+
+        if self.gradient_checkpointing and self.training and use_cache:
+            import logging
+
+            logging.warning(
+                "`use_cache=True` is incompatible with gradient checkpointing. Setting `use_cache=False`."
+            )
+            use_cache = False
+
+        if inputs_embeds is None:
+            inputs_embeds = self.embed_tokens(input_ids)
+
+        if use_cache and past_key_values is None:
+            past_key_values = DynamicCache()
+
+        if cache_position is None:
+            past_seen_tokens = past_key_values.get_seq_length() if past_key_values is not None else 0
+            cache_position = torch.arange(
+                past_seen_tokens, past_seen_tokens + inputs_embeds.shape[1], device=inputs_embeds.device
+            )
+
+        if position_ids is None:
+            position_ids = cache_position.unsqueeze(0)
+
+        causal_mask = create_causal_mask(
+            config=self.config,
+            inputs_embeds=inputs_embeds,
+            attention_mask=attention_mask,
+            cache_position=cache_position,
+            past_key_values=past_key_values,
+            position_ids=position_ids,
+        )
+
+        # embed positions
+        hidden_states = inputs_embeds
+        # Convert to bfloat16 if the first layer uses bfloat16
+        if len(self.layers) > 0 and self.layers[0].self_attn.q_proj.weight.dtype == torch.bfloat16:
+            hidden_states = hidden_states.to(torch.bfloat16)
+
+        # create position embeddings to be shared across the decoder layers
+        position_embeddings = self.rotary_emb(hidden_states, position_ids)
+
+        # normalized
+        # Gemma downcasts the below to float16, causing sqrt(3072)=55.4256 to become 55.5
+        # See https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/pull/29402
+
+        # decoder layers
+        all_hidden_states = () if output_hidden_states else None
+        all_self_attns = () if output_attentions else None
+
+        for decoder_layer in self.layers[: self.config.num_hidden_layers]:
+            if output_hidden_states:
+                all_hidden_states += (hidden_states,)
+
+            layer_outputs = decoder_layer(
+                hidden_states,
+                attention_mask=causal_mask,
+                position_ids=position_ids,
+                past_key_values=past_key_values,
+                output_attentions=output_attentions,
+                use_cache=use_cache,
+                cache_position=cache_position,
+                position_embeddings=position_embeddings,
+                adarms_cond=adarms_cond,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+
+            hidden_states = layer_outputs
+
+            if output_attentions:
+                all_self_attns += (layer_outputs[1],)
+
+        hidden_states, _ = self.norm(hidden_states, adarms_cond)
+
+        # add hidden states from the last decoder layer
+        if output_hidden_states:
+            all_hidden_states += (hidden_states,)
+
+        return BaseModelOutputWithPast(
+            last_hidden_state=hidden_states,
+            past_key_values=past_key_values if use_cache else None,
+            hidden_states=all_hidden_states,
+            attentions=all_self_attns,
+        )
+
+
+class PiGemmaForCausalLM(GemmaForCausalLM):  # type: ignore[misc]
+    """
+    Causal LM wrapper using PiGemmaModel as the backbone, for consistency with GemmaForCausalLM
+    and the language model used in pi0_fast. Use this for the action expert in pi0/pi05.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, config: GemmaConfig, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(config, **kwargs)
+        self.model = PiGemmaModel(config)
+
+
+class PaliGemmaModelWithPiGemma(PaliGemmaModel):
+    """PaliGemmaModel whose language_model is PiGemmaModel (custom decoder with PiGemmaRMSNorm and gated residuals)."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        super().__init__(config)
+        self.language_model = PiGemmaModel(config.text_config)
+
+
+class PaliGemmaForConditionalGenerationWithPiGemma(PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration):
+    """PaliGemmaForConditionalGeneration using PiGemma decoder for the language model."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        super().__init__(config)
+        self.model = PaliGemmaModelWithPiGemma(config)
+
+    # Make modules available through conditional class for BC
+    @property
+    def language_model(self):
+        return self.model.language_model
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PiGemmaModel",
+    "PiGemmaForCausalLM",
+    "PiGemmaRMSNorm",
+    "_gated_residual",
+    "layernorm_forward",
+    "PaliGemmaModelWithPiGemma",
+    "PaliGemmaForConditionalGenerationWithPiGemma",
+]

src/lerobot/policies/pretrained.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import os
 from importlib.resources import files
 from pathlib import Path
 from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
-from typing import TypedDict, TypeVar
+from typing import TypedDict, TypeVar, Unpack
 
 import packaging
 import safetensors
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ from huggingface_hub.constants import SAFETENSORS_SINGLE_FILE
 from huggingface_hub.errors import HfHubHTTPError
 from safetensors.torch import load_model as load_model_as_safetensor, save_model as save_model_as_safetensor
 from torch import Tensor, nn
-from typing_extensions import Unpack
 
 from lerobot.configs.policies import PreTrainedConfig
 from lerobot.configs.train import TrainPipelineConfig

src/lerobot/policies/sac/reward_model/configuration_classifier.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class RewardClassifierConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
     latent_dim: int = 256
     image_embedding_pooling_dim: int = 8
     dropout_rate: float = 0.1
-    model_name: str = "helper2424/resnet10"
+    model_name: str = "helper2424/resnet10"  # TODO: This needs to be updated. The model on the Hub doesn't call self.post_init() in its __init__, which is required by transformers v5 to set all_tied_weights_keys. The from_pretrained call fails when it tries to access this attribute during _finalize_model_loading.
     device: str = "cpu"
     model_type: str = "cnn"  # "transformer" or "cnn"
     num_cameras: int = 2

src/lerobot/policies/sarm/compute_rabc_weights.py

@@ -27,18 +27,18 @@ Usage:
     # Full RA-BC computation with visualizations
     python src/lerobot/policies/sarm/compute_rabc_weights.py \\
         --dataset-repo-id lerobot/aloha_sim_insertion_human \\
-        --reward-model-path pepijn223/sarm_single_uni4
+        --reward-model-path <USER>/sarm_single_uni4
 
     # Faster computation with stride (compute every 5 frames, interpolate the rest)
     python src/lerobot/policies/sarm/compute_rabc_weights.py \\
         --dataset-repo-id lerobot/aloha_sim_insertion_human \\
-        --reward-model-path pepijn223/sarm_single_uni4 \\
+        --reward-model-path <USER>/sarm_single_uni4 \\
         --stride 5
 
     # Visualize predictions only (no RA-BC computation)
     python src/lerobot/policies/sarm/compute_rabc_weights.py \\
         --dataset-repo-id lerobot/aloha_sim_insertion_human \\
-        --reward-model-path pepijn223/sarm_single_uni4 \\
+        --reward-model-path <USER>/sarm_single_uni4 \\
         --visualize-only \\
         --num-visualizations 5
 
@@ -714,12 +714,12 @@ Examples:
     # Full RA-BC computation with visualizations
     python src/lerobot/policies/sarm/compute_rabc_weights.py \\
         --dataset-repo-id lerobot/aloha_sim_insertion_human \\
-        --reward-model-path pepijn223/sarm_single_uni4
+        --reward-model-path <USER>/sarm_single_uni4
 
     # Visualize predictions only (no RA-BC computation)
     python src/lerobot/policies/sarm/compute_rabc_weights.py \\
         --dataset-repo-id lerobot/aloha_sim_insertion_human \\
-        --reward-model-path pepijn223/sarm_single_uni4 \\
+        --reward-model-path <USER>/sarm_single_uni4 \\
         --visualize-only \\
         --num-visualizations 10
         """,

src/lerobot/policies/sarm/processor_sarm.py

@@ -277,9 +277,7 @@ class SARMEncodingProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
 
         # When language is perturbed, targets are zero so perturbed samples don't contribute to progress loss
         if self.dataset_meta is not None:
-            episodes_df = None
-            if self.sparse_subtask_names != ["task"]:
-                episodes_df = self.dataset_meta.episodes.to_pandas()
+            episodes_df = self.dataset_meta.episodes.to_pandas()
 
             # Generate sparse targets
             if self.sparse_temporal_proportions is not None:

src/lerobot/policies/smolvla/configuration_smolvla.py

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class SmolVLAConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
     scheduler_decay_lr: float = 2.5e-6
 
     vlm_model_name: str = "HuggingFaceTB/SmolVLM2-500M-Video-Instruct"  # Select the VLM backbone.
-    load_vlm_weights: bool = False  # Set to True in case of training the expert from scratch. True when init from pretrained SmolVLA weights
+    load_vlm_weights: bool = False  # Set to False in case of training the expert from scratch. True when init from pretrained SmolVLA weights
 
     add_image_special_tokens: bool = False  # Whether to use special image tokens around image features.
 
@@ -106,6 +106,9 @@ class SmolVLAConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
     # Real-Time Chunking (RTC) configuration
     rtc_config: RTCConfig | None = None
 
+    compile_model: bool = False  # Whether to use torch.compile for model optimization
+    compile_mode: str = "max-autotune"  # Torch compile mode
+
     def __post_init__(self):
         super().__post_init__()
 

src/lerobot/policies/smolvla/modeling_smolvla.py

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Example of finetuning the smolvla pretrained model (`smolvla_base`):
 ```bash
 lerobot-train \
 --policy.path=lerobot/smolvla_base \
---dataset.repo_id=danaaubakirova/svla_so100_task1_v3 \
+--dataset.repo_id=<USER>/svla_so100_task1_v3 \
 --batch_size=64 \
 --steps=200000
 ```
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ and an action expert.
 ```bash
 lerobot-train \
 --policy.type=smolvla \
---dataset.repo_id=danaaubakirova/svla_so100_task1_v3 \
+--dataset.repo_id=<USER>/svla_so100_task1_v3 \
 --batch_size=64 \
 --steps=200000
 ```
@@ -54,12 +54,11 @@ policy = SmolVLAPolicy.from_pretrained("lerobot/smolvla_base")
 
 import math
 from collections import deque
-from typing import TypedDict
+from typing import TypedDict, Unpack
 
 import torch
 import torch.nn.functional as F  # noqa: N812
 from torch import Tensor, nn
-from typing_extensions import Unpack
 
 from lerobot.policies.pretrained import PreTrainedPolicy
 from lerobot.policies.rtc.modeling_rtc import RTCProcessor
@@ -593,6 +592,12 @@ class VLAFlowMatching(nn.Module):
         self.prefix_length = self.config.prefix_length
         self.rtc_processor = rtc_processor
 
+        # Compile model if requested
+        if config.compile_model:
+            torch.set_float32_matmul_precision("high")
+            self.sample_actions = torch.compile(self.sample_actions, mode=config.compile_mode)
+            self.forward = torch.compile(self.forward, mode=config.compile_mode)
+
     def _rtc_enabled(self):
         return self.config.rtc_config is not None and self.config.rtc_config.enabled
 

src/lerobot/policies/smolvla/smolvlm_with_expert.py

@@ -77,7 +77,6 @@ class SmolVLMWithExpertModel(nn.Module):
             print(f"Loading  {model_id} weights ...")
             self.vlm = AutoModelForImageTextToText.from_pretrained(
                 model_id,
-                device_map=device,
                 torch_dtype="bfloat16",
                 low_cpu_mem_usage=True,
             )

src/lerobot/policies/wall_x/configuration_wall_x.py

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class WallXConfig(PreTrainedConfig):
     pretrained_name_or_path: str = "x-square-robot/wall-oss-flow"
 
     # Tokenizer settings
-    action_tokenizer_path: str | None = "physical-intelligence/fast"
+    action_tokenizer_path: str | None = "lerobot/fast-action-tokenizer"
 
     # Action prediction mode: "diffusion" or "fast"
     prediction_mode: str = "diffusion"

src/lerobot/policies/wall_x/modeling_wall_x.py

@@ -261,10 +261,15 @@ class Qwen2_5_VLMoEForAction(Qwen2_5_VLForConditionalGeneration):
     and optional LoRA fine-tuning support.
     """
 
-    _tied_weights_keys = ["lm_head.weight"]
+    _tied_weights_keys = {"lm_head.weight": "model.embed_tokens.weight"}
     config_class = Qwen2_5_VLConfig
     _no_split_modules = ["Qwen2_5_VLDecoderLayer_with_MoE", "Qwen2_5_VLVisionBlock"]
 
+    def init_weights(self):
+        if getattr(self.model, "language_model", None) is not None:
+            return
+        super().init_weights()
+
     @classmethod
     def from_pretrained(
         cls,
@@ -312,6 +317,11 @@ class Qwen2_5_VLMoEForAction(Qwen2_5_VLForConditionalGeneration):
             processor.action_processor = action_tokenizer
         else:
             action_tokenizer = None
+
+        # add pad_token_id to config
+        config.pad_token_id = processor.tokenizer.pad_token_id
+        config.text_config.pad_token_id = processor.tokenizer.pad_token_id
+
         # Initialize model with configuration and processor
         model = cls(config, processor=processor, action_tokenizer=action_tokenizer, **kwargs)
 
@@ -331,7 +341,7 @@ class Qwen2_5_VLMoEForAction(Qwen2_5_VLForConditionalGeneration):
                 force_download=kwargs.get("force_download", False),
                 resume_download=kwargs.get("resume_download"),
                 proxies=kwargs.get("proxies"),
-                use_auth_token=kwargs.get("use_auth_token"),
+                token=kwargs.get("token"),
                 revision=kwargs.get("revision"),
                 local_files_only=kwargs.get("local_files_only", False),
             )

src/lerobot/policies/wall_x/qwen_model/configuration_qwen2_5_vl.py

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ class Qwen2_5_VLVisionConfig(PretrainedConfig):
         window_size=112,
         out_hidden_size=3584,
         fullatt_block_indexes=[7, 15, 23, 31],
+        initializer_range=0.02,
         **kwargs,
     ):
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ class Qwen2_5_VLVisionConfig(PretrainedConfig):
         self.window_size = window_size
         self.fullatt_block_indexes = fullatt_block_indexes
         self.out_hidden_size = out_hidden_size
+        self.initializer_range = initializer_range
 
 
 class Qwen2_5_VLConfig(PretrainedConfig):

src/lerobot/policies/wall_x/qwen_model/qwen2_5_vl_moe.py

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from transformers.activations import ACT2FN
 from transformers.cache_utils import (
     Cache,
     DynamicCache,
-    SlidingWindowCache,
     StaticCache,
 )
 from transformers.generation import GenerationMixin
@@ -31,6 +30,15 @@ from transformers.utils import (
 
 from .configuration_qwen2_5_vl import Qwen2_5_VLConfig, Qwen2_5_VLVisionConfig
 
+
+# TODO(Steven): SlidingWindowCache was removed in transformers v5. Define a placeholder so isinstance checks
+# always return False (which is the correct behavior when no sliding window cache is in use).
+class _SlidingWindowCachePlaceholder:
+    pass
+
+
+SlidingWindowCache = _SlidingWindowCachePlaceholder
+
 if is_flash_attn_2_available():
     from flash_attn import flash_attn_func, flash_attn_varlen_func
     from flash_attn.layers.rotary import apply_rotary_emb
@@ -594,19 +602,40 @@ class Qwen2_5_VisionTransformerPretrainedModel(Qwen2_5_VLPreTrainedModel):
         return hidden_states
 
 
+def _compute_default_rope_parameters_qwen2_5_vl(config, device=None):
+    """
+    compute default rope parameters for Qwen2_5_VL
+    """
+    base = config.text_config.rope_parameters["rope_theta"]
+    dim = config.hidden_size // config.num_attention_heads
+    inv_freq = 1.0 / (
+        base ** (torch.arange(0, dim, 2, dtype=torch.int64).to(device=device, dtype=torch.float) / dim)
+    )
+    return inv_freq, 1.0
+
+
 class Qwen2_5_VLRotaryEmbedding(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, config: Qwen2_5_VLConfig, device=None):
         super().__init__()
         # BC: "rope_type" was originally "type"
         if hasattr(config, "rope_scaling") and config.rope_scaling is not None:
             self.rope_type = config.rope_scaling.get("rope_type", config.rope_scaling.get("type"))
+        elif hasattr(config, "rope_parameters") and config.rope_parameters is not None:
+            self.rope_type = config.rope_parameters.get("rope_type", "default")
         else:
             self.rope_type = "default"
         self.max_seq_len_cached = config.max_position_embeddings
         self.original_max_seq_len = config.max_position_embeddings
 
         self.config = config
-        self.rope_init_fn = ROPE_INIT_FUNCTIONS[self.rope_type]
+
+        if self.rope_type == "default":
+            self.rope_init_fn = _compute_default_rope_parameters_qwen2_5_vl
+            self.rope_kwargs = {}
+        else:
+            rope_type_key = "linear" if self.rope_type == "linear" else self.rope_type
+            self.rope_init_fn = ROPE_INIT_FUNCTIONS[rope_type_key]
+            self.rope_kwargs = {}
 
         inv_freq, self.attention_scaling = self.rope_init_fn(self.config, device)
         self.register_buffer("inv_freq", inv_freq, persistent=False)
@@ -1567,7 +1596,7 @@ QWEN2_5_VL_INPUTS_DOCSTRING = r"""
 
 
 class Qwen2_5_VLForConditionalGeneration(Qwen2_5_VLPreTrainedModel, GenerationMixin):
-    _tied_weights_keys = ["lm_head.weight"]
+    _tied_weights_keys = {"lm_head.weight": "model.embed_tokens.weight"}
     config_class = Qwen2_5_VLConfig
     _no_split_modules = ["Qwen2_5_VLDecoderLayer", "Qwen2_5_VLVisionBlock"]
 

src/lerobot/policies/wall_x/utils.py

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ def preprocesser_call(
     """
     # Process image inputs
     if images is not None and len(images) > 0:
-        image_inputs = processor.image_processor(images=images, videos=None, return_tensors=return_tensors)
+        image_inputs = processor.image_processor(images=images, return_tensors=return_tensors)
         image_grid_thw = image_inputs["image_grid_thw"]
     else:
         image_inputs = {}
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ def preprocesser_call(
 
     # Process video inputs
     if videos is not None:
-        videos_inputs = processor.image_processor(images=None, videos=videos, return_tensors=return_tensors)
+        videos_inputs = processor.image_processor(videos=videos, return_tensors=return_tensors)
         video_grid_thw = videos_inputs["video_grid_thw"]
     else:
         videos_inputs = {}

src/lerobot/policies/xvla/configuration_florence2.py

@@ -276,6 +276,8 @@ class Florence2LanguageConfig(PretrainedConfig):
         )
 
         # ensure backward compatibility for BART CNN models
+        if not hasattr(self, "forced_bos_token_id"):
+            self.forced_bos_token_id = None
         if self.forced_bos_token_id is None and kwargs.get("force_bos_token_to_be_generated", False):
             self.forced_bos_token_id = self.bos_token_id
             warnings.warn(

src/lerobot/policies/xvla/modeling_florence2.py

@@ -1951,7 +1951,10 @@ class Florence2Decoder(Florence2LanguagePreTrainedModel):
 
 
 class Florence2LanguageModel(Florence2LanguagePreTrainedModel):
-    _tied_weights_keys = ["encoder.embed_tokens.weight", "decoder.embed_tokens.weight"]
+    _tied_weights_keys = {
+        "encoder.embed_tokens.weight": "shared.weight",
+        "decoder.embed_tokens.weight": "shared.weight",
+    }
 
     def __init__(self, config: Florence2LanguageConfig):
         super().__init__(config)
@@ -2076,7 +2079,10 @@ class Florence2LanguageModel(Florence2LanguagePreTrainedModel):
 
 class Florence2LanguageForConditionalGeneration(Florence2LanguagePreTrainedModel, GenerationMixin):
     base_model_prefix = "model"
-    _tied_weights_keys = ["encoder.embed_tokens.weight", "decoder.embed_tokens.weight", "lm_head.weight"]
+    _tied_weights_keys = {
+        "model.encoder.embed_tokens.weight": "model.shared.weight",
+        "model.decoder.embed_tokens.weight": "model.shared.weight",
+    }
     _keys_to_ignore_on_load_missing = ["final_logits_bias"]
 
     def __init__(self, config: Florence2LanguageConfig):
@@ -2436,11 +2442,10 @@ FLORENCE2_INPUTS_DOCSTRING = r"""
     FLORENCE2_START_DOCSTRING,
 )
 class Florence2ForConditionalGeneration(Florence2PreTrainedModel):
-    _tied_weights_keys = [
-        "language_model.encoder.embed_tokens.weight",
-        "language_model.decoder.embed_tokens.weight",
-        "language_model.lm_head.weight",
-    ]
+    _tied_weights_keys = {
+        "language_model.model.encoder.embed_tokens.weight": "language_model.model.shared.weight",
+        "language_model.model.decoder.embed_tokens.weight": "language_model.model.shared.weight",
+    }
 
     def __init__(self, config: Florence2Config):
         super().__init__(config)

src/lerobot/processor/__init__.py

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ from .hil_processor import (
     AddTeleopActionAsComplimentaryDataStep,
     AddTeleopEventsAsInfoStep,
     GripperPenaltyProcessorStep,
+    GymHILAdapterProcessorStep,
     ImageCropResizeProcessorStep,
     InterventionActionProcessorStep,
     RewardClassifierProcessorStep,
@@ -87,6 +88,7 @@ __all__ = [
     "DoneProcessorStep",
     "EnvAction",
     "EnvTransition",
+    "GymHILAdapterProcessorStep",
     "GripperPenaltyProcessorStep",
     "hotswap_stats",
     "IdentityProcessorStep",

src/lerobot/processor/core.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Any, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+from typing import Any, TypedDict
 
 import numpy as np
 import torch
@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ class TransitionKey(str, Enum):
     COMPLEMENTARY_DATA = "complementary_data"
 
 
-PolicyAction: TypeAlias = torch.Tensor
-RobotAction: TypeAlias = dict[str, Any]
-EnvAction: TypeAlias = np.ndarray
-RobotObservation: TypeAlias = dict[str, Any]
+PolicyAction = torch.Tensor
+RobotAction = dict[str, Any]
+EnvAction = np.ndarray
+RobotObservation = dict[str, Any]
 
 
 EnvTransition = TypedDict(

src/lerobot/processor/gym_action_processor.py

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ from lerobot.configs.types import PipelineFeatureType, PolicyFeature
 
 from .converters import to_tensor
 from .core import EnvAction, EnvTransition, PolicyAction
+from .hil_processor import TELEOP_ACTION_KEY
 from .pipeline import ActionProcessorStep, ProcessorStep, ProcessorStepRegistry
 
 
@@ -89,6 +90,13 @@ class Numpy2TorchActionProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
             torch_action = to_tensor(action, dtype=None)  # Preserve original dtype
             new_transition[TransitionKey.ACTION] = torch_action
 
+        complementary_data = new_transition.get(TransitionKey.COMPLEMENTARY_DATA, {})
+        if TELEOP_ACTION_KEY in complementary_data:
+            teleop_action = complementary_data[TELEOP_ACTION_KEY]
+            if isinstance(teleop_action, EnvAction):
+                complementary_data[TELEOP_ACTION_KEY] = to_tensor(teleop_action)
+            new_transition[TransitionKey.COMPLEMENTARY_DATA] = complementary_data
+
         return new_transition
 
     def transform_features(

src/lerobot/processor/hil_processor.py

@@ -312,6 +312,37 @@ class TimeLimitProcessorStep(TruncatedProcessorStep):
         return features
 
 
+@ProcessorStepRegistry.register("gym_hil_adapter_processor")
+class GymHILAdapterProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):
+    """
+    Adapts the output of the `gym-hil` environment to the format expected by `lerobot` processors.
+
+    This step normalizes the `transition` object by:
+    1. Copying `teleop_action` from `info` to `complementary_data`.
+    2. Copying `is_intervention` from `info` (using the string key) to `info` (using the enum key).
+    """
+
+    def __call__(self, transition: EnvTransition) -> EnvTransition:
+        info = transition.get(TransitionKey.INFO, {})
+        complementary_data = transition.get(TransitionKey.COMPLEMENTARY_DATA, {})
+
+        if TELEOP_ACTION_KEY in info:
+            complementary_data[TELEOP_ACTION_KEY] = info[TELEOP_ACTION_KEY]
+
+        if "is_intervention" in info:
+            info[TeleopEvents.IS_INTERVENTION] = info["is_intervention"]
+
+        transition[TransitionKey.INFO] = info
+        transition[TransitionKey.COMPLEMENTARY_DATA] = complementary_data
+
+        return transition
+
+    def transform_features(
+        self, features: dict[PipelineFeatureType, dict[str, PolicyFeature]]
+    ) -> dict[PipelineFeatureType, dict[str, PolicyFeature]]:
+        return features
+
+
 @dataclass
 @ProcessorStepRegistry.register("gripper_penalty_processor")
 class GripperPenaltyProcessorStep(ProcessorStep):

src/lerobot/processor/pipeline.py

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Sequence
 from copy import deepcopy
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Generic, TypeAlias, TypedDict, TypeVar, cast
+from typing import Any, TypedDict, TypeVar, cast
 
 import torch
 from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ class ProcessorMigrationError(Exception):
 
 
 @dataclass
-class DataProcessorPipeline(HubMixin, Generic[TInput, TOutput]):
+class DataProcessorPipeline[TInput, TOutput](HubMixin):
     """A sequential pipeline for processing data, integrated with the Hugging Face Hub.
 
     This class chains together multiple `ProcessorStep` instances to form a complete
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ class DataProcessorPipeline(HubMixin, Generic[TInput, TOutput]):
         Args:
             save_directory: The directory where the pipeline will be saved. If None, saves to
                 HF_LEROBOT_HOME/processors/{sanitized_pipeline_name}.
-            repo_id: ID of your repository on the Hub. Used only if `push_to_hub=True`.
+            repo_id: ID of your repository on the Hub. Used only if `push_to_hub=true`.
             push_to_hub: Whether or not to push your object to the Hugging Face Hub after saving it.
             card_kwargs: Additional arguments passed to the card template to customize the card.
             config_filename: The name of the JSON configuration file. If None, a name is
@@ -1432,8 +1432,8 @@ class DataProcessorPipeline(HubMixin, Generic[TInput, TOutput]):
 
 
 # Type aliases for semantic clarity.
-RobotProcessorPipeline: TypeAlias = DataProcessorPipeline[TInput, TOutput]
-PolicyProcessorPipeline: TypeAlias = DataProcessorPipeline[TInput, TOutput]
+RobotProcessorPipeline = DataProcessorPipeline[TInput, TOutput]
+PolicyProcessorPipeline = DataProcessorPipeline[TInput, TOutput]
 
 
 class ObservationProcessorStep(ProcessorStep, ABC):